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Microfiche 

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Collection  de 
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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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Toronto 

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York  University 
Toronto 

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lire 


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et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
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1 

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li 


THE 


SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  DESCRIPTIOX  OF  THE  TREES  WHICH  GROW 

XATI  RALLY  IX  XORTH  AMERICA 

EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO 


CHARLES    SPRAGUE    SARGENT 

UIRKUTOK    OF    THK    AR.VCILI)    AKIIORETUM 
OF  UAKVAKU  U.NIVKKSITY 


JllujJtrateD  tDitl)  figures  anti  aitalvsicis  Dratcn  from  i^aturc 

DT 

CHARLES   EDWARD   FAXON 

ANi)  kn(;kvvki>  nv 

PIIILIBERT  AM)  EUGENE   I'ICAKT 

VOLUME   L 
MA  GNOLIA  CEJ^—ILICINEM 


nOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 

HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  ANI)  COAIPANY 

Cljc  nitorwiDc  Prcfiftf,  <CamDciDgc 

MUCCCXCI 


CopyHKht,  ISgo, 
Bl  CHARLES   SI'UAOl'K   ■'AUI.KXT. 

Ail  riyhls  nsrrveti. 


Till  Itiverivtt  rrtiit,  rnmWt'lgr,  .lf<ijj.,  U.  S.  A- 
Elttctrotj-poj  uid  I'riuUHl  tjy  II.  0.  Mougtiton  •&  Oo. 


i4? 


■ 


To 
ASA   GKAY, 

KUIKXU  AND  .MASTER, 
THIS   KIl'ST    VOIAMK   OF   THE 

SILVA  OF   NORTH  AMERICA 
3b  TtcUicattli 

IN    (IKATKFll,    MKMORY. 


i 


I 
I 


PREFACE. 


Maxy  years  ago,  when  I  first  realize'"  tlie  difficulty  of  obtaining  any  triR  knowl- 
edge of  the  trees  of  this  country,  I  formed  the  plan  of  writing  a  Silva  which  should 
contain  an  account  of  all  the  ^peci..'s  that  grow  sponti  neously  in  the  forests  of  Xorth 
America.  Tlie  books  which  had  been  written  (m  this  subject  related  only  to  the  trees 
of  comparatively  limited  regions,  and  therefore  i)resented  no  general  or  systematic 
view  of  the  composition  of  our  forests.  Such  works  as  existed  were  long  out  of 
date,  too,  and  included  none  of  the  infonnation  collected  by  recent  exjjlorers  and 
observers,  and  no  account  whatever  of  the  trees  discovered  in  late  years  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River.  Many  of  our  trees  have  never  been  fully  described.  All  that  can 
be  leiiriied  about  them  from  books  is  contained  in  a  few  words  of  purely  technical 
description  of  little  value  to  the  general  reader  ;  and  these  descriptions  are  Avidely 
scattered  in  American  and  foreign  publications,  to  be  found  only  in  a  few  special 
libraries  beyond  the  r'.'ach  of  the  general  reader.  The  difficulty  of  studying  our 
trees  has  been  increased,  too,  by  the  fact  that  many  of  them  have  been  named  by 
differci'.t  botanists  in  different  countries  without  proper  regard  to  names  previously 
bestowed  ujjon  them,  so  that  such  a  mass  of  synonyms  \ias  been  heaped  u])on  some 
of  the  species  tiiat  it  is  ( xtremely  difficult  to  deteriiine  the  names  which  they 
should  X'ightly  bear.  Books,  however,  are  only  guides  towards  obtaining  a  knowl- 
edge of  trees.  To  be  really  understood,  they  must  be  studied  in  the  forest ;  and 
therefore,  since  the  plan  of  writing  this  Silva  was  formed,  I  have  examined  the 
tiees  of  America  growing  in  tlicir  native  homes  from  Canada  to  the  banks  of  the 
Rio  Grande  and  the  mountains  of  Arizona,  and  from  Rrifish  Columbia  to  the  islands 
of  southern  Florida.  I  have  watched  many  of  them  in  the  gardens  of  this  coun- 
try and  in  those  of  Europe,  and  there  are  now  hardly  half  a  dozen  of  the  trees 
which  will  be  described  in  this  work  which  I  have  not  seen  in  a  living  state. 

It  mo'  be  useful  to  glance  at  the  books  which  have  been  specially  devoted  to 
the  trees  of  North  Anu-rica.  The  earliest  is  the  Arbiisltim  Antenctniiaii,  which  was 
written  by  llunii)luey  Marshall,  and  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1785.  Marshall 
Avas  a  Peansylvania  farmer  and  a  kinsman  of  John  Rartrani,  who  bore  the  title  of 
kind's  botanist  and  enjoyed  the  frienilship  and  corresjjoiulence  of  many  Euro])ean 
men  of  science.  Bartram  established  the  first  Botanical  Garden  in  America.  Marsliall 
followed  his  examj)le,  and  collected  several  America:,  trees  cm  his  fiuin  in  Chester 
County.  Here,  as  well  as  during  his  numerous  journeys,  he  acquired  much  infor- 
mation  with    regard   to   the   trees   of  the    eastern   part   of  the    country,  whicli    lie 


•n 


PRE  FACE. 


described  in  popular  language,  with  much  'jjirit  and  considerable  acumen.  His  book 
includes  an  account  of  two  hundred  and  seventy-seven  trees  and  shrubs,  and  a  few 
original  descriptions. 

The  next  work  devoted  to  American  trees  was  published  ^n  Gottingen,  in  1787, 
by  F.  A.  J.  von  Wangenheini,  a  Hessian  officer  in  the  employ  of  the  king  of  Eng- 
land, who  fought  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and  found  opportunity  in  the  pauses 
of  the  conflict  to  study  our  trees  with  reference  to  their  value  for  introduction  into 
the  forests  of  (iermany.  Wangenheini  described  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight  trees 
and  shrubs,  illustrating  his  work  with  thirty-one  plates  of  seventy-two  rude  figures. 

The  next  book  which  appeared  upon  American  trees  was  devoted  to  the  Oaks. 
It  was  published  in  Paris,  in  1801,  and  was  entitled  llinluire  des  Chenes  de  rAine- 
rique.  The  name  of  Andre  Michaux  is  printed  on  the  title-page  as  the  author  of 
this  classical  work,  but  there  is  reason  to  believe  it  was  really  from  the  pen  of  the 
distinguished  French  botanist,  Achille  Richard.  Michaux  was  a  hardy  imd  cour- 
ageous explorer,  with  excellent  powers  of  observation  and  great  industry  and  perse- 
verance. He  possessed,  however,  little  literary  skill,  and  the  account  of  our  Oaks, 
like  the  Flora  of  North  America,  which  also  bears  his  name,  was  a  work  beyond  his 
ability.  Twenty  of  the  Oaks  of  eastern  America  are  systematically  described  and 
very  accurately  figured  in  this  book,  which  was  the  first  to  give  any  real  idea  of 
the  character  and  value  of  these  trees. 

Michaux  resided  in  America  during  thirteen  years  as  botanical  agent  of  the 
French  government,  and  traveled  here  more  widely  than  any  of  his  botanical  prede- 
cessors. He  was  accompanied  in  many  of  his  journeys  by  his  son,  F.  A.  Michaux, 
who  afterwards  wrote  the  best  book  on  the  trees  of  North  America  which  has  yet 
appeared.  It  was  published  in  Paris,  in  1810,  and  was  illustrated  with  handsomely- 
colored  plates.  It  includes  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  American  trees,  the  descrip- 
tions being  based  on  observations  carefully  made  in  the  forest,  and  carried  on  for 
several  years.  An  American  edition  soon  appeared,  and  this  was  followed  by  two 
American  reprints,  the  latest  bearing  the  date  of  1859. 

The  work  of  the  younger  Michaux  covered  only  the  trees  found  in  the  region 
cast  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  in  some  parts  of  we  item  Louisiana.  It  was  sup- 
plemented in  1842  by  three  volumes  from  the  pen  of  Thomas  Nuttall,  a  distin- 
guished English  naturalist,  who  devoted  many  years  to  exploring  the  flora  of  the 
North  American  continent.  Nuttall  described  one  hundred  and  rine  American  trees, 
including  a  large  number  of  \Vest  Indian  species  which  had  been  found  a  few  years 
earlier  on  the  islands  of  the  Florida  coast,  and  several  trees  from  the  interior  of 
the  continent  and  from  the  northwest  coast,  which  the  naturalists  attached  to  the 
first  transcontinental  expeditions  and  the  European  botanists  who  early  visited  the 
Oregon  Territory  had  brought  to  light.  Nuttall's  supplement  was  hastily  prepared, 
and  is  very  inferior  in  its  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Michaux's  great  work. 
A  second  edition  was  issued  with  the  third  reprint  of  Michaux's  Sylva,  under  the 
general  title  of  The  Sijira  of  Xorf/i  America,  the  only  illustrated  descriptive  work  upon 
North  American  trees  which  has  yet  appeared. 


r-~^-V> 


r  RE  FACE. 


vu 


• 


In  1832  The  Sijlra  Americana  was  published  in  Boston,  in  ii  single  octiivo  volume. 
The  author,  Mr.  1).  J.  Browne,  made  no  claim  to  orif^inality,  and  the  work  was  a 
hasty  compilation  from  the  writings  of  Michaux  and  other  authors.  A  second  edition 
of  this  work,  erilarged  to  contain  accounts  of  several  foreign  trees  borrowed  from 
Loudon's  Arhoreluin  lirilannicum,  was  pul)lished  in  New  York,  in  184G,  under  the  title 
of  'I'lie  Trees  of  America. 

About  1830,  or  a  little  later,  Professor  Asa  Gray  undertook  to  prepare,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Smiths(mian  Institution,  an  illustrated  work  on  the  trees  of  this 
country.  Twenty-two  plates  were  lithographed  for  it  from  drawings  made  in  color 
by  Isaac  Sprague,  but  no  text  was  prepared,  and  the  work  was  then  abandoned. 

Another  effort  to  prepare  u  Silva  of  America  was  miide  in  1858,  when  Dr.  R.  IT. 
Piper,  of  Woburn,  Massachusetts,  published  sixty-four  pages  of  'I'hc  Trees  of  America, 
illustrated  with  thirteen  well-executed  portraits  of  various  trees  selected  from  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  country,  without  regard,  however,  to  any  systematic  arrangement. 
The  publication  was  then  discontinued. 

The  next  attempt  at  anything  like  an  account  of  all  the  trees  of  this  country 
appeared  in  1858,  in  which  year  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper  published,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  a  list  of  the  arborescent  species  of  the  country,  with  special 
reference  to  their  geographical  distribution,  supplementing  his  first  paper  by  a  second 
published  two  years  later. 

A  catalogue  of  the  forest  trees  of  the  United  States,  Avith  notes  and  brief  de- 
scriptions of  the  most  important  species,  was  published  in  AV'ashington  in  1876,  by 
Dr.  George  Vasey,  the  botanist  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  to 
illustrate  the  collection  of  Avood  sections  which  formed  part  of  the  Centennial  Exhi- 
bition at  Philadelphia.  Four  hundred  and  nineteen  species  were  enumerated  in 
this  catalogue. 

The  last  general  work  on  American  trees  appeared  in  Volume  IX.  of  the  Final 
Reports  of  the  Tenth  Census  of  the  United  States,  published  in  1883,  to  which  I 
added  a  catalogue  of  the  forest  trees  of  North  America  with  their  synonymy  and 
bibliography,  with  remarks  upon  their  distribution,  size,  and  uses,  lUid  with  an  account 
of  the  value  and  properties  of  their  wood,  based  on  a  scries  of  original  investigations 
made  by  Mr.  S.  P.  Sharpies,  of  Cambridge.  This  catalogue  contained  four  hundred 
and  twelve  species.  It  was  substantially  reprinted  in  New  York  in  1885,  under  the 
title  of  The  I  foods  of  the  United  States,  as  a  guide  to  the  Jesup  collection  of  North 
American  woods  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

A  few  publications  devoted  to  purely  botanical  accounts  of  particular  groups  of 
trees,  and  others  descri])tivc  of  the  trees  of  parts  of  the  country,  have  added  largely 
to  our  knowledge  of  the  American  silva.  The  most  important  of  the  former  are 
Dr.  George  Engelmann's  papers  on  the  Oaks  and  on  different  genera  of  Conifers, 
the  result  of  years  of  patient  study.  The  most  comprehensive  of  the  latter  is  Mr. 
George  B.  Emerson's  Report  on  the  Trees  and  Shriil)s  (Iron-in;/  Xaluralln  in  the  Forests 
of  Massachiisells.  This  work,  which  is  ii  model  of  its  kind,  was  published  in  one  vol- 
ume, in  184G,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Conunon wealth.     A  reprint  in  two  volumes. 


VIU 


PKKFACE. 


superbly  illustrated  with  lithographs  printed  in  color  from  drawings  by  Isiuic  Spraguc, 
was  published  in  1H75. 

An  account  of  the  literature  on  the  subject,  however  brief,  will  not  be  complete 
without  mention  of  Mr.  M.  A.  Curtis's  fVuodij  Plants  of  Xorlh  Caru/ina,  of  the  val- 
uable notes  on  the  native  trees  of  the  lower  Wabii-sh  River  in  Indiana  and  Illinois  by 
Mr.  Robert  Ridgway,  of  the  paper  on  the  forest  trees  of  British  Columbia  by  Mr. 
George  M.  Dawson,  and  of  Professor  Edward  L.  Greene's  account  of  some  of  the  Oaks 
of  California. 

The  line  which  divides  trees  from  shrubs  is  a  purely  arbitrary  one,  and  an  attempt 
to  separate  them  is  often  unsatisfactory.  A  division  based  on  habit  rather  than  on  size 
seems,  upon  the  whole,  more  easily  applied  than  any  other,  and  therefore  less  objection- 
able. So,  for  the  purjjoses  of  this  work,  I  have  considered  as  trees  all  woody  plants 
which  grow  up  from  the  ground  with  a  single  stem,  excluding  all  such  as  habitually 
branch  at  the  ground  into  a  number  of  stems,  whatever  size  or  height  they  may  attain. 
The  forests  of  North  America  exclusive  of  Mexico,  the  region  embraced  in  this  work, 
are  now  believed  to  contain  four  hundred  and  twenty-two  species  of  plants,  besides 
numerous  varieties,  which,  under  the  ride  adopted,  can  fairly  be  considered  trees. 

The  sequence  of  the  orders  and  of  the  genera  adopted  in  the  first  volumes  of  this 
work  is  that  of  the  (irncra  Planlarum  of  Bentham  &  Hooker,  and  of  the  standard 
botanical  works  published  in  the  United  States. 

The  (juestion  of  nomenclature,  which  is  beginning  to  occupy  the  attention  of  bota- 
nists more  seriously  than  ever  before,  is  perplexing.  I  have  adopted  the  method  which 
imposes  upon  a  plant  the  oldest  generic  name  applied  to  it  by  Linnaeus  in  the  first 
edition  of  the  (ieiiera  Plantarum,  published  in  17137,  or  by  any  subsequent  author,  and 
the  oldest  specific  name  used  by  Linna;us  in  the  first  edition  of  the  Species  Plantaruin, 
published  in  17o.'},  or  by  any  subsequent  author,  without  regard  to  the  fact  that  such 
a  specific  name  may  have  been  associated  at  first  with  a  generic  name  improperly  em- 
ployed. The  rigid  applicaticm  of  this  rule  loads  to  the  change  of  many  familiar  names 
and  considerable  ten  ,)orary  confusicm.  But  unless  it  is  adopted,  anything  like  stability 
of  nomenclature  is  hopeless,  and  the  sooner  changes  which  are  inevitable  in  the 
future  are  made,  the  moi  easily  students  will  become  accustomed  to  them  and  acquire 
a  knowledge  of  the  correct  names  of  our  trees. 

Unless  other  sources  of  infin-matiim  are  specially  mentioned,  the  figures  represent- 
ing the  specific  gravity  and  the  weight  of  the  wood  of  the  difiicrent  trees  described  in 
this  work  are  taken  from  the  Report  on  the  Woods  of  the  United  States,  published  in 
Volume  IX.  of  thi'  Final  Reports  of  the  Tenth  Census.  In  most  cases  these  are  averages 
from  several  specimens,  obtained,  as  far  as  possible,  from  trees  growing  under  difierent 
conditions  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  The  specific  gravity  is  calculated  from 
specimens  of  wood  from  which  all  moisture  was  artificially  expelled  ;  the  weight  of  the 
cubic  foot  is  that  of  wood  seasoned  naturally  and  containing,  therefore,  more  or  less 
moisture. 

No  one  can  realize  more  clearly  than  I  that  the  chief  value  of  this  new  Silva  is  due 
to  the  accuracy  and  beauty  of  the  drawings,  upon  which  my  associate,  Mr.  C.  E.  Faxon, 


PltEFACE.  " 

has  worked  assiduously  durins  the  last  oi^ht  years,  and  to  the  skill  oi"  the  admiral.k- 
French  engravers,  who  have  reprodueed  them  under  the  general  direction  of  Monsieur 
A  Uiocreux.  tiie  most  distinguished  European  hotanical  artist.  I  take  this  oppor- 
tunity to  express  to  them  all  the  sense  of  my  personal  obligation  for  their  zeal  and 

devotion.  " .      „  ,      »       1 1  »  i 

The  entomological  notes  have  been  supplied  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Jack  of  the  Arnold  Arbo- 
retum.  Mr.  William  I).  Elv.  of  Providence.  Hhode  Island,  and  Mr.  Francis  (Skinner,  of 
Boston,  have  aided  me  greatly  in  collecting  information  relating  to  the  early  literatui-e 
of  many  of  the  trees  described;  and  Mr.  Faxon's  careful  scrutiny  of  the  proof-sheets 
has  freed  them  from  many  errors.  A  list  of  the  other  fnends  and  eorrespondents  who 
haye  aided  me  in  the  preparation  of  this  work  would  include  the  names  ot  the  chiet 
botanists  and  of  the  most  intelligent  lovers  and  zealous  cultivators  of  trees  in  America 
and  Europe.  My  sense  of  obligation  and  of  gratitude  to  them  all  is  deep  and  sincere, 
but  their  numbed  is  so  great  that  I  must  content  myself  with  this  general  acknowledg- 
ment of  their  kindness  and  assistance. 

C.  S.  Sargent. 

Brooklixe,  M.VSS..  September,  1890. 


T  ^  BLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Prefack     

Synoi'sh  ok  OrdeB3 

MaoNOLIA   FCRTIliA 

Magnolia  olauca  . 
Magnolia  acuminata 
Magnolia  mackoi'hvlla 
Magnolia  tru-ktala 
Magnolia  Fraseri 
liriooendron  tulii'ifeba 

AsiMIVA  TRILOBA     . 
AnONA  <iLAHRA  .... 
CaI'PARLS  jAMAtCENSia     . 
Canella  ALHA    .... 
Goruonia  Lasiantiius  . 

GORDONIA  AlTA.MAHA 

Fremontia  Californioa 
Tilia  Amkhicana 

TiLIA    PUBESCENS      . 

tlma  iietehopuvlla 
guaiacum  sanctum 
Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculls 
Xanthoxylum  cribrosum 
Xanthoxylum  Fagara 
Ptelea  trifoliata 
Helietta  parvifolia 

AmYRIS    MARITIMA   . 

Canotia  iiolaoantha 

SiMARUBA  GLAUl'A  . 

Kokberlinia  spinosa 

Uuh-seha  Simakuba 

Swietf.nia  Maiiaiioni 

Ilex  opaca    .... 

Ilex  Cas-sine     .... 

Ilex  vomitokia 

Ilex  deciiuia     .        .        .        . 

Ilex  monticola 


Platca  i.,  ii.    . 

Plate  iii.     . 

Plates  iv.,  v.,  vi.     . 

Plates  vii.,  viii.   .         . 

Plates  ix.,  x.  . 

Plates  xi.,  xii.     .         . 

Plates  xiii..  xiv. 

Plates  XV.,  xvi.    . 

Plates  xvii.,  xviii.  . 

Plate  xix.   .         ■         . 

Plate  XX. 

Plate  xxi.  . 

Plate  xxii. 

Plate  xxiii.  .         . 

Plates  xxiv.,  xxv.    . 

Plate  xxvi. 

Plate  xxvii.     . 

Plate  xxviii.        .         . 

Plate  xxix. 

Plates  XXX..  xxxi. 

Plate  xxxii.    . 

FKites  xxxiii.,  xxxiv.   . 

Plate  XXXV.    . 

Plate  xxxvi. 

Plate  xxxvii.  . 

Plates  xxxviii.,  xxxix. 

Plato  xl. 

Plates  xli.,  xlii.   . 

I'lates  xllii.,  xliv.    . 

Plate  xlv.    . 

Plates  xlvi,,  xlvii.    . 

Plate  xlvili.  .         , 

Plate  xlix.       . 

Plate  1.        . 


Zlll 

;{ 
5 
7 
11 
1.3 
15 
19 
23 
'J9 
33 
37 
41 
45 
47 


03 

07 

71 

73 

70 

81 

S5 

88 

91 

93 

97 

1(11) 

107 

109 

ni 

113 
115 


SYNOrsIS   OF   THE   ORDERS  OF   PLANTS  CONTAINED   IN  VOLUME   I. 
OF   THE   SILVA  OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


Class  I.    DICOTYLEDONOUS  or  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stems  iiicieasint;  in  diameter  by  the  anuual  addition  of  a  layer  of  wood  inside  the  bark.     Leaves  netted-veined.     Kmliryo 
with  a  i)air  of  opposite  cotyledons. 

Suii-C'las.s  I.     AngiospermSB.     Pistil,  a  closed  ovary  containing  the  ovules  and  developing  into  the  fruit. 
Division  I.     PolypetalaB.     Flowers  with  calyx  and  curolhi.  the  latter  divided  into  sei>nratf  jietals. 

A.    THALAMIPLOR.^.     Stamens  and  petals  free  from  the  calyx  and  from  the  superior  ovary,  and  inserted  on  a 
usually  narrow  receptacle. 

*  Carpels  distinct. 

1.  Magnoliace8B.  Sepals  and  petiils  in  three  or  four  rows  of  threes,  imbricated  in  aestivation.  Stamens 
numerous.     Kruit  cone-like,  formed  of  the  numerous  cohering  carpels.     Leaves  alternate,  stipulate. 

2.  Anonaoew.  Sepals  .'$,  valval:  in  ie3tivati(m.  Petals  (i,  in  two  rows,  valvate  or  sometimes  imbricated  in 
SBstivation.     St-imens  numerous.     Fruit  pulpy.     Leaves  alternate,  exstiimlate. 

*  *  Car]]els  united  into  a  compound  ovary  with  parietal  placentie. 

3.  Capparidaceee.  Sepals  and  petals  4.  Fruit  baccate  or  capsular,  indehiscent  or  dehiscent.  Seeds  destitute 
of  albumen.     Kndiryo  coiled.     Leaves  alternate  ;  sti|iules  often  spinescent,  sometimes  wanting. 

4.  CanellacesB.  Sepals  3.  Petals  ">.  Stamens  monadelphous,  the  anthers  adnate  into  a  column.  Fruit  fleshy. 
Seed  albuminous.     Leaves  alternate,  exstipulate. 

*  *  *  Carpels  united  into  a  compound  ovary  with  axilc  [ilacentse. 

.').  TernstroemiaoesB.  Calyx  imbricated  in  (estivation.  Stamens  indefinite,  more  or  less  united  together  and 
with  the  base  of  the  petals.  Fruit,  a  3  to  5-eelled  pud,  Kmbryo  straight  or  slightly  curved.  Leaves  alternate. 
8ti|)ulatc. 

().  Cheiranthodendreffl.  Calyx  subcampanulate,  deeply  .'i-lohed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  a'stivation.  Petals  0. 
Stamens  unituil  into  a  column.  Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Kmbryo  straight,  in  Hesby  albumen.  Leaves 
alternate,  stipulate. 

7,  TiliaceSB,  Calyx  valvate  in  x'stivation.  Stamens  numerous,  usually  more  or  less  united  together.  Leaves 
alternate,  the  stipules  usually  small  and  deciduous,  sometimes  wanting. 

H.    DISCIFLORjE.    Sepals  generally  distinc't.     Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  twice  as  many,  or  fewer,  usually 
inserted  on  a  hypogynous  or  perigytious  disk.     Ovary  superior,  many-celled. 

*  Ovules  pendulous,  rB])ho  ventral. 

H.  Zygophyllaoese.  Sepals  ■'5,  or  rarely  4.  iis\ially  free,  destitute  of  glands.  Filaments  often  provided  with  a 
basal  bract.  Disk  usually  tleshy.  Ovary  angle  or  lobed.  Branches  jointed.  Leaves  usually  oi)posite,  L'  foliolato 
or  pinnate  ;  stipules  persistent. 

9.  RutaoeBB.  Flowers  usually  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Ovary  2  to  .">-lobod,  or  the  carpels  almost  distinct,  on 
a  glandular  ilisk,  often  produiid  into  a  gyiiophore.     Leaves  compound,  glandular-punctate,  exstipulate. 

1(».  Simarubeee.  Flowers  regular,  polygamous,  or  rarely  perfect.  Calyx  3  to  .l-lobed  or  diviiled.  Petals  3  to  ."i 
or  wanting,  iniluici.ted  or  valvate.  Disk  annular,  lobed  lU'  entire.  Ovary  2  to  ,'i-lolied,  or  rarely  entire  ;  ovules  usually 
Bolitary.     Si'eds  albuminous.      Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  opposite,  i)innate  or  rarely  1  to  ,3-fciliolate,  exstipulate. 

11.  BurseracesB.  Flowers  perfect  m  imlygamiwlimcious.  Calyx  3  to  ."i-lobed,  imbricated  or  valvate.  Disk  annu- 
lar or  eup-shape.l,  free  m  ndnato  to  the  calyx.  Ovary  entire,  2  to  ri-celled.  Seeds  exalbuminous.  Leaves  opposite  or 
altornate,  .'t-loliolate.  unecpudly  junnato,  or  rarely  1-foliolate,  exstipulate. 

12.  MeliaoeBB.  Flowers  usually  perfect.  Calyx  imbricated  or  rarely  valvate  in  a-stivation.  Petals  cimtcuted 
or  valvate  in  lestivation.  Anthers  united  into  a  sessile  or  stipitate  tube.  Ovary  entire,  3  to  ,")-eelled.  Seeds  usually 
destitute  of  albunu'n.     Leaves  allernale,  usually  pinnate,  exstipulate. 

*  *  Ovuh's  ponduliuis,  raphe  dorsal. 

13.  IliciueoB.  Flowers  dicceionsly  polygamous,  axillary,  4  lo  ,S-pai'ted.  Disk  minute.  Ovules  1  to  2  in  each  cell. 
Embryo  niiinile,  in  copious  allmnu'u.     Leaves  allernat»!i  stipules  mijuite. 


SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


MAGNOLIA. 

Flower-bud  inclosed  in  a  stipular  caducous  spatho.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary, 
terminal ;  sepals  3  ;  petals  G  to  12,  in  series  of  3's  ;  anthers  introrse  ;  pistils  indcifinite, 
imbricated  on  an  elongated  receptacle.  Carpels  drupaceous-baccate,  persistent,  opening 
on  the  back  at  maturity.     Seeds  drupaceous. 


Magnolia,   Liiiiia?us,   Gen.   102.  —  Ailanson,   Fum.  PL   ii. 
3C4.  —  A.  L.  <l<i  Jiissieu,   Gen.  281.  —  Endlielier,   Gen. 


837 — Mcisner,  Gen.Z.  —  Gray,  Gen.  III.  i.  59.  —  Ben- 
tham  &  Hooker,  Gen.  i.  18.  —  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  i.  188. 


Trees,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  fleshy  roots,  ashy  gray  or  brown,  smooth  or  sometimes  scaly,  bitter- 
aromatic  bark,  and  terete  branclilets  conspicuously  marked  by  large  round  leaf-scars  and  narrow  stipular 
rings.  Buds  terete,  acute ;  their  scales  large  membranaceous  stipules  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  stout 
petioles,  deciduous  with  the  unfolding  of  each  successive  conduplicate  leaf.  Leaves  alternate,  entire, 
sometimes  auricidate,  deciduous  or  sempervirent,  feather-veined,  often  minutely  punctate.  Flowers  sessile 
cr  slightly  pedunculate,  conspicuous,  sometimes  precocious,  often  fragrant,  white,  green,  or  yellow,  rarely 
purple  or  rose.  Spathe  thin,  membranaceous,  or,  when  the  flower  is  precocious,  thicker  and  densely 
covered  with  wool.  Sepals  spreading  or  rettexed,  deciduous.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogy- 
nous,  concave,  erect  or  spreading,  deciduous.  Stamens  indefinite,  imbricated  in  many  raidcs  upon  the 
base  of  the  receptacle,  stout,  early-deciduous  ;  filaments  nuich  shorter  than  the  adnate  introrse  twu-celled 
anthers ;  the  fleshy  connective  apiiulate.  Pistils  densely  ind)ricated  on  the  receptacle ;  ovaries  fleshy, 
one-celled ;  style  short,  recurved,  stigmatose  only  on  the  inner  face  ;  ovules  two,  collateral,  horizontal, 
anatropous.  Fruit  a  scarlet  or  rusty  brown  cone,  formed  of  the  coalescent  two-seeded  carpels.  Seeds 
suspended  at  maturity  by  a  long  thin  cord  of  unrolled  spiral  vessels  contained  in  the  short  funiculus 
and  placenta ;  testa  thick,  drupaceous,  the  outer  portion  becoming  fleshy  and  at  maturity  pulpy,  bright 
red  or  scarlet,  the  interior  crustaccous,  grooved  along  the  inner  side;  tegmen  very  thin,  adherent  to  the 
albumen.  Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  the  fleshy  homogeneous  alljumeu,  its  radicle  next  the  hiliim ; 
cotyledons  short  and  S|)reading. 

The  genus  Magnolia  is  now  confined  to  eastern  North  America,  southern  Mexico,  and  eastern  and 
southern  Asia.  Twenty  species  are  known.  Of  these,  six  are  North  American,  with  their  centre  of  dis- 
tribution in  the  southern  Alleghany-mountain  region  ;  two  are  Mexican  ; '  ten  are  eastern  Asiatic  ;  -  one 
is  a  native  of  the  nunuitiiins  of  Ymi-nan  ; '  and  four  are  Himalayan.*  Magnolia  once  occupied  a  nuich 
larger  area  of  the  earth's  surface,  and  its  fossil  remains  are  well  marked  and  widely  ''"  tributed.'    As  late 

'  Heinslcy,  liol.  ISiol.  Am.  Cent.  i.  13.  a  flue  tree  willi  persistent  foliage,  not  unlike  ilagnulia  fatida  of 

"  Miixiniowic!,   ISM.   Acad.   Sn.   Si,   I'itmbourg,   viii.  fiOT.—      the  south  Allantie  sdites. 
Forbes  &  llenisley.  Jour.  Linn.  Sor.  xjiii,  iiH,  <  Houker  f.  /•'/,  liril.  Ind.  i.  41. 

'Magnolia  Ddavayi,  Frauehet,  I'l.  Ddaniyana,  33,  t.  0,  10;         '■  ^i\iimUi,  Oriijine  I'akontologique  des  Arbres,':i63. 


,SILVA   OF  XOliTII  AMKIilCA. 


MAGNOLIACE^E. 


as  tlie  Tertiary  period  it  was  coininon  in  the  Arctic  Circle,  in  Greenland,  in  central  Eiiropt-,  anc  cu  the 
inid-continentid  plains  of  ?sortli  America.' 

The  larjifcst  of  the  <jeims  is  J/.  Caiiijiht/lii.-  a  noble  tree  of  the  Sikkini  Himalaya,  where  in  elevated 
siib-tropii'al  valleys  it  attains  the  height  of  a  hundred  feet.  M.  h>/j>olii(iii,^  a.  native  of  n>()u><tain  forests 
in  northern  Jai)an,  is  one  of  tiie  largest,  and  perhaps  the  most  useful  of  the  genus.  The  Chinese  M. 
coiis/ili'iiit  and  .1/.  (ihurnln,  as  well  as  several  hybrids*  between  these  species,  have  long  been  cultivated 
for  their  conspicuous  j;''_'cocious  llowers.''  The  North  American  species  are  interesting  and  widely  cul- 
tivated ornamental  trees. 

The  wood  of  Magnolia  is  light  or  rarely  heavy,  moderately  hard,  close-grained,  easily  worked, 
altiujugli  not  strong  or  duralile,  creamy  white  or  brown,  (juickly  becoming  stained  with  decay.  The  sap- 
wood  is  a  little  lighter  colored  than  that  of  the  heart.  The  medullary  rays  are  thin  and  ineonspicu(.us. 
It  has  few  eeononiie  uses.'' 

All  parts  of  Magnolia  are  slightly  bitter  and  aromatic.  The  dried  bark,  especially  of  the  root,  and 
the  cone  and  seeds  of  several  American  species  weic  formerly  used  occasionally  as  a  stiuu:lai>t  and  tonic.' 
The  Chinese  employ  the  powdered  seeds  of  Jf.  coiinjiicKii  in  the  treatment  of  inflammatory  troubles  of 
the  throat  and  eyes,"  and  the  dried  flower-buds  medicinally,  and  to  season  rice." 

All  the  Magnolias  grow  freely  and  rapidly  in  cultivation  ;  they  reipiire  deep,  rather  moist,  well- 
drained  soil,  and  thrive  in  peaty  loam.  They  are  easily  raisod  from  seed,  and  may  be  propagated  by 
grafting  or  by  layers.    The  American  Magnolias  are  singidarly  free  from  the  attacks  of  injurious  insects." 

The  genus  Magn')lia  was  establi.slied  by  I'lumier  in  17(Ki."  Pluniier's  species,  however,  a  n(djle 
West  Indian  evergieeii  tree,  with  which  one  of  the  North  American  species  of  Magnolia  was  afterwards 
confouiuled  iiy  Linna'us,  is  now  the  type  of  the  allied  troi)ical  genus  Talauma.  The  name  commemo- 
rates the  laliors  of  Pierre  Miignol  (10138-1715),  profes.sor  of  botiiny  at  Montpellier,  who  tirst  indicated 
the  natural  families  of  plants. 


I 


'  lli'or,  /v.  Foss.  An-t.  vii.  ISO.     Syin)|itical  TiiMc. 

'■i  lloc.kiT  f.  /;;.  Him.  I'l.  t.  I,  ."i.  — (irimth,  Awi.  iv.  t.  050. 

•  Ganlet,  and  Forest,  i.  :«)4,  I'.  I'.l. 

*  I.ouildii,  Arh.  hrit.  i.  '.iTS, 

®  'I'lio  so-called  Mittjnulia  /.tsrata,  n  tall  pvcrpreen  slirirh  from 
soutluTU  C'.iina,  grown  in  garilt'iis  in  all  tlio  tt-niiu'rati'  jiarts  nf  the 


Japan  nnrh  lln.^  n  und  Studwn  im  Auftratje  dcr  Kihiiglich  Prcum- 
tirfifn  Ittijierunfj  dii  yntAlt,  ii.  *J59.) 

■   I.l.iyil,  i>ruti<  1111,1  Med.  N.  Am.  ii.  11. 

*■  Stiitvt'tiH  Ihtfuimelt  ii.  -^.5. 

»  I'ifk.TiM};,  Cl,nm.  Ilisl.  PI.  GOO. 

''  T.  V.  ChainlKTs  {Hull.  '/.  S.  (ieohi/.  Sun:  1S7S,  iv.  lOS)  mcn- 


wnrM  for  its  fragrant  tlowiTs.  is  now  ivftTi-ol  to  tlii'  allii'd  f^cmis  tions  a  Icaf-niiiiinf^  larvaof  a  Ii-piilopterous  iust'ct  to  whirb  he  gives 

Alieliclia.  the  name  I'h/ll.imisti.t  magniiluiiUa. 

*  Maijnolifi  hypoieucii  furnishes  the  wood  n.sed  by  the  .Japanese  ^^  Suv.  VI.  Am.  Gen.  38. 
in  the  manufacture  of  sword-sheaths  and  lac(|uered  ware.     (Keiu, 


CONSPKCTirS  OF  TIIK  NOHTII   AMERTC.VN  SPECIES. 


Lc.nvcs  se.tttorcil  iiloni;  the  i  raiielies :  leat-linds  silky. 

Leaves  ))er»is;enl ;  sliuots  of  tho  year  and  carpels  densely  pulHsecnt 

Leaves  snlipersi.stent :  yonnj,'  shouts  j.uljeseent 

Leaves  ilecidiious. 

Ohlong.  ovate,  or  sulieordato :  flowers  small,  green  or  yellow 

Ohovatc  or  oblong,  cordate  at  the  narrow  ba>e :  tbiwers  very  large  and  while 
Leaves  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  llowering  braiuhesi  leaf-buds  glabrous. 

Leaves  obovate-lanceulate.  pointed  at  both  ends 

Loaves  obovate-spatulate   uuricululc  al  the  ba.se 


,       1.  v.,  t'fETIllA. 

.     2.  M.  (ii,.uc.v. 

.      M.  M.  Aif.MIN-.VT.V. 

I.  >L    M.Vi  Hill'llVI.L.V. 

.     "i.  M.  Tiiii'irr.vLA. 

.      (>.  M.  KHASKKI. 


\GNOLlACEyE. 

.  auc  cu  the 


MAGNOLIACE.E. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMEPilCA. 


i  in  elevated 
"X-Mix  forests 
Chinese  M. 
11  cultivated 
I  widely  cul- 

iily  worked, 
.  Tile  sap- 
.'onspieuoui. 

lie  root,  and 

:  and  toiiieJ 

troubles  of 

moist,  well- 
)pagated  by 
ms  insects.'" 
er,  a  noble 
<  afterwards 
'  comnienio- 
st  indicated 


mglich  Preum" 


S,  iv.  108)  mcn- 
whii.'h  he  gives 


S-ATA. 
ll'iTVI.LA. 


ALA. 
KI. 


MAGNOLIA  FCETIDA. 

Magnolia.       Bull  Bay. 

Leaves   evcrp;rccn,   coriaceous,    fcrrugiiious-tomcntosc   beneath.      Pistils   woolly. 
Fruit  and  shoo'  ;  of  the  year  densely  pubescent. 


Mngnolia  fcstida,  Saifjent,  (rurili-n  ainl  Forest,  ii.  1115. 

Magnolia  Virginiana,  /i.  foetida,  Linna?iis,  .S'/ztv.  ."iSO. 

Magnolia  grandiflora,  Liiinieus.  S/iec.  eil.  2,  T.'ij.  —  Miller, 
Uiit.  ed.  8.  -  Eilwarils,  liril.  Ilerh.  40,  t.  9'.'.  —  Marshall, 
Arbiist.  All.  8i.^ Ifoii.  Am,  Gewiich.  ii.  45,  t.  185, 
180.  — Waller,  Fl.  Car.  158.  —  Giertner, /V«c^  i.  343.  t. 
70.  — Lamartk,  Di-f,  iii.  072;  III.  iii.  35,  t.  4',)l).— 
Moencli,  .U>'f/i.  274.  —  WilUlenow,  .S/w.  ii.  12L'5.  —  Jli- 
cIkiux.  /■'/.  lior.-Am.  i.  3L'7.  —  Xoitveau  Diihiiiiiil.  ii.  21'.), 
t.  05.  —  Uesfoiitaines,   Hint.  Arli.  ii.  5.  —  Andrews,  Jlot. 


.30. — Aiulubon,  liinh,  t,  5,  .32.  —  Don.  Geii.  Synf.  i. 
82.  —  Loiulon.  Ai-'i.  Ih-it.  i.  201.  t.  —  Turrey  &  Gray,  Fl. 
y.  Am.  i.  42.  —  Dictrieh.  *'//«.  iii.  .308.  —  Spaeli,  //-•.^^ 
Veij.  vii.  470.  — Cliaiiinan.  /'/.  13.  —  Curtis.  Geoloij.  .'iufi: 
N.  Cur.  l.SOO.  iii.  00.—  Haillon,  Ifixt.  I'l.  i.  133.  f.  Km- 
lOi) ;  Dirt,  i.  557,  f.  —  Kfjch,  Dcndr.  i.  307.  —  KeisuUe 
Ito.  Icon.  Hot.  G'irtl.  Koiihibiira.  i.  t.  18.  —  Sargent.  For- 
est Trerx  X.  Am.  lOt/i  Cnisii.^  U.  .S'.  ix.  19. 
M.  grandiflora,  var.  elliptica  and  obovata,  Pursli.  Fl.  Am. 


Heiit.  ii.  :;,so. 

ii*f//.  viil.  t.  518.  —  MIcliaux,  f.  i//V.  Arli.  Am.  iii.  71,  t.     M.  grandiflora.  var.  lanceolata,  PursU,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  \\. 
1.  —  I'lirsli,  Fl.  A  m.  .Sept.  ii.  380.  —  Nuttall,  Gen.  ii.  1 8.  —  380.  —  Uot.  ilwj.  t.  1952. 

De  Candoile,  Si/st.  i.  450  ;  Prodi:  i.  80.  —  Elliott,  SL  ii. 

A  noble  tree,  of  strict  pyramidal  habit,  sixty  to  eipfhty  foot  in  height,  with  a  tall  str.iight  trunk 
sometimes  under  favorable  conditions  four  to  four  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter.  The  bark  of  the  trunk 
on  fully  grown  individuals  is  a  half  to  three  (juarters  of  an  inch  thick,  gray  or  light  brown  in  color, 
covered  witii  thin  appressed  scales  rarely  more  than  an  inch  long ;  that  of  the  branches  is  smooth,  light 
gray,  and  much  thinner.  The  leaves,  which  fall  in  the  spring  at  the  end  of  their  second  year,  are  brigiit 
green,  shining,  coriaceous,  oblong  or  ovate,  strengthened  bv  a  prominent  midrib  and  primarv  veins,  and 
borne  on  stout  petioles  an  inch  or  two  long.  They  are  five  to  eight  inches  long  and  two  to  three  inches 
broad.  The  underside,  as  well  as  the  petiole,  winter-buds,  and  spatlie,  is  coated  with  a  thick  dark  rusty 
tomentum,  varying  greatly  in  length  and  density.  The  deliciously  fragrant  creamy  white  protcrogynous 
flowers,  seven  or  eigiit  inches  across  Avlieii  expanded,  continue  to  open  from  April  or  ^I.iv  until  July  or 
August.  The  p"taloid  sepals  and  the  six  or  sometimes  nine  or  twelve  petals  are  aiiriiptly  unguiculate, 
oval  or  ovate,  those  of  the  inner  rank  often  somewhat  acuminate,  concave  and  coriaceous.  They  are 
three  or  four  inches  long,  and  one  and  a  half  to  two  inclies  l)road.  The  base  of  tiie  receptacle  and  lower 
part  of  the  tilaments  are  bright  purple.  Tlie  fruit  is  ovate  or  oval,  rusty  iirown  and  pubescent,  three 
to  four  inches  long,  and  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  broad.  The  seeds  are  nearly  half  an 
inch  long,  s(miewliat  triangular,  often  flattened  on  the  face  opposite  the  raphe  by  mutual  pressure. 

The  northern  station  of  Jfuf/nnHa  fitt'idit  is  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  south  of  the  Cape 
Fear  Kiver.  In  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  it  is  rarely  found  more  than  iifty  or  sixty  miles  from  the 
coast ;  ill  Florida  it  extends  across  the  peninsula  as  far  soiitli  as  .AIos(|uito  Inlet  on  the  east  coast  and 
the  shcu'es  of  Tampa  Ray;  it  is  common  in  the  inaritime  portions  of  the  Gulf  states  as  far  west  as  the 
valley  of  the  Hra/.os  Iviver  in  Texas,  exten<liiig  through  western  Louisiana  to  southern  Arkansas,  and 
appearing  on  the  blurt's  of  the  lower  Mississippi  River  as  far  north  as  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo  River  in 
Mississippi.'  M(i(/iioliii  futiihi  flourishes  in  rich  moist  soils.  Near  the  coast  it  is  generally  confined 
to  the  borders  of  rivcr-s\vaiii|)s  and  pine-barren  ponds  ;  in  western  Louisiana  it  is  often  the  character- 
istic and  most  consjiiciious  feature  of  the  forest ;  and  here,  and  on  the  rich  high  rolling  hills  of  the 
Mississijipi  blull's,  this  tree  reaches  its  greatest  develojit-K'nt.     It  is  usually  found  associated  with  -ho 

'  M'limiliii  Iniilriifl'li,  Ihe  i\ii'i'it  :iiii'0';tiir,  porliiips,  i)f  .U,  faliilo,  was  funmiuH  in  the  .\ietie  reyion  dmin;,'  the  Tortiiiry  periiid.   (Ileor, 

Fl.  /■•«,  -.  .{rci.  vii.  I'ji,  t.  c'.i,  f.  1, 1.  s.-,,  f.  ;i,  t.  80,  r.  ;•.) 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


MAGN'OLIACEJE. 


Swamp  Cliestnut  Oak,  the  Water  Oak,  the  Willow  Oak,  the  Beech,  ti  <;  Hornbeam,  the  Black  Gum,  the 
Water  Gum,  the  Great  Tupelo,  and  the  Liquklamber. 

The  wood  of  MitijnoUa  fa'tida  is  iuu'der,  heavier,  and  more  valuable  than  that  of  the  other 
North  American  Magnolif.s.  The  thick  sapwood  generally  consists  of  seventy  to  eighty  layers  of  annual 
growth ;  it  is  creamy  white,  soon  turni.ig  ligiit  brown  with  exposure,  and  is  not  easily  distiugniished 
from  the  rather  lighter  heurtwood.  This  when  perfectly  dry  has  a  specific  gravity  of  0.G3G0,  a  cubic 
foot  of  tile  dry  wood  weighing  '^dM-i  pounds.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is  little  used  except  for  fuel, 
although  well  suited  for  the  finer  kinds  of  cabinet  work  and  the  interior  finish  of  houses. 

It  does  not  appear  who  first  brought  Mmjnolid  /(ttida  to  the  attention  of  European  botanists. 
The  earliest  account,  that  of  Plukenet,  wsis  published  in  his  AmaUhtinn  JUitmuciun  in  170;).'  It  is 
not  known  who  first  introduced  living  plants  into  Europe ;  a  single  specimen,  sjiid  to  have  been  brought 
from  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi,  was  planted  near  Nantes  in  173'J  ;  '^  and  two  years  later,  according  to 
Aiton,' it  was  cultivated  in  Sir  John  Colleton's  garden  at  Exmouth  in  Devonshire.  Marjnolla  fid'aln 
is  the  most  splendid  ornamental  tree  of  the  North  American  forests.  It  is  now  widely  cultivated  in  the 
extreme  southern  states,  and  has  become  a  striking  and  beautiful  feature  in  the  gardens  and  streets  of 
many  southern  cities.  It  is  precariously  hardy  as  far  iiortli  'is  Philadelpliia.  It  has  been  gv  nerally 
introduced  into  tlie  gardens  of  temperate  Eur«i)e  and  Asia,  although  in  Great  Bribiin  often  requiring 
the  protection  of  a  wall  to  insiu-e  its  blooming. 

Several  varieties  have  appeared  at  different  times  in  European  nursery-gardens,  especially  in  those 
of  central  and  western  France,  where  the  propagation  of  the  evergreen  Magnolia  has  been  a''  important 
industry  since  its  first  introduction.  These  varieties  differ  principally  in  the  form  of  the  lea^  and  in  the 
duration  of  the  flowering  period.  The  variety  Mnjnieiisis*  raised  in  England  early  in  this  century,  with 
a  rather  i.istigiate  habit  of  growth,  oblong  elliptical  leaves  densely  clothed  with  tomentum  on  the  lower 
sm't'ace,  and  somewhat  (.outracted  flowers,  is  considered  in  that  country  the  most  distinct,  and,  from  its 
habit  of  flowering  when  only  a  few  feet  high,  the  most  valuable  for  cidtivation.  The  variety  angustl- 
/o//V^  wiiich  a))peared  at  Angers  about  182.'>,  is  one  of  the  most  distinct  and  permanent  of  these  seminal 
varieties.'  The  variety  prcKCOX,  another  French  variety,  is  distinguished  by  early  and  continuous 
bloominjr. 


*  Tttlipi/tra  arbor  Fhridnntif  lattri  huge  ampliorihus  splendentWus 
el  (tenxiorif'UH/oliii,  Jlorf  mnjore  albo,  *J(M). 

Magnolia  dllUtima,  jiore  ingenli  crtnilido,  Catt'sby,  A''«^  Hist.  Car, 
ii.  t.  01.  —  Diihamcl,  Traitt' ties  Arhrf:i,  ii.  1,  t.  1. 

Maynolia  /nlii,i  ohlongiA  nuiitas  ffrruijiuiix,jiore  ainpUssimo  candido, 
harm  ruheUis,  Trfw,  PL  Ehrel.  8,  t.  ;i3,  IW,  f.  •>. 

Maijnolia  foliiit  tanceotatia  persistenlibuSf  ctiule  erecto  arhoreo,  Miller, 
Did.  Icon.  ii.  115,  t.  172. 


'  Morlct  lie  la  Bonlaye,  Nouvean  Duhamel,  ii.  220. 

•  liort.  Keic.  ii.  2.51. 

*  Louuuu,  Arb.  Brit.  i.  2til.  — Loddiges.  Rot.  Cab.  t.  814. 

'  Aiiollicr  iiarri)\v-Ii.'avcd  form  wii'.  curiously  undulating  Icaf- 
iiiargiiis,  of  unknown  origin,  is  now  found  in  tlic  gardens  of  north. 
cm  Italy  under  the  uome  of  "  Magnolia  Harlicegus." 


EXPLANATION  OF    r..IE  PLATES. 

Platk  L     M.vcnoda  fietida. 
A  tlonrcring  branch,  imtur.al  nhv. 


Plate  IL 

1.  A  fruit,  natural  sb.e. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  tiowcr. 

3.  A  llowcr,  the  calyx  and  corolla  removed,  natural  mt 

4.  A  stamen,  enlarged. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  the  gynieciuni,  natural  size. 
0,  An  ovule,  enlargeii, 

7,  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 


Mac'-oi.ia  fcktida. 

8.  A  seed,  the  base  of  the  pulpy  portion  of  the  testa  to- 
inovcd,  showing  the  stony  interior  portion,  enlarged. 

9.  A  seed,  the  fleshy  part  of  the  testa  removed,  showing  the 
grooved  stony  portion,  enlarged. 

10.  Cross  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

11.  An  embryo,  much  enlarged, 

12.  A  winter-bud,  natural  eiie. 


■i,m,  u^iu 


MAGNOLIA      FOiTIDA,  o^.ir. 


i 


:i 


n 


**, 


MAGNOLIA     1'''ET1DA 


MJ 


ail 

M. 


fin 
ill 
li.' 
l)ii 
gn 
olr 
hu 

4" 
wli 

till 

I'll 

I'lii 

ll» 

(Ml 

tw 
loi 

r.i 
1.(1 
Bl 
in 


MAGNOUACEiE. 


SILVA   OF  NOUTII  AiMERICA. 


MAGNOLIA  GLAUOA. 


Sweet  Bay.    Swamp  Bay. 


Lkavks  subpcrsistcnt,  pale  on  the  lower  surface.     Fruit  gla1)rous. 
and  winter-buds  pubescent. 


Young  shoots 


M.  glauca.  Linniein,  Spec.  ed.  2,  755.  —  Miller,  Diet.  ed. 
S.  —  Jliu'shall,  Arhiist.  Am.  S.S.  —  Wangenheim,  Xordam. 
Iloh.  00,  t.  11),  f.   Ui.  —  Walter, /Y.   Cai:  158.  — /toh. 

Sett.  Am.   Gen'iich.  t.  40.  —  Lamarck,  Dkt.  Hi.  074 

Moench,  Meth.  274.  —  Willdcnow,  Spec.  ii.  1251).  — 
Sclikiilir,  lliintU).  ii.  1441.  t.  14.S.  —  JliiOiaux,  Fl.  Bor.- 

Am.'x.'.'i'll yoiii'rau  Dnhimfl.  ii.  221!.  t.  00. —  Des- 

(ontaines.  Hist.  Arh.  ii.  5.  —  I!oii|)land,  I'l.  Mulm.  lO.S.  t. 
42. — Micliaux  f.  Ilist.  Arh.  Am.  iii.  77.  t.  2.  —  Pursli, 
Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  ;i81.  —  Bigelow,  Me^l.  Hot.  ii.  07,  t.  27  ; 
Ft.  Boston,  ed.  3,  244.  —  ISarton,  Mat.  Bot.  i.  77.  t.  7.  — 
Niittall.  Geii.  ii.  18.  — LoddiRcs,  Bot.  O;/-.  t.  21.">.  —  Ue 
Candollc,  Sijst.  i.  452 ;  Pro,h.  i.  80.  —  Hayiic,  Dai'lr. 
Fl.  1 1(>.  —  Klliott.  .S'A-.  ii.  ;{7.  —  Torrey,  Fl.  X.  Y.  \.  27, 
t.  5.  —  Audubon,  Birds,  t.  118.  —  Don,  Gen.  Si/st.  i.  82.  — 
Keirlicnliach,  Fl.  Kxnt.  v.  ;i7,  t.  .'f42. — Toney  &  Gray, 
Fl.  X.  Am.  i.  42.  —  Dletiidi,  Sipi.  iii.  .'!l)8.  —  .Spacli,  Hist. 
Vi'ij.  vii.  47.'i.  —  Liiiulon,  Arh.  JSrit.  i.  2(i7,  t.  —  Knierson, 


Trees  Mn.is.  ed.  2,  ii.  00,'?.  t.  — Gray,  Gen.  III.  i.  61,  t. 

2.'!.  —  Schnizlein.  Iron.  I.  17l'i.  —  D.-irlingloii.  /'/.  Crulr.  ed. 

,'i,  8.  —  Chapman.  Fl.  l.'i.  —  Curtis,  (ieolmj.  Sure.  X.  Cur. 

1800,  iii.  CO.  —  Koch,  Demlr.  i.  ;iG9.  —  .Saigent.  Fore.it 

Trees  N.  Am.  lOtli  Census  U.  S.  ix.  19.  — Lloyd,  Drugs 

ami  Med.  X.  Am.  ii.  25.  t.  28.  f.  115.  — Watson  &  Coul- 

ter,  Grai/s  Man.  ed.  0,  40. 
M.  Virginiana,  u.  glauca,  Linnaeus,  Sjn'c.  535. 
M.  fragrans,  .Salisbury.  Proflr.  ',i~'J.  —  Ralinusiine,  Fl.  Lndo- 

vir.  01  ;  Med.  Bot.  ii.  Wl. 
M.  longifolia.   Sweet,  llort.  Brit.  11.  —  Don.  Gen.  Sij.^t.  i. 

S:!.—  Dielricli,  Sijn.  iii.  ;J08. 
M.   glauca.   var.   latifolia,    Alton,   Ilort.    Kew.  ii.  251. — 

l'iir>h.  FI.Am.  Si/if.  ii.  ;>,S1. 
M.  glauca,  var.  longifolia.  Alton.  Jlorf.  Kew.  ii.  251. — 

I'ursh,   /'Y.  Am.  ,'^'7-Mi.  ;!S1.— UuHnesiiii.'. /Y. /.»./..(■/<•. 

01.  — Haync,  Dendr.  Fl.  110. 
M.  glauca,  var.  pumila.  Nnttall,  Am.  .Imr.  Sei.  scr.  1,  v.  205. 


A  slender  tree,  fifty  to  seventy  feet  in  lieii;lit,  witli  a  trunk  two  to  tliree.  or,  unilei'  exceptionally 
fiivonilile  conditions,  three  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter  ;  often  niiicli  snialler,  and  at  the  north  reduced  to 
a  low  sliruh.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  on  fnlly  j;rown  individuals  is  three  eij;htlis  to  half  an  iiuh  thick, 
li^lit  hrown  in  color,  and  covered  with  small  thin  appressed  scales ;  that  on  .small  trunks  and  lar<;e 
hranches  is  smooth  and  lif;ht  ^ray.  The  bark  of  the  slender  branchlets,  dnrinj;'  the  first  year,  is  hrij-ht 
f>'reen,  ffradiudly  t>irniiii>'  dnrinjv  the  second  summer  to  reddish  hrowu.  The  leaves  are  ol)loni>-  or  oval, 
obtuse  or  sometimes  olilonj^'danceolate,  fonrtosix  inches  lonj^- and  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches 
l)roa(l,  with  a  conspicuous  midrib  and  primary  veins;  they  are  borne  on  slender  petioles  a  half  to  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  h)n<>-.  The  leaves  are  covered,  when  they  first  uid'old,  with  lonj;-  white  sili:v  hairs 
which  soon  disappear,  and  at  maturity  they  are  bright  green  and  lustrons  on  the  upjicr  siu'faee,  which  is 
then  (piite  glabrons  and  minutely  pubescent,  pale  or  nearly  wliitc  on  the  lower.  They  fall,  in  the  noitli- 
ern  states,  late  in  November  or  in  early  winter,  and  at  the  south  remain  on  the  branches  witii  little 
change  of  color  until  the  ..ppearaiu'e  of  the  new  leaves  in  sr,ring.  The  creamy  white  fragrant  globular 
flower.s,  two  or  three  inches  across  when  expanded,  continue  to  open  during  several  weeks  in  spring  and 
early  sinnmer.  The  sepals  are  membranaceous,  obovate,  obtuse,  concave,  and  shorter  tiian  the  nine  to 
twelve  obovate,  often  iniguicnlate,  concave  petals.  The  dark  red  fruit  is  oval,  glabrous,  two  inches 
h)ng  and  one  and  a  half  inches  broad.     The  secj  is  a  (piarter  to  iialf  an  inch  long. 

Miiijiii)H(i  (jli(iir<i  is  fonnd  at  its  most  northern  limit  in  s\vani|is  in  the  town  of  riioMcester  in  llssex 
rounty,  Massachusetts.  It  reajtpears  in  a  swamp  at  the  north  end  of  Tnrtlc  Pond  in  '  ■  !l'olk  County, 
bong  Island.'  and  extends  from  New  .lersey  southward,  generally  near  the  coast,  to  the  .v.orcs  of  Hay 
niscayno  and  of  Tampa  Hay,  Florida.  It  is  not  found  in  the  .\ileghany-monntain  regvm,  lint  abounds 
in  the  Gulf  states,  extending  west  to  sotitliwestcrn  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinitv  Kiver,  Texas. 


'  (I.  .M.  Willinr,  lUdl  Tun:  llol.  Ch,!,,  xii.  H7. 


^ILVA    OF  XOliTII  AMFIUCA. 


MAGNOLIACE.«. 


M(i(jnollu  ijJtiuvn  inlia1)its  at  the  nortli,  di'ep  wet  swamps,'  where  it  is  associated  with  the  lied  ^Iai)le, 
the  Wiiite  Cedar,  the  Ilii>li-bush  Bhieberry,  tiie  Aiuh-omechis,  the  Red-berried  Prinos,  and  the  Poisonous 
Sumach  ;  in  tlie  soutii  Athiiitic  and  Gulf  states  it  is  found  alonj>;  the  borders  of  pine-barren  ponds  and 
shallow  swamps,  where  it  forms,  with  the  Loblolly  Hay  and  the  lied  Hay,  low,  almost  impenetrable  thick- 
ets, roaihinfr  its  <rrcatest  development  in  the  interior  of  the  Florida  peninsula  on  the  rich  hummocks  or 
islands  which  rise  above  the  level  of  the  pine-lands. 

The  wood  of  Mdijiiiil'id  ijlaiiat  is  soft  and  lii;ht.  The  color  of  the  heartwood.  which  is  found  only 
in  old  specimens,  is  lij;ht  brown  tinyed  with  red  ;  the  thick  sapwood,  consistin<if  of  ninety  to  a  hinidred 
layers  of  annual  <;iii\vth.  is  creamy  white,  turnini;'  darker  with  exposure.  This  has,  when  perfectly  dry, 
a  specitic  };iavifv  of  ().."i())!."),  a  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  weij'hins''  lil.lJS  pounds.  The  woovl  of  this 
tree  is  now  occasionally  used  in  the  southern  .states  in  the  manufacture  of  broom-handles  and  other 
articles  of  wooden  ware. 

The  earliest  mention  of  Mmjiiolia  (jhntva  is  of  '"the  tree  that  beareth  the  rine  of  blacke  Sinamon, 
of  which  Master  Winter  brouf;ht  from  the  streifrhts  of  Ma<;ellan,"'  which  Piiilip  Amadas  and  Arthur 
Harlowe  found  in  loS-t  on  an  island  in  Pindico  Sound.'-  It  was  lirst  cultivated  in  Europe  by  lii.shop 
Gnnpton,^  in  his  jjfarden  at  Fulhani,  near  London,  who  received  it  from  clohn  IJanister*  in  1G88;  and 
the  earliest  deMription  is  that  of  Plukenet.'' 

The  value  of  MnijunHu  ijluiirn  as  an  ornamental  plant  was  at  once  reconjnized ;  and  it  has  always 
been  a  favorite  in  gardens  where,  at  different  times,  several  varieties  have  been  distinjiuished.  Jfiujiio- 
/i<i  (//itiicii  l<)iit/ifi)/i(i,  with  lanceolate  leaves  and  a  bloominj;'  period  which  scmietinies  extends  through 
two  or  three  months,  is  the  only  one  of  these  that  has  survived.''  J/mjiioHu  77i(iiiijisoti'iiiii(i,~  a  probable 
hvbrid  between  Miii/iiuliii  ij/diica  and  .Miii/iiolin  trijn  tain,  rai.sed  early  in  this  century  by  a  Mr.  Thomp- 
son of  .Mile  End  in  England,  has  been  preserved  in  gardens,  where  it  is  esteemed  for  its  handsome 
foliage  and  large  and  deliciously  fragrant  tlowers.'' 

MnijiKjIiii  ijliiiivii  thrives  in  rich  and  rather  nuiist  soil,  and  is  found  to  grow  more  rapidly  and 
vigorously  when  grafted  on  Mii'jiinlid  (iciniiiiintn  than  it  does  on  its  own  roots. 

1  Miigufiliii  ijUiuau  'A^  tlit^  tlf>liy  mots  wtTo  eaten  I»y  lieuvers,  liO,  t.  liO.  —  Duhainel,    Tniih   ilex  ArhreUt  \'u  [V  —  Trew,  PI.  Khnt. 

WHS  kiunvii  ti>  the  eailv  >eltlirs  in  reuiisvlvaiiia  as  Heaver-tree  ;  '_',  t.  !l.  —  DiDiiiiiis,  llnrt.  Ellh.  1!07,  t.  108,  f.  'M:,. 

anil  lieavers,  aeeoidiii);  to  Kalui,  were  eaui;lil  in  trigis  liaiteil  with  Mttfinoliii  fnliis  nintii-luiireolalU,   LiniiiL'ns,  Ilorl.   difl'.     ii-".'. — 

pii'fes  iif  the  rent,    (TntrtlA  into  X'trth  Amrrlnt,  Kti^lisll  ell.  i.  -0(.)  Chiyt()n,  i'V.    Viri/iii.  (11. 

'J  First  veya^e  to  the  coast  of  Virj;inia.   ( llakhiyt,    Vi'it'iflf,  eii.  *  This  variety  does  not.  aiipfav  to  he  known  in  a  wihl  state,  and 

Kvans,  iii.   I(0'_'.)  its  o,"i;;in  is  nneertaill.     It  is,  jierhajts,  tiie  MaifiK'liit  limijifaUn  of 

■I  Henry  Coiiipton  (liKi'.'-IW),  liishop  of  l.oniUm,  first  enltivated  Sweet  and  of  Dun  (/.  e.),  hnt  as  the  enllivatcd  phint  thrives  in 

in  Kn|;tand  many  North  .Xlneriean  |ihints.  New  l-'.nj;hind  it  ean  hardly  he,  as  they  supposed,  a  nativi^  of  C'aro- 

*  .lohn   Hauister,  a  inissiojiary  to  Vii-^inia,  where   he  ilied  ahout  Una  and  (tem'j'ia  ;  its  jjarih'n  taiyin  seems  more  proltahte. 

lO'.l'.;  J  author  of  the  llrst  rntah>KUi' of  North  .Vineriean  jihints  (pnli-  '  liul.  Ma<j.  t.  L'Kil. —  London,  Arh,  Hrlt.  i.  2(i7.  —  ilanino  St. 

lislied  in  Hay,  /lisl.  PL  ii.  I'.I'JS).     His  herhavinm  in  preserved  in  Ilihiire,  I'lure  rl  Pomoiie,  v.  t.   I.Tl. —  Keiehenbuch,  Fl.  lixul.  v.  t. 

tlie  Hrilish  Museum.  31-'.  —  Srrlum  Bnlanirum,  v.  t.  —  Garden  and  Foreft,  i.  1!08,  f.  43. 

^  Tulit>ihrn   Viri/inkinn,  Ln'irinis  fnlii.it  ttver^a  parte  mre  civrnlm  *  .\  seeoiul  supposed  hybrid  between  tliese  species,  deserilH'd  by 

tincti.i,  fnni-t,iirri/,r<i,  I'bikenet,  .\lm.  Hal.   :)"!l,  t.  (IS,  f.  1.  I.inubui  (/.  v.)  as  Mtiijnolia  glaucu  longi/olui,  has  now  probably  dis- 

Mftijnnliii  litnri  folio  nul'tu.i  iitfjieunte,  Catesiiy,  Xat.  Hist.   Cor.  i.  appeared. 


EXl'LANATION  OK  TIIK   I'l.ATK. 


1.  A  tlowerinj,'  braneli.  natural  si/e. 

'J.  A  fniil,  natural  si/.e. 

ii.  Vertical  seclioii  of  a  carpel,  cnlarjjeil. 

4.  A  stuiiieii,  c'iilai'){pd. 

.".  Vertical  seilioii  of  «  seed,  eiilar),'0(l. 


Pl.VTK   III.      M.VC.NnJ.IA    (il..Mr.\. 

Ii.  A  seed,  the  tiesli;,'  pnrt  o(  tho  testa  removed,  shuniiig  tlm 
grooved  stony  (Hirtiou,  eiilarned. 

7.  ('loss  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged, 

8.  An  embryo,  nmch  enlnrgetl. 

9.  A  winter-bud,  natural  size. 


)« 


MAGXOLIACE.'E. 

the  Red  Maple, 

I  the  Poisonous 
rreii  ponds  and 
enetrahk?  thifk- 
h  huninioi'ks  or 

li  is  found  only 
ty  to  a  hundred 

II  perfectly  dry, 
le  wood  of  this 
idles  and  other 

)lacke  Sinamon, 
das  and  Arthur 
■ope  hy  Bishop 
Mn  1(188;  and 

lid  it  has  always 
ished.  Jfaf/iio- 
jxtends  throuj^h 
am,'  a  probable 
y  a  Mr.  Tlionip- 
ir  its  handsome 

ore  rapidly  and 


I.  —  Trc'W,  /'/.  Khrit. 

Ilorl.   aijr.    22'2 

1  in  II  wild  stuto,  iiiul 
fdfjnitliu  limijifvlut  itf 
itcd  itliint  thrives  in 
it'd,  ;i  liiitivo  ()f  t'urij- 
I't'  jirifliiililc. 

i.  -(i7.  —  Jnumo  St. 
■tibiLcIi,  Fl.  Exol.  V.  t. 
Forest,  i.  'J08,  f.  43. 

spL'cies,  dt'sorilH'd  by 
iiLS  now  |jrob:UiIy  dis- 


uiOTcd,  shoeing  the 


l'«" 


.  Mr.  r\. 


Tlv. 


MAONOI.IA    GLAUCA 


AL 


tc 

Ml 


or 

US! 

da 

rcM 

SOI 

ve 

loi 
ail 
an 
or 
iiK 
to 
iiii 
al 

SOI 

an 
wc 

fei 
ail 
tai 
till 
liii 


It 


MAGXOLL\C£L«. 


SILVA   OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


MAGNOLIA    ACUMINATA. 

Cucumber  Tree,     Mountain  Magnolia. 

Leaves  deciduous,  ov;itc  or  subcordatc.     I'ruit  glabrous.     Young  shoots  and  win- 
ter-buds densely  pubescent. 


MaernoUa  acuminata,  Linnieus.  Spec.  cd.  2,  "oG.  —  Miller, 
/»/./.  eil.  8.  —  iMaishall.  Arbiixt.  Am.  K!.  —  Walter.  Fl. 
Cur.  1")!).  —  Lamarck,  Diet.  iii.  074.  —  Willdeiiow,  Spei: 
ii.  lli'iT.  —  Michaiix,  Fl.  Uor.-Am.  i.  'VJ8.  —  Nouoeau  JJa- 
hiimi:l,  ii.  'Jl.'2.  —  Ue.'ifontaiiie!.,  Hixt.  Arb.  ii,  5. —  Mi- 
chaiix f.  Il'mf.  Aril.  Am.  iii.  82.  t,  ;i. —  Piirsli.  Fl.  Am. 
S-i>t.  ii.  ;!81.  —  I)e  Candolle,  6>Y.  i.  •».".;{ ;  Proilr.  i.  80.  — 
LoiUliges,  lint.  Oili.  t.  418.  —  Nuttall,  Geii.  ii.  18.  —  Hot. 


2.")1.  —  Loiulon.  Arb.  lirit.  i.  273,  t, lauiiie  St,  Ililaire, 

Floi-e  et  J'umoiii',  v,  t,  4.">1),  —  Turrey  A;  (jray.  Fl.  X.  Am. 
i.  4,i.  —  Dietricli,  S;/ii.  iii,  ;i08,  —  iJarlingtoii,  Fl.  Ceatr. 
ed,  3,  ',1.  —  C'liaiiinaii,  Fl.  14.  — Curtis,  Genlmj.  Siirv.  JV. 
Car.  1800,  iii.  (>7.  —  liaillon,  y//.sY.  /'/.  i.  140, —  Koch. 
Denih.  i.  ;i71.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Treix  X.  Am.  Mth  Cen- 
siw  C.  S.  ix,  20.  —  Lloyd,  Uriii/x  anil  Meil.  X  Am.  ii, 
2'.»,  t.  20,  (.  110,  117,  — Watson  ,!l  CoiiUer,  Grnijs  Man. 
ed,  0.  4'.t. 


Miiij.  t,  2427,  —  Hayne,  Demlr.  Fl.  117,  —  Elliott,   .SV., 

ii,  ;?7.  —  (iiiinipel,  Otto  &  Hayne.  Abblld.  Jloh.  18,  t.  M.  Virginiana,  c,  acuminata,  LinniBii.>i.  Sjiec.  ij.'iO. 

17 Toirey,/y.X  l',i.28.  —  Sertum  Iiotuiiieinn,\.i M,  De  Candollii.  Savi,  liihl.  Ital.  i.  224,  t, 

Don,  Geii.  Syst.  i.  83. —  Ueifhenbach,  Fl.  Fxot.  iv.  t.  Tulipastrum  Amerioanum.  Simdi,  y//»7.  (V7.  vii.  48,S, 

A  tall  slender  tree,  attainiiijjf  in  its  native  forests  a  heifrlit  of  sixty  to  ninety  feet,  with  a  trunk  tlu-ee 
or  four  feet  in  diameter,  or,  wjiere  it  finds  sufficient  room  for  tlie  development  of  its  lower  liranelies, 
assuming  a  broadly  pyramidal  lialiit.  Tiie  l)ark  of  the  trunk  i.s  a  third  to  half  an  ineli  tiiick.  fiirrowe<l, 
dark  brown,  tiie  surface  broken  into  numerous  thin  scales ;  that  of  the  .slender  younj;'  braiieiies  is  bri;;lit 
red-brown,  turnin-r  jjray  durino-  their  third  season.  The  leaves  are  memhranaeeous.  oblonj.-.  jiointed, 
sometimes  rounded  or  slij-iitly  cordate  at  the  base,  strengthened  liy  a  prominent  midrib  and  primary 
veins,  and  borne  on  slender  petioles  an  inch  o\  an  inch  and  a  half  lonj-'.  Tiiey  are  seven  to  ten  inches 
Ion"-  and  four  to  six  inches  broad,  aiul  are  coated,  when  they  first  appear,  with  wliite  silky  hairs  which 
are  lonj^est  and  most  abundant  on  the  lower  surface.  TJieso  soon  disappear,  and  at  maturitv  the  leaves 
are  <>hibrons  on  the  upper  and  sli,i;iitly  pubescent  on  tlie  lower  surface.  Tiie  bell-shapec'  glaucous  j;reen 
or  pale  yellow  flowers  ajjpear  from  April  to  June.  The  sepals  are  membranaceous,  acute,  an  inch  or  an 
iiu'h  and  a  half  hmjr,  and  soon  reflexed.  The  six  petals  are  obovate,  concave,  pointed,  two  and  a  iialf 
to  three  and  a  half  inches  htno- ;  those  of  the  outer  row  rarely  more  than  an  inch  l)roa<l ;  those  of  the 
iiuier  row  narrower  and  often  acuminate.  The  fruit  is  ovate  or  oblong,  often  ciu'ved,  dark  red,  two  and 
a  half  to  three  inches  long,  and  rarely  more  than  an  inch  broad. 

Mniinolid  nruminntii  first  appears  at  the  north  in  western  New  York  ;  it  extends  westward  through 
southern  Ontario  to  soutiiern  Illinois,  and  southward  on  the  Appalachian  ranges  to  southern  Alabama ' 
and  northeastern  Alississippi.'  It  occurs  sparingly  in  central  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  reappears 
west  of  the  ]Mi.ssissippi  River  in  northeastern  and  in  southern  and  soutiiwestern  Arkansas, 

MmjiHilia  aciimliiold  is  rare  at  the  m  l  and  is  iiowliere  sufficiently  conunon  to  be  a  characteristic 
feature  of  the  forest.  It  flourishes  on  the  io\  .  Jopes  of  mountains,  on  ;!.e  rocky  banks  of  streams, 
and  in  narrow  valleys,  reaching  its  greatest  .size  and  ab  indance  in  those  ahoiit  tlie  ba.se  of  tiie  Jiigli  moun- 
tains of  Carolina  and  Teinies.see.  Its  usual  companio  is  in  the  forest,  the  Tulip  Poplar,  the  White  Oak, 
the  White  Ash,  the  Hickories,  and  the  Sugar  iMap'.e,  indicate  the  presence  of  the  generous  soil  and 
humid  climate  es.seiitial  to  its  multiplication  and  best  develoinnent. 

The  wood  of  Miiijnulia  acumitiula  is  light,  soft,  satiny,  not  strong,  but  close-grained  and  diiralile. 
It  is  light  yellow-brown  in  color,  and  has,  when  perfectly  dry,  a  specilic  gravity  of  0,iG<IO,  a  cubic  foot 
'  ■^'"'■kton,  V.  Jlol.r.  a  Meridian,  C,  Mohr. 


% 


8 


SI/A'A    OF  XDJtTU  AMKlilCA. 


MAGN0LIACK.1C. 


of  tliu  dry  wood  wi'ijjhinji;  20.23  pounds.  Tlic  tliin  siipwood,  I'oiisistiiif;  iisiiiilly  of  twenty-five  to  thirty 
laviTS  of  annual  ^rowtli.  is  lifflUcr  colori'd.  often  nearly  wliite.  The  rarity  of  the  Cueuniher-tree  de- 
prives the  wood  of  coinniercial  iiiiportanee ;  the  truiiiis,  however,  were  formerly  cut  for  water-jjipcs  ancl 
trouf^hs,  and  are  oeeasionally  manufactured  into  hnnher  used  for  Hoorin;^  am'  in  ca'uiiet-makiiifi;,  for 
wliich  it  is  well  suited. 

MailiKil'iii  iKinnliinld  was  first  made  known  in  M'Mi  hy  John  Clayton.'  A  few  years  later  John 
Bartrani'-  sent  plants  to  P'j«^er  Collin.son,^  in  whose  gardens  and  in  those  of  Lord  Petre''  it  was  first  culti- 
vated in  Kinippe.     The  earliest  description  is  that  of  Cafesliy.'' 

MiKjiiiiliii  Kiiiiiiinntil  is  now  often  planted  in  the  I'nited  States,  and  in  n(U'thern  and  central 
Europe.  Its  hahit  of  retaiuinjj  its  lower  hranches  when  it  is  allowed  sutticieiit  room  for  their  develop- 
ment, its  rajiid  jjrowth  and  handsome  foliajro  and  flowers,  make  it  a  desirahle  ornament  for  the  lawn  ;  its 
pyramidal  hahit  and  lofty  stem,  for  the  formal  plantations  of  the  highway.  It  has  heen  found  that  the 
Ma<fnolias  of  eastern  .\sia  with  precocious  flowers,  their  hylirids.  atid  MdjiDilin  ij/iiiivn,  grow  more  rap- 
idly and  make  iarjjer  and  more  vi<;(»rous  plants  when  they  are  grafted  on  Jliii/nolin  (icinnlnntd  than 
tlii'y  do  when  grown  on  their  own  roots,  and  it  is  now  often  used  for  this  purpose  in  American  nurseries. 

JIiKj/iu/iii  curddlii,''  a  variety  of  this  species,  lias  heen  cidtivated  in  gardens  for  nearly  a  century. 
It  is  distinguished  hy  its  hroader,  darker  green,  ind  more  persistent  leaves,  sometimes  cordate  at  the 
hase,  and  hy  its  smaller  hright  canary-yellow  flowers.'  This  tree  was  prohahly  introdm  ed  into  Europe 
hy  the  elder  Michaux,  hut  the  exact  counterpart  of  the  cultivated  plant  is  not  known  in  a  wild  state.* 
Forms  approaching  it  in  the  shape  and  text\ire  of  the  leaves,  and  in  the  size  and  coh)r  of  the  flowers,  are 
occasionally  found,  i'owever,  on  the  Blue  Ridge  in  Carolina  and  in  central  ALihama." 


'  Juhii  C'lajtiiii  (tr>80-l"7:!)  ;  born  at  Fulli.im  in  Knglaixl.     IIo  .1/.  rnnluln,  .Muliaux,  Fl.  llor.-Am.  i.  <Ti8.  —  Poirct,  Lam.  Did. 

cmif^ratfil  to  Virpinii*  in  170.1,  and  is  lit'st  known  by  the  Flura  Tir-  Suppl.  iii.  ."»T4.  —  Miclmuz  f.  IliM.  Arh.  Am.  iii.  HV,  t.  4.  —  Pursh, 

girucft  puhlislied  in  1  TIM)  at  Lfvilen  by  (fronovius,  from  specimens  /•'/.  Am.  Sept,  ii.  IW'J. — Liudley,  Hot.  liftj.  iv.  t.  3iio.  —  Nuttiill, 

and  descriptions  fnrnisbi'd  by  Clayton.  6V«.  ii.  18.  —  Do  C'andolle,  Sysi.  i.  455;  I'rmir.  i.  80.  —  Uayne, 

2  ,Iobn  Barlnini  (lii'.ltt-1777)  ;  tbc  first  botanist  lioni  in  North  Demlr.  Fl.  118.  —  Klliott,  AT.  ii.  ;t8.  —  LodJigcs,  ft)/.  CdJ.t.  474.  — 

America,  and  tlie  founder  of  ilie  first  Imtanieal  jjarden  on  the  con-  Serlum  liotauii'um,  v.  t.  —  Don,  Gen.  Sifst.  i.  sa.  —  Heichenbach,  Fl, 

tinent.     Ilartrain  traveled  extensively  throujjh  the  eastern  p.irt  of  tUol.  iv.  t.  'SM.  —  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  i.  •!''>,  t.  — .laiinic  Si.  Ililaire, 

the  country  ;  he  was  in  active  corresponilenee  with  the  principal  Flure  el  J'omone,  v.  t.  4.5"J.  —  Torrey  &  (iray,  Fl.  jV.  Am,  i.  43.— 

botanists  in  Knrope,  and  discovered  f   .1  intriuluced  many  American  Chapman,  Fl.  14.  —  Curtis,  iieolotj.  Surv.  .Y.  Ctrr.  18tjO,  iii.  (i8,  ^ 


plants  into  f;ardi-ns. 

'  IVter  C  liiisi)n  (lti!VH7tJH)  ;  a  Friend  and  Lomion  woolen- 
draper,  in  whose  j;ardens,  first  at  IVekham  and  then  at  .Mill  Hill, 
many  -American  trees  were  cultivated  in  Knrope  ftir  tli"  first  time. 

*  UolHTt  ilamcs,  eighth  Lord  i'ctre  (1713-1741.*)  ;  an  entlinsias- 


Koch,  Demlr,  i.  371.  —  Lloyd,  Drugs  ami  Med.  N.  Am,  ii.  37. 

TuiiiHistrum  Americtmum,  var.  subcordatum,  Spach,  Hist.  Vty.  vii. 
4811. 

'  Miehaux's  specimen  njwn  which  Richard  fo;;ndcil  his  .)/.  eor- 
tlfita,  preserved  in  the  ,\[us'um  tVIlistuire  Saturtlle  in  I'aris,  repre- 


tle  lover  of  plants,  wluisc  {gardens  at  Thorndon  Hall  in  Kssex  are  sents  a  common  form  of  .)/.  (irumind/rt. 

thought  to  havi'  been  the  HniMt  in  Knf,'land  in  their  day.     His  early  •  Accorilin;;  to  Alton  (II"''-  '»'»'"'■  cd.  L',  iii.  331),  .1/.  corihtit  was 

death  was  descrilicd  by  CoUiiison  as  "the  greatest  loss  that  botany  intriKlueed  into  Kngland  in  1801  by  .John  Krascr,  a  .v'otehnian  wlio 

or  (;arilcninj:  ever  felt  in  this  island."  travelcil  in  North  America  between  1780  and  IHIO,  and  sent  many 

'  Magnolia jJore  albo,/tilio  majore  ftmmlnnto  hawt  albicante,  iVn/.  .American  plants  to  Knrope  {Camp.  Hot.  Mag.  ii.  300). 

Hift.  Car.  ii.  Appx.  15,  t,  15.  —  Clayton,  Fl.  Virgin.  01.  *  Our  fijjure  is  made  from  specimens  taken  from  one  of  the  two 

Magnolia  Jiiliu  nvato-lanceolatig,  Liniueus,  Hurt.  Cliff,  222.  trees  in  the  botanic  (,'arden  of  Harvard  University,  which  were  iin- 

*  Magnolia  acuminata,  var.  eordata,  Sargent,  .4m.  Jour.  Sci.  set.  ported  from  Kurope,  probably  not  long  after  the  garden  was  estub- 

3,  xxzii.  473.  lishcd  in  1805. 


MAGNOLIACK.K. 

inty-five  to  thirty 
utuniber-tree  ile- 
L-  water-pipes  and 
'»inet-nuikiiig,  for 

years  later  Juliii 
it  was  first  culti- 

lern  and  central 
or  their  develop- 
t'or  the  lawn  ;  its 
n  found  that  the 
,  grow  more  rap- 
iicinn'iHida  than 
luricau  nurseries, 
learly  a  century. 
i  cordate  at  the 
ed  into  Eurcpe 
in  a  wild  state.* 
t  the  flowers,  are 


—  Poirct,  Lam.  Did. 
iii.  Hi,  t.  4.  — Pursli, 
iv.  t.  ai!o.  — NiittuU, 
■mlr.  i.  80.  —  llayno, 
js,Bo(.  Cai.t.474. — 
'.  —  Reii'lienbacli,  Fl. 

—  tTaiinie  Si.  llilaire, 
,  Fl.N.Am.  i.  43.— 
.  Car.  I«li0,  iii.  G8.  — 
'.  N.  Am.  u.  37. 
Spacli,  Uisl.  Vttj.  vii. 

foumU'd  iiis  .1/.  cor- 
mile  ill  Paris,  rcpre- 

331),  .V.  corddltt  was 
ier,  a  ^^cuU'liiiiaii  who 
1810,  ami  sc-nt  many 
ii.  300). 

from  Olio  of  the  two 
•sity,  wliiL'h  were  im- 
bc  garden  was  cstub- 


I 


KXPLANATIOX   OF  TIIK   I'LATKS. 


H. 

!». 

10. 


PlATK    IV.       JlAliXlUlA    Ad'MIXATA. 

A  flowering  branrh,  natural  size. 

PlATK    V.       MauXOLIA    ACITMINATA. 

A  fniiting  Iirnnch,  natural  shv. 

A  flower,  tlip  calyx  and  corolla  rcniov.il,  natural  nize. 

Vertical  section  of  tlie  gyn(eciuiii.  enlargctl. 

A  stonien,  enlarged. 

Vertical  section  of  a  need,  enlargcil. 

A  seed,  the  base  of  the  pulpy  portion  of  the  testa  remove.!,  showing  the  ,tonv  i.M.rior  portion,  enlarged 
Cross  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

A  .eed  the  fleshy  part  of  the  testa  removed,  showing  the  grooved  stony  portion,  enlarged. 
An  embryo,  much  enlarged. 
A  winter-hud,  natural  size. 


PlATK   VI.       .AlA(iNllLIA   A(  L-.M1.NATA,  V8r.  tOHDATA. 

1.  A  flowering  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

■i.  Vertical  section  of  a  carpel,  enlargeil. 

4.  A  stamen,  enlarged. 

.">.   A  seed,  natural  size. 

t>.   Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

V-  An  embryo,  much  enlarged. 

>*    A  wintet-bud,  natural  size. 


ir  iportion.  enlarged 
urged. 


MA(iN()I,lA    A'';iMINAT.A 


'I 


« 


[) 


<^^y 


(^ 


MAGNdl.lA  ACI'MiriATA 


MAGNOLIA    ACUMINATA    ,  COB-UATA 


MAUXOUACE.E. 


aiLWi   OF  NOIITII  AMERICA. 


11 


MAGNOLIA    MACROPHYLLA. 

Large  Leaved  Cucumber  Tree. 

Lr.AVKs  (k'ciduoiis,  obovatc  or  oLloiii--,  corclntL"  at  the  niirrow  baso.      Pistils  woolly. 
Fruit  and  yoiiiiy  shoots  pubcscL'iit.     Winter-buds  covered  with  thick  silky  white  hairs. 


Magnolia  maorophylla,  Mieliaiix.  /•'/.  lior.A  in.  \.  ?>2~ . — 
X'iii''fiii  Iiiiliiiiiifl,  ii.  '2'-\.  —  Di'sfuntiiiiies,  Ilhl.  Arli.  \\. 
"i.  —  Mi.lKiiix  f.  ///,</■.  Arl).  Am.  iii.  '.)!».  t.  7.  —  lion|il;inil, 
/'/.  Mnli,,.  81,  t.  .•!:!.  — I'liish.  ri.  Am.  .Sept.  ii.  ;i,Sl.— 
Xuttall.  den.  ii.  18  ;  ,syc<i,  i.  8;'..—  De  Cimlolle,  Syst.  i. 
■l,"il  1  J'lv/r.  i.  80.  -  -  Hot.  Mu,j.  t.  L'KSl).  —  Ilayne,  ntiidr. 
t'l.  1 17.  —  Elliott,  Sic.  ii.  10.  —  Rnfiiicsfinc,  .Miil.  Hut.  il. 
;fl,  t.  O'J.  —  Sertum  li'it'tniriiiii.  v.  t.  —  Dun,  Oi'ii.  Sijnt.  i. 


81!.  —  IkMclieiil>acli.  Fl.  Ex;t.  41,  t.  139.  —  London,  .1//.. 
lti'!t.  i.  '.'71,  t.  —  Toripy  &  Griiy,  /'/.  A'.  Am.  i.  4.!. — 
Oiutilcli.  .S'//".  iii.  .'!08.  —  Spiich.  ///.s■^  {'»•,'/.  vii.  471). — 
Griflitli,  Mi:il.  /Jo^  il8.  f.  .">7.  —  Cliainnan,  /•'/.  14.  —  Cm- 
tis,  Geulitij.  Sun:  X.  Cur.  18C0,  iii,  07.  —  KoiIj,  llimh:  i. 
;{74.  —  Sargent,  Fmvut  TiVfit  X,  Am.  UUli  t'l-nisiin  !.'.  S. 
ix.  '.'1.  —  Uoy<l,  Drinjn  an<l  Mfd.  X.  Am.  ii,  ;J8,  t,  30,  — 
Watson  &  CoiiltLT,  Grui/'s  Man.  cd,  G,  HI). 


A  spreailiiiji;  tree,  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  witli  a  straigiit  tnnik  whicli  sometimes  attains,  under 
f ivoiaMo  eoiiditions,  a  diameter  of  eii>'ht('eu  or  twenty  inilies.  Tlie  hark  of  the  trunk  on  old  trees  is 
thill,  oenerally  less  than  a  ([uarter  of  an  inch  tiiitk,  the  surface  divided  into  minute  scales,  smooth  and 
light  gray  in  color.  The  hark  of  the  stout  brittle  branchlets  is  green,  turning  reddish  brown  during 
the  second,  and  hecomiug  gray  during  the  third  season.  The  leaves  are  niemhranaceous,  oliovate  or 
ohloug,  narrowed  a-.id  cordate  at  the  base,  strengthened  by  a  prominent  midrib  and  prhnary  veins,  and 
borne  on  stout  petioles  three  or  four  inches  long.  They  are  often  twenty  to  thirty  inches  long  or  more, 
and  nine  or  ten  inches  broad,  and  are  bright  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  silvery  gray  and 
sliglitly  pubescent,  especially  along  the  midrib,  on  the  lower  surface.  The  great  creamy  white  cup- 
•shaped  fragrant  flowers,  ten  or  twelve  inches  across  when  e:.panded,  appear  in  May  and  .June.  The 
sepals  are  mend)ranaceous,  ovate  or  oblong,  rounded  at  the  end,  five  to  six  inches  long,  and  much  nar- 
rower than  the  six  ovate  concave  petals  which  are  six  or  seven  inches  long  and  three  or  foiu'  inches 
broad,  those  of  the  inner  row  being  narrower  and  often  somewhat  aciuninate.  They  are  thick,  creamy 
whit»,  marked  on  the  interior  surface  near  the  base  with  a  small  rose-colored  spot,  and  at  maturity  are 
refli':;cd  above  the  middle.  The  fruit  is  broadly  ovate,  or  often  nearly  round,  two  and  a  half  or  three 
inches  long,  and  when  fully  ripe  bright  rose-colored.  The  seeds  are  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  often 
flattened  on  the  face  oppo.site  the  r.iplie. 

Mmjuolui  iixicroplnjUit  is  found  in  the  region  about  the  base  of  the  southern  Alleghany  Moiui- 
tains,  from  North  Carobna  and  southeastern  Kentucky  to  middle  and  western  Florida  and  southern 
Alabama  ;  it  extends  through  northern  Mississippi  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  River  in  Louisiana  ;  and 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River  it  occurs  in  central  Arkansiis  in  Garland,  Montgomery,  Hot  Springs,  and 
Sebastian  counties. 

Mdijiiol'ia  inncrnplijiUd  iidiabits  sheltered  valleys  in  deep  rich  soil,  protected  from  the  wind  by  the 
forest  of  Swamp  Chestnut  Oaks,  Gun.-tree.s,  Hickories,  and  Dogwoods,  which  are  usually  associated  with 
it.  It  is  nowhere  a  common  tree,  growing  generally  in  isolated  groups  of  a  few  individuals.  In  the 
Atlantic  states  it  has  been  found  in  a  fi  >•  widely  separated  regions  only ;  west  of  the  mountains  it  is 
more  abundant,  reaching  its  best  development  in  the  limestone  valleys  of  northern  Alabama. 

The  wood  of  M(t<jnoHit  miicrojihijlla  is  hard  and  close-grained,  but  light  and  not  strong.  It  is 
light  brown  in  color,  and  has,  when  perfectly  dry,  a  specific  gravity  of  O.oiJO!),  a  cubic  foot  of  the  dry 
wood  weighing  :];5.09  pounds.  The  thick  sapwood,  consisting  of  about  forty  layers  of  annual  growth, 
is  lioht  vcllow. 


i'l 


.1 


12 


SUVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


MAGNOLIACE/K. 


MmjnoUn  viacrophyUa  was  discovered  by  the  elder  Micliaux  in  June,  1789,  neiir  Cliarlotte,  North 
Carolina.'  It  was  introtliiced  into  Eurojwan  gardens  in  IHCX) ;  hut  it  lias  never  become  widely  distril>- 
uted  in  them  or  in  those  of  the  United  States,  although  few  trees  w\}Xi\\  it  in  beauty.  The  Howers  and 
the  leaves  are  the  largest  of  any  sjMXjies  of  the  genus,  and  they  are  Lirger  and  more  consjiiiuous  than 
those  produced  i)y  any  other  tree  of  the  North  American  forests.  Mnijnol'ui  mnrrophijlht  is  hardy  as 
far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts.  It  requires  no  special  care  in  cultivation,  and  young  plants  begin 
to  flower  when  they  are  only  a.  few  years  old. 

'  Micbnux,  Jour,  in  Proc.  Am.  Phil. Soe,  xxyi.  83, 01.    In  hU  Flora  Micbaiu  makaa  do  reference  to  the  Carolina  station,  and  Magndm 
macrophylia  ia  credited  to  the  rcgioD  west  of  the  mountains. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE.S. 

Pl.vtk  VII.    Maonolia  macrophvlla. 
A  flowering  lirancli.  natural  ithe. 

Plate  VIII.     Maunolia  mackopiiylla. 

1.  A  fruit,  natural  size. 

2.  Vertical  section  of  the  gynoecium,  enlarged. 

3.  A  xtamen,  enlarged. 

4.  A  seed,  the  base  of  the  pulpy  portion  of  the  testa  removed,  showing  the  stony  interior  portion,  enlarged. 

5.  A  seed,  the  fleshy  part  of  tlie  testa  remored,  enlarged. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

7.  Cross  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

8.  An  embryo,  much  enlarged. 

9.  A  winter-bud,  natural  she,  the  outer  scale  expanded. 
10.  Cross  section  of  n  winter-bud,  enlarged. 


MAONOLIACEX 

ear  Charlotte,  North 
3C«mo  widely  distrilt- 
y.  The  flowers  ami 
)re  consjiicuoiiH  than 
rophijUit  is  liardy  as 
young  plants  begin 

Una  itation,  and  Mai/nuhn 


«rior  portion,  enlarged. 


MAGNOI,:,- 


'^^^ 


M  AG  NO  I,:; 


ii! 


Ill 


lljl 


)1  MACKOHHYLLA 


^■w/fTSv;     '  ,..^.     .^;w«:grta3feEt^!W 


)!  MAClxOHllYLhA 


fAT\ 


\ 


HI 


liii 


' 


'M 


u\'l 


•A 


1 


li 


'  !  > 


m 


li 


I 


'{    \ 

1 
j 

1 

.  1 

;  i 
t 

j 

i 

4 


\i 


^<S!^ 


) 


MAGNOLIA    ?.;AC.fn:iPHYL.LA 


ii '    /'. 


J 


A 


/,/ 


^1; 
,111 


'•*^!  II 


Mi 


\V- 


I  i 


<,:■ 


j^jj|aKr.jgLFWep^---^5Kgg|| 


MM 


MM) 


-1 
■'''3 


MAGNOUACEiE. 


SUVA   OF  NORTH  AMKIilCA. 


13 


MAGNOLIA    TRIPETALA. 


Umbrella  Tree.     Elk  Wood. 


Leaves  obovate-lanceolato.     Fruit  and  winter-buds  glabrous. 


Magnolia  tripetola,  LinnxMis,  Spec.  eil.  2,  T.'iG.  —  Jliller, 
/)/<■^  ed.  8.  —  Marshall,  Arhiist.  Am.  81.  — Walter,  Fl. 
Cur.  !.">!).  —  WilMciiow,  Spi'c.  il.  12.J8.— Micliaiix,  /"/. 
Bor.-Ain.  i.  327.  —  Ue»font.iiiies,  Hist.  Arh.W.Tt.  —  Mi- 
clmux  f.  Hist.  Arh.  Am.  ill.  90.  t.  !>.  —  Piirsh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sr/,f.  ii.  ,'i81.  —  Nuttall,  Gen.  ii.  18.  —  Guiiiipul,  Ottd  & 
Ilavnc  Alihll,!.  Jfnh.  20.  t.  18.  — llayiio.  Demli:  Fl. 
IKi.  —  Elliott, .%.  ii.  ;i8.  —  Union.  Arb.  lint.  i.  2C',».  t.  — 
.Taume  St.  Hilaire,  Flnre  el  Fomoiie,  v.  t.  41'.l. —  Koch, 
Drii.lr.  i.  .'iTO. 

M.  Virginiana,  S.  tripetaJa,  Linnieus,  Sjiee.  .'i.lS. 


M.  Umbrella,  Lainarrk,  />»■^  iii.  07.3.  —  Xniirenu  Ditlm- 
mel.  ii.  221.  —  De  Caiulollc,  S;/.if.  i.  4.")2  ;  Froili:  i.  8(1.  — 
Loiseluiir,  Iferh.  Amnt.  iii.  t.  I'.'S.  —  D.in,  Gen.  S'jM.i. 
8.'!.  — Torrpy  &  Gray.  Fl.  N.  Am.  i.  4^i.  —  Dietrich,  Syn. 
iii.  .'iOS.  —  .Kp.ich.  liiaf.  /Vy.  vii.  475.  —  Gray.  Gen.  III. 
i.  02.  t.  24  ;  J,-in:  Linn.  So,:  ii.  KUi,  f.  1-18.  —  Cliaiiiiian. 
Fl.  i;i.  — Curtis.  Gealrif/.  Sun:  jV.  Car.  1800,  iii.  07.— 
S:irj;ont.  Fnrext  Tree.i  X.  Am.  10th  Censii.i  0'.  S.  ix.  21.  — 
AVatsim  &  t'oiilter.  Geny'n  Man.  cd.  G,  49. 

M.  frondoaa.  Salishiirv,  Prodr.  ;?79. 


A  small  tree,  tliirty  to  forty  feet  \\v^\,  ■svith  a  straiglit  or  often  indiniiiiif  trunk  rarely  more  tlian 
eighteen  inches  in  diameter,  frenerally  mueli  siiiiiUer,  and  sometimes  surrounded  liy  several  stems  .spring- 
ing  from  its  base  and  growing  into  a  large  hush  surmounted  hy  the  head  of  the  jiriueipal  triuik.  The 
l)ranehes  are  often  developed  irregularly ;  they  are  contorted,  or  are  wide-spreading  nearly  iit  right 
angles  with  the  stem,  or  turn  up  towards  the  extremities  and  then  grow  parallel  with  it.  The  hark  n  old 
trunks  and  branches  is  half  an  inch  thick,  light  gray,  smooth,  and  marked  with  numerous  small  blister- 
like  excrescences  ;  that  of  the  stout  brittle  branches  is  green  diu'ing  the  first  year,  turning  brown  during 
the  second,  and  gray  during  the  third  season.  The  large  winter-biid.s  are  purple  and  covered  with  a 
glaucous  bloom.  The  leaves  are  membranaceous,  bright  green,  obovate-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends, 
and  covered  on  the  lower  surface,  when  they  first  appear,  with  a  thick  silky  tomentum.  They  are  tpiite 
glabrous  at  maturity,  and  are  then  eighteen  or  twenty  inches  long  and  eight  or  ten  inches  broad,  with  a 
short  stout  petiole  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  a.id  a  prominent  midrib.  The  creamy  white  flowers,  four  or 
five  inches  deep,  appear  during  the  month  of  May  and  exhale  a  strong  disagreeable  odor.  The  sepals 
are  narrowly  obovate,  five  or  six  inches  long,  one  and  a  half  inches  broad,  thin,  light  green,  and  retlexed. 
The  six  or  nine  petiils  are  concave,  coriaceous,  ovate-unguiculate ;  those  of  the  outer  row  are  four 
or  five  inches  long  and  sometimes  two  inches  broad,  those  of  the  inner  rows  being  shorter  and  much 
narrower.  The  filaments  are  bright  purple.  The  fruit  is  ovate,  two  and  a  half  to  four  inches  long, 
and  bright  rose-colored  when  fully  ripe. 

MwjnoUa  trlpetula  "'■  widely  distributed  in  all  the  Allegliany-mountain  region  from  .southern  Penn- 
sylvania to  central  Alabama,  extending  in  the  south  Atlantic  states  nearly  to  the  coast,  and  west  of  the 
mountains  to  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  and  noitheastern  Mississippi,  reappearing  beyond  the 
Mississippi  River  in  central  and  southwestern  Arkansas. 

MntjnoVin  frijxfula  is  nowhere  connnon.  It  grows  natiu'ally  oidy  in  deej)  and  rather  moist  rich 
soil.  It  occupies  the  banks  of  nu)untain  streams,  springing  from  masses  of  the  Great  Ivhododeiulron,  or 
is  found  on  the  margins  of  the  great  swamps  which  extend  along  the  rivers  in  tiie  middle  districts  where 
it  is  shaded  by  forests  of  the  Swamp  Chestnut  Oak,  the  Scarlet  Maple,  and  the  dill'erent  Gum-trees,  and 
reaches  its  greatest  size  in  the  valleys  which  extend  from  the  western  slopes  of  the  Great  Snu)ky  Moun- 
tains in  Tennessee, 

The  wood  of  Magnolia  tripetala  is  light,  soft,  close-grained,  but  not  strong.     The  heartwood  is 


(i; 


Ii 


14 


MZrj    UF  yoUTII  AMKIUCA. 


MAUNOLIACE.K, 


lirown  .inJ  has,  when  perfectly  dry,  ii  specitic  {Gravity  ff  0.4187,  .1  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  woijfh- 
iii<j  'J7.!Ki  pounds.  The  rather  lieavier  sapwood,  eonsi.stiiig  of  thirty-live  to  forty  hiyers  of  annual 
{jrowtli,  is  creamy  white. 

Mii/jiio/iii  tflji(lii/ii  was  first  described  by  Catesby  in  his  Xnttind  IJlxlori/  of  Carolina,  published 
in  1711},'  and  was  introduced  into  the  <ifardcns  of  Europe  ius  early  aa  17ijli.'  The  arran<jeuient  of  the 
leaves  at  the  eiul  of  the  branches,  rescuiblin<;;  somewhat  that  of  the  ribs  of  an  undirella,  led  the  early 
.settlers  in  Vir<j;inia  and  Carolina  to  call  this  Maj^nolia  the  I'arasol-tree,  or  Umbrella-tree;''  and  the 
specific  name,  I'lJibnlla,  was  i;iveu  to  it  by  Lamarck,  who  discarded  the  older  Linna>an  name  referrinfj 
to  the  three  conspicuous  rctlexed  petaloid  sepals.  Such  a  chanj^e,  in  spite  of  the  technical  inaccuracy 
of  the  name,  is  contrary  to  the  modern  ideas  of  botanical  numcicluture,  however,  and  the  Linna'an 
tri/ii  laid  is  now  <jenerally  adopted.  The  hardiiu'ss  of  the  Und)rel]a-tree,  its  ample  foliajje,  larf^c  flowers, 
and  brilliant  and  conspicuous  fruit,  have  made  it  a  favorite  in  {gardens  and  parks,  in  spite  of  its  small 
size  and  sprawlin<j  habit ;  and  it  is  one  of  the  most  commonly  cultivated  of  the  American  Maji^nolias  in 
the  northern  United  States,  and  in  northern  and  central  Europe.  It  is  often  used  in  American  nurse- 
ries as  stock  upon  which  to  profiajifate  the  less  vifj;orous  species.  It  grows  in  cultivation  with  rapidity 
and  vigor,  and  is  hardy  as  far  north  as  New  England. 


*  MiignoUa  wiiplimmnjlurc  alfio, J'ructu  ciHTiiitfi,  ii.  HO,  t.  HO.  Mtignolia  foliit  ovdlo-ofilotiffit,  wl  bwtin  et  apicetn  angustis,  ••'riii'/it 

Maijnoim jloTe  maximo  iiltio/atidiuJ'oHii  tltriiiuiH  iitnplif,jl'>ran  tut  vircutihitu,  PI.  Khrh.  'M,  t.  02,  03. 

ramiitfirum  seritnn  .tpharice  ciiitjtmtibitSf  Jructu  majuri,  Claytuu,  Fl.  '^  Aiton,  Ilort.  Keiv.  ii.  iiuli.  —  Louduii,  Arb.  lirit.  i.  -09. 

Virgin.  01.  •  Catesby,  /.  c. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Pl.VTK    IX.       MaOXOLU    TltU'KT.VL.V. 

A  ttciwering  branch,  natural  size. 


Pl.VTl:   X.      JI.VH.S'OLI.i   TUH'ET.VL.V. 

1.  A  fniit,  iKatiiral  size. 

2.  A  HoHcr,  the  calyx  ami  cDiolla  rumovetl,  natural  size. 
ii.  A  stamen,  posterior  view,  enlarfjeil. 

4.  A  stamen,  anterior  viiw,  enlnr^'cJ. 

Ti.  Vertical  section  of  the  g}'na"ciuni,  enlarged. 

(>.  A  carpel  laid  open,  c^nlari^ed. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

8.  Cross  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

9.  A  seed,  the  llesliy  part  of  llie  testa  removed,  sliowing  the  grooved  stony  portion,  enlarged. 

10.  An  embryo,  nuicli  enlarged. 

11.  A  winter-bud,  the  outer  scale  removed,  natural  size. 


J 


MAGNOLIACE.E. 

y  wood  \veij>li- 
'ers  of  uiiimul 

'ilia,  ptililished 

:feinent  of  tins 

I,  led  tlif  I'jirlv 

ree;'  and  the 

lauie  referi'iiifr 

eal  inaccuracy 

the  Liniiivaii 

large  flowers, 

:e  uf  its  small 

,  Magnolias  in 

inerican  nurse- 

witli  rapidity 


m  auguslis,  ■"riJcyu' 
rit.  i.  ;;g9. 


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MAGNOLIA    TRIPETALA,:, 


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MAGSOLIACE.E.  SJLVA   OF  XORTII  AMEBIC  A. 


MAGNOLIA    FRASERI. 

Mountain  Magnolia.     Long  Leaved  Cucumber  Tree. 

Leaves  obovatc-spatuLitc,  auiiculatc  at  the  base.     Point  of  tlie  carpel  of  fruit 
long  and  recurved. 


Magnolia  Fraseri,  Wiiiter,  Fl.   Car.  1.19,  t.  — Torrpy  & 

(liay.   Fl.  jV.   Am.  i.  4:i Diutridi,   .S'y/i.   iii.   ;i(>.S. — 

Cliapiiian,  Fl.   14.  —  Curtis,   Gcoliiij.  Siiiv.  X  Cm:  ISliO, 

ili.  68.  —  Kocli,  Ilciidi:  i.  ^72 Sargent,   Fii-esf    Tm:i 

y.  Am.  10th  Ceimi.1  U.  S.  \x.  22.  —  W.itson  &  CouUit, 
Gray's  Man.  cd.  6,  50. 

M.  auricillata,  Lam.arck,  DiH.  iii.  G7.3.  —  Hartrain.  Tri.  r. 
;i:i<,).  _  Willdeiiow,  S/ier.  \\.  IL'.'.S.  — Mioliaux.  /•'/.  Hor.- 
Am.  i.  328.  —  Xourvmi  Dn/iamcl,  ii.  222.  —  Dosfontaiiics, 
/f!.it.  Arh.  ii.  .").— llichaiix  f.  Ilhf.  Ark  Am.  iii.  ".U.  t. 
(i.  —  Anilri'ws,  Hot.  YiV/j.  ix.  t.  .">7i!.  —  Hot.  Maij.  t. 
ILMII'i.  —  CubiJTPS,  Mnii.  Mar/ii.  t.  —  Tiirsli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
ii.  ;!S2.  —  Niittall.   Gen.  ii.   IS.  —  I)c  Candoll       7//^■^  i. 


4."4;  Prmlr.  i.  80.  —  Hayne.  Demlr.   Fl.  117.  —  Elliott, 

.S7,'.   ii.   '.V.}.  —  Rafincsqiio,   Med.   Hot.  ii.  H2.  —  Auduhon, 

/;//■./.«,  t.  •■',».  —  Don,  Gen.  .S'/'.vi'.  i.  8;!.  —  Spacli.  If  iff.  I  'eg. 

vii.  477.  —  Ijjudnii.  Arli.  ]i-it.  i.  27r),  t.  —  Jauiue  .St.  Ili- 

lairp.  Fhire  et  Punmne,  v.  t.  4.13. 
M.  pyramidata,  I'liisli.  Fl.  Am.  Sejd.  ii.  ,'582.  —  Do  C'an- 

dc.Uf.  Si,.fl.  i.  4.14;   /'/•')./)•.   i.  80.  —  Ilayni'.  />«•«-//•.    Fl. 

1 1 7.  —  Limllcy,  lint.  Iie,j.  v.  t.  407.  —  LoddiKcs.  Hot.  I  -al.. 

t.    1002.  —  Uafiiicsquf,    Med.   Jlof.    ii.   3,3.— Don,   Ge,i. 

S;/.it.  i.  S3.  —  London,  Arh.  Ilrit.  i.  277,  t.  —  Surin^'c,  Fl. 

■  r.ird.  iii.  2.'!0. 
M.  auricularis.  Salisbury,  Piirinl.  Lund.  i.  t.  43.  —  Koriipr. 

Hnrt.  t.  300. 


A  tree,  thirty  to  forty  feet  liif^Ii,  witli  a  .straij;lit  or  ineliiiiiii^  trunk  twelve  or  eioliteen  inches  in 
diameter,  often  undivided  for  lialf  its  lengtii  or  separated  at  the  "'round  into  a  number  of  stout  shruh- 
liiie  diverging  stems.  The  branches  are  reguhir  and  wide-sjireading,  or  they  are  contorted  or  turned 
up  towards  the  extremity.  The  baric  of  the  trunk  rarely  exceeds  a  tliird  of  an  inch  in  thickness ;  it  is 
dark  brown,  smooth,  covered  with  small  excrescences,  or  on  old  individuals  broken  into  minute  scales. 
The  bark  of  the  stout  brittle  branchlets  is  bright  red-brown,  turning  gray  during  their  third  season,  and 
marked  with  numerous  small  white  dots.  The  large  winter-buds  are  purple.  Tlii'  leaves  are  niend)ra- 
naceous,  obovate-spatidatc,  pointed,  cordate  and  conspicuously  auriculate  at  the  base,  and  borne  on 
slender  petioles  three  or  four  inches  long.  They  aiu  bright  green,  often  marked  on  the  upper  surface, 
when  young,  with  red  along  the  principal  veins,  glabrous,  ten  or  twelve  inches  long  and  six  or  seven 
inchi  5  broad,  or,  on  vigorous  young  plants,  sonetimes  twice  that  size.  The  creamy  white  sweetly 
scented  flowers,  eight  or  nine  inches  across  when  expanded,  appear  in  May  or  .Time.  The  sepals,  which 
fall  almost  immediately  after  the  opening  of  the  bud,  are  narrowly  obovate,  roinided  at  the  extremity, 
four  or  live  iiudies  long,  and  shorter  than  the  six  or  nine  obovate  acuminate  membranaceous  .spreading 
petals,  wiiich  are  con'  acted  below  the  middle,  those  of  the  inner  rows  being  narrower  and  conspicu- 
ously unguiculate.  The  fruit  is  oblong,  four  or  five  inclies  in  length,  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches 
broiid,  bright  rose-red  when  fidly  ripe,  and  distinguished  by  tiie  long  persistent  subidate  points  crown- 
ing the  carpels,  which  are  bright  yellow  on  the  inner  surface. 

Mayitolla  Frasvrl  is  the  least  widely  distributed  of  the  American  Magnolias.  The  northern  limit 
of  its  range  is  in  the  moinitains  of  southwi'stern  Virginia  ;  it  extends  southward  to  tlie  valley  of  the  Chat- 
tahodcliee  Hiver  in  western  Florida,  and  to  southern  Alabama,  and  westward  through  cast  Tennessee 
and  northern  Mississippi  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  Uivt'r.  It  grows  in  great  abundance  on  the  lower 
slopes  of  the  high  Allegliany  Mountains,  and  of  the  l?li;e  Uidge  in  North  and  South  Carolina  at  an 
elevation  of  two  to  three  tiiousand  feet  above  the  sea-level ;  while  at  lower  elevations  and  remote  from 
the  mountains  it  is  found  only  occasionally  in  isolated  siinafions.  Its  real  home  is  in  the  valleys  of  the 
nuunitain  streams  which  flow  from  the  Blue  Hidge  to  form  l  lie  principal  tributaries  of  the  Savannah. 
and  from  the  slopes  of  the  Black  and  the  Big  Smoky  Mountains.     It  is  a  conspicuous  feature  in  these 


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SILVA   OF  NOItTir  AMERICA. 


MAGNOLIACE.t 


valleys,  growing  with  Black  Oaks  uikI  White  Oaks,  Hi(  kories,  the  Black  Birch,  the  Buckeye,  the  Sorrel- 
tree,  the  Cucuniher-tree,  and  the  Yellow  Poplar. 

The  wood  of  Mi((jnuHa  Fntntri  is  light,  soft,  close-grained,  hut  not  strong.  The  thick  creamy 
white  sapwood,  consisting  of  thirty  to  forty  layei-s  of  annual  growth,  has,  when  perfectly  dry,  a  specific 
gravity  of  0.5003,  a  cuhic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  weighing  iJLlH  pounds.  The  heartwood,  wliich  appears 
in  large  specimens  only,  is  light  hrown. 

McujuoVm  Frdxi  ri  was  discovered  by  William  Bartram '  in  May,  177G,  on  the  headwaters  of  the 
Keowee  in  South  Carolina.  It  was  intioduced  by  Bartram  into  England  ten  years  later,  and  was  sent 
l)y  the  elder  Michaux'-  to  France  in  ITS!).  The  oldest  specific  name  bestowed  upon  this  tree  commemo- 
rates the  services  of  John  Fraser,  who  shares  with  Bartram  the  honor  of  having  introduced  it  into 
gardens. 

Jltdjiiolid  Frasi  ri  is  rarely  found  in  cultivation.  It  is  not  generally  a  robust  or  vigorous  plant 
when  removed  from  the  humid  climate  and  rich  soil  in  which  it  naturally  grows,  and  it  is  less  easily 
propagated  than  the  other  American  Magnolias.     In  New  England  it  is  only  precariously  hardy. 

'  Willioni  liartrnm  (1739-1823),  a  son  of  John  Itartmm,  .iml  the      els  thrnugk  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  East  and  Wot  Flor- 
first  Lot.inist  to  explore  the  hi<;h  Allef^hany  Mountains,  in  whieh  ho      iila,  the  Cherokee  country,  etc.,  published  in  I'hiliulelphia  m  1791. 
uiadc  many  interesting  discoveries.    He  is  rciucuibered  by  his  Trail-         '  Michaux,  Jour,  in  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  xxvi.  40. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Fi.ATE  XL    Magnolia  Fkaskri. 
A  Howering  branch,  natural  size. 


Platk  XI  L    Magnolia  Fbaseri. 

1.  A  fruit,  natural  size. 

2.  A  flower,  tlie  calyx  and  corolla  removed,  natural  size. 
li.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  enlar(,'td. 

4.  A  stamen,  jiosterior  view,  enlarged. 

5.  A  stamen,  anterior  view,  cnlargcil. 

G.  Vertical  section  of  a  cariiel,  enlarged. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

8.  Cross  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

9.  A  seed,  the  base  of  the  pulpy  portion  of  the  testa  removed,  showing  the  stony  interior  portion,  enlarged. 

10.  A  seed,  the  fleshy  part  of  the  testa  removed,  showing  the  grooved  stony  portion,  enlarged. 

11.  An  embryo,  much  enlarged. 

12.  A  winter-bud,  natural  size. 


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MAGNOLiACE^.  SUVA    OF  NORTU  AMERICA.  17 


LIRTODENDRON. 

Floweu-BL'D  inclosed  in  a  two-valvccl  stipular  caducous  spathc.  Flowers  perfect, 
solitary,  terminal ;  sepals  3  ;  petals  0,  in  two  rows :  anthers  extrorse ;  pistils  indefinite, 
imbricated.  Carpels  saiuarx'lbrin,  indeiiiscent,  deciduous  from  the  receptacle  at  ma- 
turity. 

Liriodendror.  Linnmiia,  Oi-n.  Sn]H)l.  0.  —  A.  L.  do  Jussicii,  Orny,  G,n.  lU.  \.  {">,,  x.'2'>.  —  nentlmm  &  Hooker,  Gen.  i. 

Gen.  '.'SI.  — EndlichiT,  Gen.  838.  —  Muisiicr,  Gen.  X  —  10.  —  Itailloii.  Ilitt.  I'/,  i.  188. 

Tulipifera,  Alaiison,  /'am.  I'l.  ii.  305. 

A  tree,  with  fleshy  roots,  deeply  furrowed  Inown  hitter  l);irk,  and  bninchlets  marked  hy  round  leiif- 
sc.ars  and  narrow  stipuhir  riufjs.  Buds  c(juii)ressed,  obtuse,  their  scales  membranaceous  stimulus  joined 
at  the  edges,  tardily  deciduous '  after  the  unfoldinj;-  of  the  leaf,  which  is  recurved  in  vernation  by  the 
bendin<f  down  of  the  petiole  near  the  middle,  liringing  the  apex  of  the  eonduplicate  blade  to  the  base  of 
the  bud.'-  Loaves  alternate,  smooth,  long-[)ctioled,  feather-veined,  siniiately  four-lobcd,  heart-shaped, 
truncate  or  slij^htly  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  the  extremity  truncate  by  a  broad  shallow  sinus  minutely 
apiculate.'  Flowers  pedunculate,  cup-sha]icd,  conspicuous ;  spatlie  nicnd)ranaceous.  Sepals  indiricated 
in  the  bud,  spreading  or  reflexed,  ovate-lanceolate,  concave,  greenish  white,  early-deciduous.  Petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogynous,  erect,  broadly  ovate,  rounded  at  the  extremity,  light  green,  retieu- 
late-veined,  marked  with  orange  at  the  base,  deciduous.  Stamens  indelinite,  ind)ricatcd  in  many  ranks 
upon  the  base  of  the  rece|)taele,  two  thirds  the  length  of  the  jietals,  deciduous;  filaments  filiform,  half 
the  length  of  the  elongated  linear  two-celled  anthers  adnate  to  the  outer  face  of  the  connective,  the  con- 
tiguous cells  opening  longitudinally.  I'istils  densely  imbricated  on  the  elongated  sessile  receptacle  into 
a  .spindle-shaped  colunni ;  ovary  inserted  by  a  broud  face,  one-celled  ;  style  narrowly  acuminate,  laterally 
tlattened,  ajipressed  ;  stigma  short,  unilateral,  recurved  at  the  summit ;  ovules  two,  collateral,  suspended 
from  near  the  middle  of  the  ventral  suture,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  narrow  light  brown  cone  formed  of 
the  closely  indiricated  carpel.s,  which  fall  when  ripe  from  the  slender  elongated  axis  persistent  during 
winter.*  Carpels  dry  and  woody,  indeiiiscent,  consisting  of  a  hiteially  compressed  foui--ril)bed  i>ericarp, 
the  lateral  rilis  conHuent  into  the  margins  of  the  large  wing-like^  lanceolate  com])ressed  style  marked 
vertically  with  a  thin  sutural  line.  Seeds  suspended,  two,  or  single  by  abintion  ;  testa  thin,  dry,  coria- 
ceous, and  marked  with  the  narrow  pronunent  raphe.  Knd)ryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  the  ile-'lis  all)U- 
men,  its  radi<'le  next  the  hilum. 

The  genus  Liriodendron,  with  a  single  species,  is  found  in  eastern  North  America  and  western 
China.°  It  was  represented  by  several  species  in  the  Cretaceous  age,  when  the  genus  was  widely  distrib- 
uted in  North  .America  and  KiU'ope.     It  continued  to  exist  during  the  Tertiary  pciiod.  wilii  a  spc(  ies," 

'  Tliu  Hli|iiil('S  Ii rullj  ilo  iiiit  full  until  llic  li'iif  is  fully  (;niwn,  liii'lis  ifiitlicri'il  nii  llic  nicMiiililiim  lU'iir  Kiukiaii;;  wi  ri'  lli^t  snpiiusci) 

Hiiil  «iinn'tiini'a  rciiiuii;  on  vijjnrnns  slmnU  until  tin'  cnil  i\f  suuinii'r.  to  lii'long  tonilislimt  ..ipi'iMi's  (I.f  .\riivliiint  .Mouio,  Jm.r.  /inf.  lS7>i, 

'  .Miil)i-I,  l-:i:'mrtia  lie  I'hiiHioloi/ie  il  lie  lliiliiiiir/iie,  u  •M—'i'n'eu\,  '^^."1)1  liiliT  it  wiis  I'olli-i'ti'il  nifiiin  in  tlii'  sanio  clislriel  liy  Murloi, 

Aim.  .S'li.  .Y(i(.  KIT.  ;i,  XX.  L'lK).  anil  the  Cliiiii'iio  plant  wan  i-onitldiTcil  i\  vnrioly  of  llif  Anii'iionn 

"  Tiiis  ininiilu  point  in  tin-  I'xtri'mily  of  iho  niiiliili  prolnnpMl  spiTii'n,  or  llif  .Vnu'rii'im  spei'ios  ituclf  Introilui'iil  iiinl  luilumlizud 

williunt  I'l-lliilHrtiHxnc  lu'vouil  tin'  Inif-liliidi'.    ((MidriHi,  Ohmrnitioiu  in  Cliiinv.     (lli'innli'V,  i/onr,  l.iidi.  .S'.ic.  xxiii.  -"1 :  Hniilrti  iiii'l  l'iire.^1, 

siir  lf.<  llmrijniM  rl  siir  le.i  I-'eiiiUra  tin  I.ii\ntle)iilrnn  TiiUiii/erti,  Hull.  ii.  l.:!.)     Dr.  .\.  Ili'un-  tuund  llu'  'I'Mlip-ln'i'  iilmiuliinl  and  gtuvt- 

.Viic,  lliil.  I'riiiii-e,  \  iii.  ;i;t,  t.  1.)  iii)r  spontam'un»ly  on  llu'  nmuiilains  luirth  and  auutli  of  tin'  Yaiiu-tso 

*  Tilt!  t'arpi'lH  of  (ho  outer  rowH  arc  alino'*t  idwnyi  ftlcrilc,  and  lliviT  in  tlio  dintrict  of  nupch,  luid  Iii^  spcfinu'ns  ri't'civcd  in  Kng- 
oftrn  iTnuiiii  attai'hi'd  lo  tin'  axih  dnriuj;  the  winter,  (jlvin^jto  tho  land  in  ISSl)  Icuil  Mr.  W.  Iluttinj;  llt'insli'y  to  pronouni'i'  tin'  Chi- 
nakt'cl  Itraiu'lu'H  Ihr  appranuu'c  ttf  tri'niinatin^  in  hi'tiwii  tulip-  lu'so  trco  iilcnticid  uilli  tin'  North  .Vnu'rii'an  fpi'cii'9.  (fiarti. 
"Iinpi'd  llowiTs.  Cliron.  M  sit,  vi.  71S,  Di'ii'nilii'r  'Jl,  ISSII.) 

•  Tlio  'riili|i.tn'«  win  di»i'ovt'rcd  iu  I'hiiLa  in  1S7j.     'I'hu  Bpcci-  •  LirioJcnJroit  I'rueitceinii,  L'ligt'r,  Gen.  el  S/iir.  I'l.  l'os>,  llil. 


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.MAONOLIArK.r 


luinlly  different  from  the  one  now  livin;^,  extendiiijj;  over  eastern  North  Amoriea,  uii'l  Knojv  a.s  )';ii- 
south  as  Italy,'  tui' il  the  advent  of  <;la(i,d  ire  destroyed  it  in  Kuroije,  and  restrieteci  i's  '•an'.^e  hi  An  "ici 
to  thi'  shores  of  tho  V-i  dt  of  Mexico. 

The  >v' II  1(1  if  Liriodendvon  is  li>rht  and  soft,  brittle  ard  not  stronjj;  it  posse -.-,;':<  a 'Oos,'  str.i'f;)it 
I'raiii  ;'"  it  is  readily  woiked,  and  does  not  easily  split  or  shrink  ;  the  numerous  medullary  ray  -  are  thin 
and  ineonspi<'uous.  Tho  ciihir  of  the  heartwond  is  li^lit  yellow  or  lirown,  with  a  specific  fjjravity,  win  ?i 
absolutely  dry,  of  (t.  I'JIKt,  a  culiie  foot  of  tho  dry  wood  weij>hinij  2G.i!(]  pounds.  The  thin  sajiwood. 
which  varies  in  the  numher  of  layers  of  annual  {growth  in  dilVerent  individuals,  is  relatively  thin  ami 
ercaniv  white.  Tiie  wood  of  Liriodendron,  known  as  yellow  po[(lar  ami  as  whitewood,  is  one  of  lie 
most  valuable  products  of  the  Ainevican  forest,  ("anoes  made  from  it  were  used  by  the  aboriiriiu's  when 
this  country  was  f'rst  visited  by  Kurnpeans,''  ami  ever  since,  it  has  been  larijely  manufactured  intu  lum- 
ber used  in  eonstructicm,*  in  tiie  interior  iinisli  of  houses,  in  boatduiildnij;',  and  for  shingles,  p,[nip>. 
and  wooden  ware.'' 

All  parts  of  Liriodendron  are  bitter  and  slightly  aromatic.  The  inner  bark,  especially  of  the  rocit. 
is  intensely  acrid  and  bitter,  and  has  Ion;:;  been  used  dunn'slically  in  thu  United  States  as  a  toirc  and 
stinuilant.''  llydrochlorato  of  tulipiferine,  an  alkaloid  recently  separated  from  the  bark  id'  Lirioden- 
dron. possesses  the  power  of  stimulating^  tho  action  of  the  heart.' 

No  vitally  destructive  inseets  are  known  to  prey  upon  Liriodendron.  Larvie  of  a  small  moth  [Plujl- 
Jdciiin/ls  liridddiilri  llii)^  make  louix  linear  channels  thronnh  (he  leaves.  The  folia^j'e  is  occasionallx 
distiijjuied  bv  a  dipter  ins  insect''  which,  when  abundant,  covers  tho  leaves  witli  .mall  iirM\vni>h  spots. 
causlnL\'  them  to  become  drv  and  fall  from  tlu^  branches;  an  a[ihis  (  Siji/idi/o/i/ntrd  //;'r  </i //(//■/)'", sonn- 
tinu>  blackcM.s  the  foliat;v,  ami  a  scale  (/,(C(/;((V;/(,  liilijii/i  nn."  found  upDU  the  bark  of  the  branches, 
injures  the  trees  in  the  western  states. 

The  earliest  )j[eneric  name  </f  the  Tulip-tree,  Tulipifera,  was  published  by  Paul  IIcmmimi  iu  l(iS7.' 
and  was  adopted  by  Linmeus  as  his  speeilie  name  for  this  tree.  The  Fanna'an  ;;"neric  iiaue  ('/.i^tior  ami 
(V'k^joi)  is  descriiitive  of  the  lily-like  or  tidip-like  flower. 


I 


MAci' 


1   M;is.^a!un^'n,  Fi.  .SVno.v   IHl,  t.  7,  f.  SA,  t.  ;V.I,  f,  :Mi. 

*  Iiuliviiliml  trees  :ire  ocejiHuiii:illy  fi-iim!  with  llie  ^rjiin  nf  tlu» 
woodht'iiiitifiilly  curled  or  euiitorfi'ti.  The  wooil  nf  .m  •  h  trees  is 
vjilueil  highly  fnr  C!il)iiiel-m:ikinf;. 

*  "  KakiiM'k,  n.  kiml  of  trees  so  eaUeil  tliiit  ure  Hweet  woni!  of 
wiiieli  tiie  iiihuhitans  tliat  were  neore  unto  us  tliH*  eoiimioiily  make 
thfir  boats  orCaiHH'sof  tlie  (orui  of  trowes,"  (.1  brir/f  tvul  trur  re- 
port  of  the  tifw/oiintl  hind  of  Vinfinia,  'J.'J,  Tliouias  Harlot.)  I'lek- 
eriiiK  (('/iron.  Hist.  /V.  !MI!t)  eohsiders,  pntliaiily  e.irreetly,  that  Ha- 
kiink  was  the  Tnlip-tree.  Tlie  inethoil^  Nseil  liy  't..*  (i!)ori^iti.'s  of 
\*i  ;I,»iia  in  fi'llin;;  trees  anil  sliapiiij^  their  eaiUM's  whh  (lie  aid  cff 
(h't  urv  deserihetl  und  iltii-^trahd  in  Appendix  \II.  to  Harlot's 
:::i!-utivc. 

Cuioe-trer  wa."  oneo  n  eonnuon  name  fur  Lnioili'iiilrnn  ainun^ 
till'  early  setth-rs  in  Virj^inia  iind  rennsylvnnia. 

*  Kulm,  7'rrn't/.i  into  Morth  Atwrini,  Kn^iHsh  ed.  i,  'Jl*"-'. 

'  Lund)ermei)  rerofjni/o  varieties  of  yelhiw  pophtr,  dltTerinj; 
slij^litly  iu  eohir  and  in  thi  nninunt  of  sapwood,  and  helieve  that 
sneli  varieties  ean  he  tlistift^tiisheil  hy  the  shape  of  tlie  h-aves  and 
liy  the  habit  of  the  iiuiividual  trees  whieh  pruduee  them.     Sinh 


eharaeters,  if  tli\v  fxist,  are  eertainly  I'oL  i  in;*tant,  and  hear  no  ap- 
parent nda'ton  to  the  nature  of  the  wriod,  dt^tt-nnined  prolial'ly  hy 
the  8oil  in  whith  the  individual  tree  hru  grown, 

«  Moyd,  l^ru/nand  Me<L  A'.  Am.  ii.  12. 

'  Idoyd, /.  e.  IH. 

e  Huh.  Ilnij'lu'n  r.  S.  fi,n!,»f.  Snrv.  1878,  iv.  11)8, 

*  (Wiilomi/iit  liruult'tiilri,  Osten-Saekcn,  Mrtnoij.  Piptom,  N.  Am 
i.  "O'J   —,].  (;.  Jiiek,  Gtinhn  nnil  i'oreM^  ii.  (UCt,  f.  1.V2. 
,      .   Ii.t;plm\i  r.  S.  aroUuj.  Snrv.  1878-H(),  v.  liO. 

'•  «      'k,  Ainmran  \itlumlijitf  xiii.  .I'Jl. 

'     '^Hi-fiifrnt  (\rhor  yirfp'tutnat  Cut,  lf'*r,    f.Hipi.  Intf.  I5I-',  t. 

T'l/ijii/frri  Ciruliniiinit  foliU  pnuliirlinrihus  nuii/is  (itn/'ii-utt'',  IMnki' 
net,  Pf,>/t.  i.  tW.  f.  -X 

Tulijiij'frn  Virtitniitnn  triftttrti'to  .■lecri.''  folio  medin  hnniittii,  vtlut 
nhti'i.ssiu  Plukenet,  Aim.  Hot.  :»7!),  t.  117,  f.  r>.  t  '.'18.  f  7,  —  Hay. 
1/i.^t.  VI.  ii.  1708.  —  Didianud,  Trmt<  dfs  Arl.n.%  u.  Ml.  t  UY2.  - 
Cateshy,  A'.i/.  Uu<    Car.  i.  -18,  t.  48. 

Liriodrudnim,  I.innii'us,  /A»W.  ^Vi/T  2'JM.  —  C'l.iUon,  Fi.    IVryin 

t;o. 

L.  foiiiji  amjuUilis  truuaitui,  Trew,  /*/.  ixhrit.  'J,  t.  Kt. 


I 


MAtr  ■■' ililACEiK. 


SIL  VA   OF  XORTII  AMElilVA. 


LIRIODLNDRON    TULIPIFERA. 
Yellow  Poplar.     Tulip  Tree. 


19 


LiiinKUs,  Spec.  i.  535.  —  Dii  Uoi,  Ilarbk.  llaiim.  i.  374. — 
5Iarshall, .( rhiist.  A  ni.  7H.  —  Wangeiilieini,  yunliim.  llol~. 
;i'J,  t.  13,  f.  3-.  —  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  158.  —  Gteitiier,  I'riicl. 
ii.  47."),  t.  178.  —  Bot.  Mmj.  t.  1!75.  —  Alibdt,  InsetlK  vf 
Gcoiyiu.  ii.  t.  lOli. —  Schkuhr,  lluiulli.  ii.  93,  t.  147. — 
Willdenuw,  Sjicc.  ii.  11254.  —  Micli.iux.  /'/.  lior.-Am.  i. 
31iG. — XiiiH<ean  IhihameJ,  iii.  62,  t.  18.  —  Desfuntiiiiu's, 
llisl.  Aril.  ii.  15. —  I'oirut,  Lari.  Dirt.  viii.  137;  Jll.  iii. 
3('>,  t.  4'Jl.  —  Jiiuinc  St.  llihirc,  /'/.  Franre,  iii.  t.377. — 
Jlicliiuix  (.  J/lst.  Arh.  Am.  iii.  20L'.   t.  5.  — Tuisli.   /■?. 

Am.  Sept.  ii.  382.  —  Niittiill,  Gen.  ii.  18 Uaildii.  Mi;l. 

Jlot.  i.  91,  t.  8.  — Ue  Candulle,  Si/st.  i.  401;  J'm,/,:  i. 
82.  -  -  liigeliiw,  Med.  lint.  ii.  107,  t.  31.—  Ilayiic  liemh. 
Fl.  115.  —  Kliiott,  .S7,-.  ii.  40.  —  Torrey.  Fl.  .V.  Y.  i.  28.  — 
Ka.incsciuo,  Meil.  Hot.  ii.  239.  —  Giiiiiipil.  Otto  it  llayiii'. 


AhbiU.  Jluh.  .34,  t.  29.  — Audubon.-  Ilinh.  t.  12.—  Dm, 
a,' II.  Si/sf.  i.  8(>.  —  Sih-icli,  J/i.it.  Ve;/.  vii.  488.  —  L.iudmi, 
Aril.  ISrit.  i.  284,  t.  — Toney  &  Gray,  Ft.  A'.  Am.  i. 
44.  —  DIctiieli,  Si/ii.  iii.  309.  —  Grillith,  Me,l.  ll„l.  98, 
f.  ,")8.  —  Kuii'i'scsn,  Trees  Miss.  cd.  2,  ii.  (105,  t.  —  Dar- 
liii^'ton,  /■'/.  Cestr.  ed.  3,  9,  —  A-jardh,  Tlie<ir.  ct  Si/st. 
PI.  t.  11,  f.  2,  3.  — Chapman,  FL  M.— Curtis.  Henl,,,,. 
Sun:  .V.  C'ir.  1800,  iii.  77.  —  I.imairi;,  111.  Jhn-t.  15. 
t.  571.  — Haillun.  IFtst.  Fl.  i.  14.!,  f.  17.5-178.  —  K.kIi, 
Deii.lr.  i.  ,'!S0.  —  Kicldi-r,  I'erhnii'll.  J!ot.  I'er.  Hi-'iml. 
xxii.  82,  f.  1-3.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Trees  .V.  Am.  U)lli 
Census  r.  .S'.  ix.  22.  —  Lloyd,  Dnujs  ami  Mi.l.  X.  Am. 
ii.  ,3,  t.  20.  f.  — Watson  &  Coulter,  Gnii/'s  .Van.  ed.  0. 
50. 
Liriodondron   procerum.  Sali^lmry.  Fro'lr.  ."79. 


The  Liriodemlron  is  one  of  tlio  Lirgest  aiul  most  bt>;i\itifiil  tii'u>  of  tlii'  Aiiu'i'ii'un  forust.  Tlio  Occi- 
(leiital  Plane  and  the  Soiithein  t'ypre.ss  ai'e  tlie  only  Anieiicaii  ilcfidiiou.s  tiees  wliich  irrow  to  a  lafpT  .siz(?. 
It  sometimes  attains,  untler  favortiblo  conditions,  a  iieifrlit  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  to  one  hitndred  and 
i.inety  feet,  with  a  straifflit  trunk  eijjilit  or  ten  feet  in  diameter,  (h'stitiite  of  branches  for  eij^hty  or  a  liiin- 
dred  feet  from  tba  ground.'  Individtials  a  hundred  or  a  iuinthed  and  lifty  feet  tali,  witli  trnnhs  live  or 
six  feet  in  diameter,  ;ire  still  common.  The  Itranebes,  wliieh  tire  short  and  small  in  projiortion  to  the 
size  of  the  triink,  give  to  this  tree  a  pyramidal  habit,  ex('ei)t  in  the  case  of  old  or  very  large  individuals 
on  which  the  head  is  spreading.  The  winter-buds  are  dark  red,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  The 
smooth  Itistrons  bark  of  the  young  branches  is  red  or  red-brown  during  their  tirst  and  .second  seasons, 
turning  dark  gray  during  the  third.  The  leuves,  supported  on  slender  angled  [u'tioles  five  or  six  inches 
long,  are  dark  green  and  shining  on  the  u])per,  and  p;der  (,n  the  lower  surface.  They  are  live  or  six 
inches  long  by  as  many  broad,  and  (piiver  with  the  slightest  movement  of  the  air."  The  llowcr.-  nhich 
are  borne  on  stout  peduncles  an  inch  and  a  iialf  to  two  inches  long,  appear  in  May.  The  fruit  iii  oe-j 
late  in  September  and  in  October. 

Ltriotliiidroii  7V//y*//"(;vMs  found  from  lihode  Islaml'  to  southwestern  Vermort  and  w  <  <  the 
.southern  shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  extends  soittb  to  northern  Florida,  southern  Alabai.ia  and 
Missi.ssippi.  It  occurs  west  of  the  Mi.ssi.ssippi  River  enly  in  southeastern  Missoitri  ami  the  adja(  ;■  .1  j^arts 
of  Arkansas.  It  prefers  deep  rich  and  rather  moist  soil  on  the  intervales  of  streaiiis  or  om  moiiiitaii! 
slopes,  and  is  most  abundant  and  reaches  its  greatest  development  in  t' r  valleys  of  the  rivers  t!  wing 
into  the  Ohio,  and  on  the  lower  slopes  of  the  high  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  Tne 
Tulip-tree,  idthough  widely  distributed,  is  nowhere  common  enough  to  become  the  eharaeteri-;''"  feature 
of  the  forest,  and  even  in  regions  where  the  soil  and  climatic  conditions  are  most  favoraI)le  to  it,  more 
than  four  or  live  large  specimens  are  seldom  found  growing  on  a  single  acre  of  ground. 

*  ltii)f(way,  rroe.  U.  S.  \iit.  .Muf.  IKS'J,  Tnt.  WIIhoii,  wlut  dis.-nvi'n'd    his    l)ody  n   fi'w  days  latiT       1  liis  tree 

Tlu'  ((rcrtt  'I'uli|i-treu  ou  the  steep  iilopes  ef  Moinit  Mitchell  in  vviis  vi'tited  hy  Mr.  W.  .M.  Cuiiliy  in  ISiUi,  and  was  tlieii  iit  p-i  ifi'ct 

North  t'uroliiiit,  the  higlu-st  point  of  land  in  North  .\nu'rica  eitst  (tf  health. 

tin-  Itoeky  Moiuitains,  lia«  a  trniik  thirty-three  feet  roinul  at  thno  '  It  was  perhaps  this  liahil,  reeallin);  th"  .\speu  ami  otlier  sjieeien 

foot  from  (lie  |rrninid.     It  stainls  at  the  head  of  the  eove  Iwtweeu  of  Tophir,  whitli  led  the  early  settlers  in  Anieriea  to  apply  tho 

the  ptK)l  ni  wineh    Professor    Klisha    Mitchell  lost   his  life  ,luno  nniniMtf  *' Poplar'*  to  tins  tree. 

'J7,  18C7,  and  tho  hut  uf  the  well-kuuwu  luouutiuucer,  "Turn"  '  L.  W.  liusuM,  Garden  end  ForeX,  ii, 'M, 


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20 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


MAGNOLIACE.t:. 


John  Tradeseant,'  who  visited  America  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  sent  several 
plants  from  this  country  to  England,  and  the  TuHp-tree  wtis  perhaps  among  them.''  It  appeared  in 
several  English  gardens  soon  after  Tradeseant's  return  from  America,  and  was  cultivated  by  Bishop 
Coinpton  at  Fulham  as  early  as  1G88,^  a  year  later  than  the  date  of  the  publication  of  Hermann's 
description,  which  was  drawn  up  from  a  tree  in  tlie  Leydcn  garden. 

Few  permanent  varieties  of  Liriodendron  have  been  developed  in  cultivation,  although  for  more 
than  a  hundred  years  it  has  been  a  favorite  ornamenfcd  tree  in  America  and  Europe.*  A  form  with 
nearly  entire  leaves,  and  others  with  the  leaves  marked  with  yellow  or  silver  blotehes,  are  known  in  gar- 
dens ;  and  a  seedling  with  strictly  fastigiate  branches  ai)peared  a  few  years  ago  in  the  nursery  estiiblish- 
ment  of  Simon-Louis  at  Metz  in  Germany,  where  it  has  been  propagated. 

Liriuihndron  Tullpifvm  is  easily  raised  from  seed,"  the  seed  germinating  during  the  second  year 
after  sowing,  and  it  is  eiisily  transplanted.  It  grows  rapidly ;  it  is  extremely  hardy,  and  is  one  of  tlie 
moot  beautiful  and  distinct  Amei'ican  trees  for  ornamentul  or  roadside  planting. 

'  .I.ilii;  TnidescMiit,  ii  Dutch  E^irdi'iicr  «lio  ciniKriiti'd  to  EnBliiud  giiiia  to  collect  curiosities  for  this  museum,  ami  puhlishcd  in  lO.'C. 

to«-.i.-<is  the  cihl  of  the  sixteenth  century,  obtaiiicl  in  ItVJl)  the  title  a  few  ye.iis  ..fter  the  death  of  his  father,  a  catalogue  of  hU  plants, 
of  gardener  to  Charles  the  First.     He  had  a  garden  and  museum  at  ^  Kvelyn,  Sdm,  7'.).  '  Miller,  Diet.  ed.  8. 

Lambeth.    His  son,  the  second  John  Tradcscant,  traveleil  in  Vir-         «  Itay,  //«(.  /'/.  u.  1798.  '  Cohbctt,  Woodlands,  No.  SL-a. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THK   TLATES. 

Platk   XIII.     Liuioi>r.M)iio\  Tvlu'Ifeba. 
1.  A  Dowering  branch,  natural  siie. 
'J.  A  winter-bud,  rmttiial  si/.c. 


PUTE   XIV.      LntlODKNDmrX  TlLU'IFEKA, 

1.  A  fruit,  r.ntiiral  size. 

2.  L'iagrani  of  the  (lower. 

;>.  A  tlciwcr,  a  8i'|ial  and  tv.o  petals  removed. 

4.  A  stamen,  anterior  view,  enlarged. 

5.  X  utanien,  ]>osterior  viett-,  unlurged. 
C.  A  pistil,  enliirged. 

7.  A  stigma,  enlarged. 

8.  Wrtieal  stetion  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 
!>.  An  ovule,  much  enla/ged. 

10.  A  carpel,  enlarged. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  a  c.-irpol,  nidargcd. 

12.  A  see<l,  showing  the  raphe,  enlarged. 

13.  A  seed,  showing  the  side  opposite  the  raphe,  enlarged. 

14.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

15.  Cross  section  of  a  eeed,  enlarged. 
IG.  An  enibiyn,  much  magnified. 


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23  WiST  MAIN  STRUT 

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ANONACEjE. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMElilCA. 


21 


ASIMINA. 

Floweus  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs ;  sepals  valvatc,  3 ;  petals  6,  in  two  series, 
unequal,  imbricated  in  Aestivation ;  stamens  inserted  on  the  subglobose  receptacle, 
indefinite ;  pistils  3  to  15,  distinct,  many-ovuled.  Fruit  baccate ;  seeds  horizontal,  flat- 
tened, inclosed  in  a  pulpy  membrimaceous  aril ;  albumen  ruminate. 


Asimina,  Adanson,  F(tm.  PI.  ii.  3fi5.  —  Meisner,  Gen.  4. — 
Gray,  Geiu  III,  i.  C7  ;  hot.  Gazette,  xi.  IGl.  —  Uentlium 
&  Hooker,  Gen.  i.  24. 

Anona,  LimiiGus,  Gen.  158,  in  part A.  L.  do  Jussieu,  Gen. 

283,  in  part 


Orchidooarpum,  Midmiix,  Fl.  Bnr.-Am.  i.  329. 
Porcelia,  Persoon,  Sijn.  ii.  9."i.  in  part. 
Uvaria,  Endlicher,  Gen.  832,  in  part  —  Baillon,  Hist.  I'l.  i. 
281,  in  part. 


Trees  or  shrubs,  emitting  a  heavy  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised,  with  fleshy  roots,  minute  cinereo- 
puhescent  caducous  bud-scales,  and  terete  slender  brunches  marked  with  conspicuous  leaf-scars.  Leaves 
conduplicate  in  vernation,  destitute  of  stipules,  alternate,  entire,  membranaceous  or  subcoriaceous, 
feathei>veined,  reticulate-venulose,  deciduous.  Flowers  pedunciJate,  nodding,  dingy  green,  purple  or 
white,  proterogynous,  bad-smelling.  Sepals  ovate,  smaller  than  the  petjils,  green,  deciduous.  Petals 
•lypogynous,  sessile,  ovate  or  obovate-oblong,  rcticulately  veined,  accrescent ;  the  three  exterior  alternate 
with  the  sepals,  spreading ;  those  of  the  inner  row  opposite  the  sepals  erect  and  much  smaller  than 
those  of  the  outer  row.  Stamens  linear-cuneate,  densely  packed  on  the  receptacle ;  filaments  shorter 
than  the  fleshy  connective  terminated  by  a  broad  truncate  glandular  tip ;  anthers  extrorse,  the  cells 
oblong,  separate,  opening  longitudinally.  Pistils  sessile  on  the  sununit  of  the  receptacle,  projecting 
from  the  globukr  mass  of  stamens;  ovary  one-celled;  stigma  sessile,  unilateral  at  the  tip;  ovules  four 
to  twenty,  horizontal,  two-ranked '  on  the  ventral  suture,  anatropous,  the  raphe  towards  the  suture. 
Fruit  sessile  or  stipihite,  thick,  oval  or  oblong,  smooth,  sometimes  slightly  torulose.'^  Seeds  in  one  or 
two  ranks ;  testii  crustaceo-coriaceous,  smooth ;  the  tegmen  adherent  to  the  tesfci,  its  membranaceous 
appendages  dividing  the  corneous  albumen  nearly  to  tha  axis.  Embryo  minute,  next  the  hilum ;  cotyle- 
dons short. 

The  genus  Asimina,  as  now  known,  Ls  confined  to  eastern  North  America.^  It  contains  the  only 
species  of  tiie  great  Custard  Apple  family,  widely  distributed  in  both  hemispheres,  which  extends  fur 
outside  the  tropics.  Six  species  are  distinguished:  one,  Asimina  triloha,  the  most  northern  in  its 
range,  is  a  small  tree ;  the  others  are  low  shrubs,  confined  to  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gidf  regions.  The 
handsome  white  flowers  of  A.  (/miidijhni  are  the  largest  of  the  genus.  The  fruit  in  all  the  shrubby 
species  is  small  and  barely  edible. 

The  genus  Asimina  was  separated  by  Adanson  from  Anona  of  Linnieus.  Some  later  authors  have 
united  it  with  the  allied  old-world  Uvaria,  and  the  species  have  also  been  referred  to  the  little  known 
Peruvian  genus  Porcelia.     Asimina  is  well  characterized,  however,  by  the  lieterogeneous  petals  of  the 


'  Tlio  ovulea  in  Aiimina  parv\flora  arc  indistinctly  two-ranked, 
appearing  nearly  in  a  single  series. 

'  Ilnrely  more  than  three  carpels  mature  from  one  flower,  often 
only  one  or  two. 


•  Tlireo  Cuban  plants  referred  by  Griaebacli  {Cat.  PI.  Cub.  :t) 
to  Asimina  are  still  imperfectly  known.  Their  coridcemis  nejirly 
honio^encuus  pctiiln  seimrate  them,  however,  from  this  genus. 
(A.  Groy,  Hot.  Oazelte,  xi.  10^'.) 


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9Q 


SUVA   OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


ANONACEit. 


two  rows.  Those  of  the  outer  row  are  accrescent  and  spreading,  and  always  larger  than  those  of  the 
inner,  which  are  concave  and  erect ;  and  in  spite  of  their  imbricated  arrangement  in  iestivation,  depended 
on  to  unite  the  species  with  Uvaria,  tlie  genus  is  generally  maintained  by  botanLsts. 

Asimina  is  formed  from  Asbn'mier,  an  early  colonial  name  used  by  the  French  in  America  for 
Aaimina  triloba} 

>  Asiminicr  from  Aaimiiw,  the  Algonquin  corruption  of  the  soutli-      sleeve,  «nd  "  mi'n,"  pi.  "  mina"  fruit,  from  its  shape.    Centurii  Dic- 
ern  Illinois  roMimim,  used  probably   for  the   fruit  ("rassa,"  a      tiomry,  1889). 


,; 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  SPECIES. 

Flowers  from  axils  of  decidaous  leaves  of  the  preceding  year. 

Leaves  membranaceons,  mostly  acute  at  both  ends,  obscurely  venulose. 

Flowers  large,  long-pediceleU ;  seeds  flattened 1.  A.  TRILOBA. 

Flowers  small,  nearly  sessile  ;  seeds  turgid 2.  A.  parviflora. 

lAiaves  retuse  or  obtuse,  pubescent  when  young,  subcoriaceous  and  conspicuously  reticu- 
late-venulose  at  maturity.     Petals  white. 

Outer  petals  three  or  four  times  as  long  as  those  of  the  inner  row      ....     3.  A.  GBAJfDiKLORA. 

Outer  petals  twice  the  length  of  those  of  the  inner  row 4.  A.  cu.neata. 

Flowers  from  the  axils  of  existing  leaves. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  reticulate-vcnulose. 

Leaves  linear  or  narro*Iy  spatulate ;  flowers  large,  usually  erect ;  petals  white, 

those  of  the  outer  row  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long 5.  A.  ANOUStifoL",!, 

Leaves  cunea'e-linear  to  oblong ;  flowers  nodding,  petals  green  turning  purple,  those 
of  the  outer  row  less  than  half  an  inch  long,  twice  the  length  of  those  of  the  inner 

row 6.    A.  PYaSI.KA. 


^ 


ANONACE^t. 

I  those  of  the 
ion,  depended 

I  America  for 


ipe.    Cenlurii  Oic- 


.OBA. 
VIFLOBA. 


NDIKLORA. 
ISATA. 


M.f:A. 


AXOXACEiB. 


SUVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ASIMINA  TRILOBA. 


2:5 


Papaw. 

Flowers  solitary ;  styles  distinct,  introrsoly  stigmatic  ;  ovules  numerous.     Leaves 
ample,  membranaceous. 


Asimina  triloba,  Dtinal.  Mmi.  Anon.  83.  —  De  Candollp, 
^"ys^i.  479;  Prodr.  i.  87.  —  Elliott,  Sk.  ii.  42.  —  Giiiiii- 
pel,  Otto  &  Hnyno,  Ahbild.  Hoh.  (>6,  t.  .53.  —  Hayne. 
Denilr.  Fl.  118.  — Don,  Gen.  Sijut.  i.  91.  — Loudon,  Arb. 
lirit.  i.  293,  f.  39.  — Gray,  Oeii.  111.  i.  t  26,  27.  — Dar- 
lington, Fl.  Cintr.  ed.  3, 10.  —Chapman,  Fl.  15.  — Curtis, 
Geolug.  Sum.  X.  Car.  1800,  iii.  94.  —  Hot.  .Vug.  t.  5854.  — 
Koch,  Dendr.  ii.  383.  —  Sargent,  Forent  Trees  X.  Am. 
Wth  Census  U.  S.  ix.  23.  — Lloyd,  Drugs  and  Med.  X. 
im.  ii.  49,  t.  K?,  f.  120-123.  —  Watson  &  Coulter,  Gruys 
Jliin.  ed.  6,  50. 

Anona  triloba,  Linnieus,  Spec.  537.  —  Du  Roi,  Ifurbk.  Jidum. 
i.  59.  —  Marshall,  Arbust.  Am.  10.  —  Lamarck,  iJirl.  ii. 
125.  —  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  158.  —  Willdcnow,  Spec.  ii. 
1267.  —  Kuureaii  Duhamel,  ii.  83,  t.  25.  —  De.sfontaincs, 


ll'ist.  Arh.  ii.  21.  — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii.  161,  t. 

9.  — Schkuhr.  Ilandh.  ii.  95.  t.  149. 
Anona  pendula.  Salisbury,  Prmlr.  380. 
Anona  palustria.  Abbot,  Inserts  of  Georgia,  i.  t.  4  (not 

Linnoius). 
Orchidocarpum  arietinum,  Michaiix.  Fl.  lior.-Am.  i.  329. 
Poroelia  triloba,  I'ersoon,  Sgn.  ii.  95.  —  Pursh,  Fl.  Am. 

Sept.  ii.  383.  —  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Lwlovie.  92.  —  Nuttall. 

Gen.  ii.  19.  —  Poirct,  L'im.  Diet.  Suppl.  iv.  529.  —  Audu- 
bon, Birds,  I.  2  ;  ed.  8vo,  iii.  t.  147. 
Uvaria  triloba,  Torrey  &  Gray,  /•'/.  X.  Am.  i.  45.  —  Tor- 

ri'v,  Fl.  X.  Y.  i.  30.  —  Cinul.  Ann.  Mus.  Flrense,  1864. 

9.  t.  1,  t.  1-7.  — Baillon,  jn.it.  ri.  i.  193,  f.  220-228; 

Diet.  i.  290,  f. 
A.  campaniflora,  Spacli,  JUsf.  Veg.  vii.  528. 


A  shrub  or  h)w  tree,  ri.sing  sometiines  under  favorable  conditions  to  a  height  of  thirty-five  or  forty 
feet,'  with  a  straiglit  trunk,  rarely  exceeding  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  slender  spreading  branches.  The 
bark  of  tiie  trunk,  rarely  more  titan  an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick  on  full-grown  individuals,  has  a  dark 
brown  surface  marked  with  large  ash-colored  blotches ;  it  is  covered  with  small  wart-like  excrescences, 
and  divided  by  numerous  shallow  reticulate  depressions.  The  inner  bark  is  tough,  fil)rous,  and  separates 
easily  into  thin  layers.  The  bark  of  the  branchlets  is  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  plaiidy  marked 
by  longitudinal,  j)arallel  or  reticidate,  narrow  shallow  grooves.  The  winter-buds  are  acuminate,  Hattcned 
on  the  side  next  the  stem,  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long,  and  covered  thickly  with  rusty  brown  hairs.  The 
leaves,  which  are  glabrous,  light  green  on  the  upper  and  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  are  obovate-lanceo- 
late,  ten  or  twelv"  inches  long,  and  four  or  five  inches  broad,  sharply  pointed,  aid  gradually  and  regu- 
larly contracted  at  the  base  into  a  stout  petiole  half  to  tlirce  (piarters  of  an  incii  long,  and  .strengthened 
by  a  pronunent  midrib  and  primary  veins.  They  are  covered  on  the  lower  surface  when  they  first 
appear,  as  are  the  petioles  and  young  shoots,  with  a  short  rusty  brown  caducous  tomentum,  reduced  on 
the  upper  surface  of  the  young  le.",ves  to  a  few  scattered  hairs.  The  flowers,  which  are  nearly  two 
inches  across  when  fully  grown,  appear  at  the  extreme  south  in  March,  and  open  at  the  north  in  May 
and  June.  They  are  borne  on  stout  club-shaped  peduncles  an  inch  w  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  covered 
with  long  scattered  rusty  brown  hairs.  The  sepals  are  ovate,  acuminate,  pale  green,  and  densely  pubes- 
cent on  the  outer  surface.  The  petals  are  green  when  they  first  unfold,  and  are  covered  witii  short 
appressed  hairs ;  they  gradually  turn  brown,  and  at  inatiu'ity  are  deep  vinous  red  and  conspicuously 
retictdate-venulose;  those  of  the  outer  row  are  broadly  ovate,  rounded  m  point"d  at  the  apex,  reHexid 
at  maturity  above  the  middle,  and  are  then  two  or  three  times  longer  than  the  sejials ;  those  of  the  inner 
row  are  pointed,  erect,  the  concave  base  glandular,  nectariferous,  and  marked  by  a  broad  band  of  a 
lighter  color.'     The  fruit,  which  is  attached  obliijuely  to  the  enlarged  torus,  is  oblong,  nearly  cylindrical. 


'  Uidgway,  Vror.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  fiO. 

'  Baillon  {Adanionia,  vi.  253)  suggcata  that  the  nectar  secreted 


in  considerable  quantities  from  the  glandular  aurfaco  of  the  pctaN 
of  Asimina  scrrcB  to  bold  the  pollen  which  fulls  from  the  uiilliers 


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24 


SILVA   OF  XOUTfl  AMERICA. 


ANONACE^. 


rounded,  or  sometimes  slightly  pointed  at  the  extremities,  more  or  less  fulcafe,  and  often  irregular  from 
the  imperfect  development  of  some  of  the  seeds.  It  ri])ens  in  September  and  Octobe;.  It  is  three  to 
live  inches  long,  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  weighs  from  six  to  twelve  ounces.  The 
seeds,  which  separate  readily  from  ihe  aril  conllnent  with  the  pericarp,  are  an  inch  long,  half  an  inch 
broad,  ovate,  ai>d  rou'ided  at  the  extremities.  The  brown  shining  outer  coat  becomes  paler  on  exposure 
to  the  air,  and  wrinkles  by  the  shrinking  of  the  albunu'n  in  drying.' 

The  western  part  of  the  stiite  of  New  York  and  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Ontario  ^  are  tl'e  most 
northern  points  reached  by  Aslmina  triloba  ;  it  occurs  in  eastern  and  central  Pennsylvania,  and  thence 
spreads  west  to  southern  Michigan,  southern  Indiana,  and  eastern  Kansas,  and  south  to  middle  Florida 
and  to  the  valley  of  the  Sabine  River  in  Texas.  It  is  comparatively  rare  in  the  region  bordering  the 
Atlantic  seaboard ;  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  River  it  is  often  very  common,  forming  the  thick 
forest-underwood  on  rich  river-bottom  lands,  or  sometimes  exclusively  occupying  the  ground  with  dense 
thickets  many  acres  in  extent.  The  jjresence  of  tiiis  tree  is  always  r"  indication  of  deep  rich  and  ratlier 
moist  soil ;  it  attains  its  greatest  size  in  the  ferti!>  valleys  t)f  the  streams  flowing  into  the  lower  Ohio 
River,  and  in  those  of  central  and  southern  Arkansas. 

Tiie  wood  of  Asuniiia  (rUohii  is  light,  soft  ai'd  weak,  coarse-gr- ined  and  spongy,  with  the  layers 
of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  ope;  ducts.  Tiie  color  of  the  heartwood  is 
light  yellow  shaded  with  green,  and  rather  darker  than  the  thin  8ai>wood  composed  of  from  twelve  to 
twenty  layers  of  annual  growth.  It  has,  when  perfectly  dry,  a  specific  gravity  of  only  0.39()9,  a  cubic 
foot  of  the  dry  wood  weighing  24.74  poinids.  The  inner  bark,  stripped  from  the  branches  in  the  early 
sfiring,  is  still  used  by  fishermen  on  the  Ohio  and  other  western  rivers  for  stringing  fish  ;  formerly  it 
was  often  employed  in  making  fish-nets,  and  for  similar  pui-poses.' 

The  Papaw  was  first  noticed  in  1541  *  by  the  followers  of  Do  So  :o  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 
It  was  not  described,  however,  until  more  than  two  centuries  later,  vhen  Catesby  published  a  figure  of 
it  in  his  NaUiral  Ilixtorij  of  Curolhia!'  The  Papaw  was  first  cultivated  in  Europe  in  17HG  by  Peter 
Collinson,  who  probal>ly  received  it  from  John  Bartram.  Although  rarely  seen  in  cultivation  outside  of 
botanical  gardens,  it  is  w  jll  worth  a  place  in  ornamental  plantations  for  its  large  and  conspicuous  foliage 
and  for  its  handsome  flowers  and  fruit.     The  Papaw"  is  only  precariously  hardy  in  New  England. 


into  (lie  oup  iif  the  corolla.  It  seems  more  proli.ililo,  IiowevcT,  that 
its  ohji'ot  is  to  attract  insects,  without  wliost*  aid  tlic  proternj^ynotis 
llowcrs  would  be  obliged  *o  depend  for  fertilization  on  the  dubiuus 
chkiice  of  the  pollen  of  one  tic  .ircr  dropping  or  being  blowru  upon 
the  stii^in.i  of  another. 

'  Tile  skin  of  tin  fully  grown  fruit  is  at  first  green  covered  with 
a  ^huicou:'  bloom.  The  tiesh  at  this  time  is  gi'*en,  gradually  turn- 
in;;  white  towards  the  centre  ;  it  is  linn  and  may  be  broken  \vith  a 
sharply  djflned  fracture  which  generally  intersects  a  seed  from 
which  it  separates  easily,  and  has  a  fetid  wlor  and  a  most  disagree- 
uhh'  tiavor.  As  the  fruit  ripens  the  Hesb  changes  fn)m  green  to 
yelliiw,  the  tough  grain  iK'coming  soft.  When  fully  ripe  the  skin  is 
dark  brown  or  almost  black  ;  the  flesh  is  then  semi-transparent, 
sweet  and  luscious  to  the  taste*  the  delicacy  of  the  flavor  increasing 
after  the  fruit  has  been  slightly  frozen.  The  fruit  of  the  I'upaw  in 
this  stage  is  wholesome  and  can  be  eaten  freely.  It  is  sold  in  large 
quantities  in  cities  and  towns  in  those  parts  of  the  country  where 
the  tree  grows  naturally,  although  it  ia  not  sent  to  the  large  eastern 
markets. 

"  I'apaw  eaters  recoguizo  two  varieties  of  the  fruit,  the  white 
and  the  yellow.  The  yellow  papaw  flesh  is  edible,  but  there  is 
no  dilTcrence  in  the  trees.  White  papaw;  retain  their  disagree- 
able odor  until  they  decay  ;  they  do  not  turn  yellow  upon  ripening, 


and  will  sii-kcn  those  who  highly  relish  tlie  other  fruit  "  (Lloyd, 
Driti/n  tinil  Mid.  X.  Am,  ii.  ,51.) 

«  .1.  W.  liurge:s,  Hot.  (lazelk;  vii.  'Xt. 

'  A  white  olurless  and  tasteless  alkaloid,  Asimine,  has  been  ob- 
tJiined  by  I.loyd  from  the  seeds  of  Animinn  triloba.  (Lloyd,  I.  c.  ii. 
54.)  I*reliminary  studies  (  f  this  new  jinMluct  show  that  it  acts 
on  the  brain  of  nnimaU,  c;>-.ts;ng  somnolence  and  finally  stupor  and 
unconsi'iousness. 

*  "There  is  a  fruit  thnjugh  nil  tho  countrio  which  gruweth  on  a 
plant  like  ligoacan,  which  the  liuliaus  doe  ])lant.  The  fruit  is  like 
unto  )>earvs  riall  ;  it  hath  a  verie  good  snu'll,  and  an  excellent 
ta.sto."  {The  DLtcorery  aiut  Cont^ncil  of  Term  Florida,  Hakluyt, 
Uye'scd.  1G9.) 

'  Anoiia  /ructu  Uittsrente,  loivi,  scrotum  Arit;tii  re/trente,  ii.  8ti,  t. 
85.  — Trew,  Pt.  Ehrel.  i.  t.  .'i.  —  Duhauul,  Trnite  d.!s  Arlires,  i.  .W, 
t.  in.  —  Claytim's  description  in  the  fVorfi  I'lVf/tuim,  01,  published 
in  17.'iO,  refers  to  the  Papaw,  which  was  confounded,  however,  by 
Gn>novius  with  a  West  Indian  species  of  Anona. 

Awmii  foUis  tatireotiitii,  fructittus  trijidi.i,  Miller,  Diet.  Icon.  i.  23, 

t. ;«. 

"  Tlic  popular  namo  Papaw  was  probably  given  to  Atimina  tri- 
t'jSa  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  fruit  to  the  true  papaw,  the 
fruit  of  C'un'ea  I'apai/a,  L.,  of  tropical  America. 


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EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


8. 

9. 
10. 
11, 


Plate  XV.     Asimixa  triloha. 
A  flowering  branch,  natural  size. 
Uiagram  of  a  flower. 
Vertical  section  of  a  flower,  natural  size. 
A  flower,  the  sepals  ami  i>etal8  removed,  enlarged. 
An  anther,  anterior  view,  enlarged. 
An  anther,  posterior  view,  enlarged. 
A  gj'ncecium,  enlarged. 
Vertical  section  of  a  pistil,  enlarged. 
Cross  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 
An  ovule,  much  enlarged. 
A  leaf,  natural  size. 


Plate  XVI.    A.simixa  triloba. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  natural  size. 
;!.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  natural  size. 

4.  A  seed,  with  its  aril  laiil  open,  natural  size. 

5.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  natural  size. 

7.  Cross  section  of  a  seed,  natural  size. 

8.  An  embryo,  much  enlarged. 


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ASIMINA    TRILOBA 


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A.S1M1NA    TRllA^^A 


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Indies 


ANONACE^ 


SILVA   OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


27 


ANONA. 

Flowers  solitary,  fascicled,  or  rarely  cymosely  racemose,  terminal  or  extra  axil- 
lary ;  sepals  3,  valvato ;  petals  usually  G,  in  two  series,  valvate  or  rarely  imbricated  in 
iTstiviition ;  stamens  inserted  on  a  hemispherical  receptacle,  indefinite.  Carpels  con- 
fluent into  a  many-celled  fleshy  fruit ;  seeds  inclosed  in  an  aril ;  albumen  ruminate. 


Anona,  Linnieus,  Gen.  158,  in  part.  —  Adanson,  Fam.  PI.  ii. 
365.  —  A.  L.  de  Juasien,  Gen.  283.  —  Meisiier,  Gen.  4.  — 


P^ndliclior,  Gfn.  83-1.  —  Bcntliam  &  Hooker,  Gen.  i 
Baillon,  Uhf.  I'l.  i.  285. 


Trees  or  shrubs,  emitting  a  pungent  aromatic  otlor  when  bruised,  wth  fleshy  roots,  glandular  and 
often  reticulated  bark,  and  terete  slender  branches  marked  with  conspicuous  leaf-scars,  and  often  pubes- 
cent during  the  first  season.  Leaves  conduplicate  in  vernation,  destitute  of  stipules,  alternate,  entire, 
coruiceous,  feather-veined,  often  glandular-punctate,  persistent  or  tardily  deciduous.  Flowers  nodding 
on  bracted  peduncles.  Calyx  small,  three-lobed,  or  composed  of  three  concave  subcordatc  acute  sepals, 
green,  deciduous.  Petiils  hjpogynous,  sessile,  ovate,  acuminate  or  obtuse,  concave,  triquetrous  at  the 
apex,  thick  and  fleshy,  generally  white  or  yellow,  the  exterior  alternate  witii  the  sepals ;  those  of  the 
inner  row  opposite  the  sepals  often  much  smaller  than  those  of  the  outer  row,  and  sometimes  reduced 
to  minute  scales  or  absent.  Stamens  club-sliaped,  densely  packed  on  the  leceptade  ;  filaments  shorter 
than  the  fleshy  connective  terminated  by  a  broad  ovoid  truncate  often  glandular  tip  extending  above 
the  extrorse  anthers ;  their  cells  oblong,  contiguous,  opening  longitudinally.  Pistils  sessile  on  the 
receptacle,  free  or  united ;  ovary  one-celled ;  stigmas  sessile  or  slightly  stipitate,  oblong ;  ovules  one,  or 
rarely  two,'  erect,  anatropous  ;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  ovate  or  globose,  the  surface  muricate,  squamulose 
or  smooth,  many-seeded.  Seeds  ovate  or  elliptical ;  testa  crustaceo-coriaceous,  smooth,  chestnut-brown  ; 
the  tegmen  adherent  to  the  testa,  its  broad  appendages  penetrating  the  albumen  nearly  to  the  axis. 
Embryo  minute,  the  radicle  next  t!ie  hilum ;  cotyledons  appressed. 

The  genus  Anona  is  found  in  tropical  America  and  in  tropical  .Vfrica.  About  fifty  species  have 
been  described  by  botanists.  A  single  species  extends  north  of  the  tropics  to  the  coast  of  southern 
Florida  and  to  the  Bahama  Islands.  Six  African  species  are  known;-  twenty-eight  species,  including 
two  or  three  naturalized  from  tiie  West  Indies,  are  found  in  Brazil ;  ^  ten  or  twelve  species  are  Central 
American,''  one  at  least  extending  south  of  the  equator  to  Peru ;  ^  the  remainder  inhabit  the  West 
Indies"  and  the  northern  countries  of  the  South  American  continent.' 

Several  species  cultivated  for  their  fruit  have  become  naturalized  in  the  tropics  of  the  two  worlds." 
The  Sweetsop  or  Sugar  Apple  {A,  aqiKtmosoY  is  now  perhaps  the  nwst  widely  distributed  and  the 
most  firndy  fixed  in  the  Old  World.'"  The  yellow-green  fruit,  two  to  four  inches  across,  is  oblong  and 
embossed  with  oblong,  obtuse  scales ;  the  flesh  is  soft  and  white,  with  an  agreeable  perfume  and  insipid 
flavor.     The  seeds  are  acrid  and  are  used  as  an  insecticide.     The  soursop,  the  ovoid  or  nearly  globular 


'  Baillon,  Ui»l.  PI.  i.  220. 

'  Hakor,  Fl.  .Vatir.  ami  Sei/ck.  3.  — Oliver,  Fl.  Trap.  A/r.  14. 

•  St.llilairc,  F/.  ISmn.  Merkl.  i. 24.  —  Martins,  Fl.  lirmil.\\\\.\,  3. 

•  Hcmslcy,  Bol.  Kol.  yim.  Cent.  i.  18. 

•  A.  Cherimolia  Miller,  Did.  (A.  Do  Caiiilullc,  Origlne  ties 
Plantei  Culliirfu,  138.) 

•  Slnano,  X(U.  UiM.  Jam.  ii.  1(W.  —  Hrowiie,  KiU.  Hint.  .Tarn. 
255.  —  Mnycnok,  /•'/.  Ihirli.  2:12.  —  MiicfiidjiMi,  Fl.  Jam.  0.  —  liicli- 
anl,  Fl.  Cub.  27.  — Grisebacli,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  1ml.  i. 


'  Aulilot,  Fl.  Guian.  i.Hll. 

*  .\.  Do  Ciindolle,  O'lographie  Kotaniqiie,  ii.  859;  Origine  Jes 
PUmtfn  Cullin'en,  IIW. 

•  J.iiiiiiBus,  Spec.  537  —  Pescoiirlilz,  Fl.  Med.  Aniii.  ii.  05.  t. 
83.  — firf.  Mar/,  t.  30U5.  — Tussac,  Fl.  Aiilil.  iii.  4.  — Van  Nootcn, 
Fteurs  .Im:  t.  19. 

'»  Hooker  f.  Fl.  Brit.  Iml.  i.  78.  — Brandis,  Forest  Fl.  Iml.  (1. 
The  fruit  of  .1.  .I'/wimosd  is  ealled  "ouptard  apidc"  in  India,  the 
American  name  uf  the  fruit  uf  A.  reticulata. 


I, 


t\ 


1    \ 


\   \i 


I      T 


i 


28 


a^ILVA   OF  XORTII  AMElilCA. 


ANONACE^. 


fruit  of  ^l.  iimrimtrt,  is  three  or  four  inches  across,  covered  with  short  incurved  points.'  The  green  or 
yellow  surface  hiis  a  terebinthine  odor  and  a  disagreeable  flavor ;  it  is  easily  removed  from  the  white 
subacid  aromatic  flesh,  which  is  eaten  with  or  without  sugar,  or  is  cooked  as  a  vegetable  when  partly 
grown.  The  fruit  is  considered  an  antiscorbutic  and  febrifuge,  and  a  powder  prepared  from  the  dried 
unripe  fruit  is  used  in  the  tr^ainu-nt  of  dysentery.  .l«o)(rt  reticulata-  is  now  generally  naturalized 
and  widely  cultivated  in  the  tropics,^  but  its  fruit,  the  custard  apple  or  bullock's  heart,  which  is  sub- 
globose  with  a  rough  skin  marked  with  pentiigonal  areoles,  is  less  esteemed  than  the  fruit  of  the  other 
culti\ated  species.  The  clierimoyer,  the  fruit  of  ^1.  Chcrimolia,  a  native  i)robably  of  western  tropical 
America  from  Mexico  to  below  the  equator,  and  now  cultivated  and  naturalized  throughout  the  tropics, 
is  the  l)est  fruit  produced  by  any  species  of  the  genus.  Many  travelers  have  declared  the  flavor  of  the 
cherimoia,  recalling  the  strawberry  and  banana,  nune  delicate  iind  excpiisite  than  that  of  any  other  fruit. 
The  pulp  of  the  fruit  of  all  these  species  is  refreshing,  aronatic,  and  agreeable  ;  but,  as  is  the  case  with 
many  tropical  fruits,  it  is  really  inferioi'  lo  the  best  jjroducts  of  the  temperate  zone.  The  fruit  of  Anona 
eaten  with  sugar  before  it  is  fully  ripe  is  a  useful  tonic,  and  the  fermented  juice  is  manufactured  into  a 
sort  of  sweet  wine  or  cider  in  the  West  Indies. 

The  genus  was  first  established  by  Plumier  as  Guanabanus ;  *  thi  name  was  discarded  by  Linnaeus 
for  Aiiona,^  the  name  given  by  early  authors ''  to  the  Soursop.  Linn.eus  changed  Anona  to  Annona 
(the  year's  product)  in  the  llortus  Vliffortiawix  in  order  to  avoid  the  use  of  names  of  barbarous  origin. 


'  Liniiii'us,  HiKc.  M7.  —  Dcscourtilz,  /'■"/.  Med.  Aniil.  ii.  t.  87.  — 
Tiiss,ii',  Fl.  Antil.  ii.  t.  24.  —  Van  Nootcn,  Fleura  Jar.  t.  39. 

-  I.iiinipus,  Spec.  537.  —  Dcscourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Aiilil.  ii.  t.  8'J.  — 
Bol.  .Mag.  t.  '-"Jl-'.  —  Van  N'ootcii,  Fleurs  Jav.  t.  'JO. 

'  Hooker  f.  Fl.  Brit.  Iiid.  i.  78. 

*  A'ui'.  P:ant.  Am.  Gen.  4:!,  t.  lU.    Guanabanus,  from  the  Indian 


Guanabano,  was  adopted  by  Ovicdo  to  designate  A.imrlcala.  (,HLil. 
Geii.  Niil.  Ind.  lib.  8,  cap.  17.) 

'  From  Ilauoti,  used  by  Oviedo  (/.  c.)  to  designate  .4.  .Vjuaimm, 
lib.  8,  cap.  18,  t.  3,  f.  7. 

»  Coinmclyn, //Dr(.  i.  IX\  t.  (iO.  —  Hermann,  Cal.  Uort.  Lugd. 
Hal.  Ivto.  — riukcuct,  Aim.  Uul.  31,  t.  134,  i.  Ii. 


ANONACEiE. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ANONA  GLABRA. 


29 


Pond  Apple. 

Glabrous  throughout,  peduncles  solitary,  opposite  the  leaves, 
smooth,  faintly  marked  v.ith  pentagonal  areoles. 


Petals  6.     Fruit 


glabra,  Linimnis,  Sjief,  '>•'>'.  —  Marshall,  Arliimt.  Am. 
10.  —  Lamarck.  D!i>.  ii.  IL'"),  cxc  syn.  —  Dii  Uoi.  Ilnrbk. 
liuum.  i.  (')-.  —  WilUlcnow,  Sjiec.  ii.  lL'(i7.  —  Uunal,  Moii. 
Anon.  74.  —  De  Cundollc,  Si/.if,  i.  4".j  ;  I'lvilr.  i.  85. — 
Dietrioli,  Si/n.  iii.  .'iO().  —  Cliapnian,  JM.  (Jiizette,  iii.  '2. — 
Sargont,  Gnnlfin  nml  Fofesf,  ii.  (UG. 


A.  laurifolia,  Diinal,  3tnn.  Anmi.  0.".  —  De  CandoUe,  Sijsf. 
i.  KiS;  I'loi/r,  i.  81.  —  Diutricli,  Si/n,  iii.  M04.  —  Grise- 
liacli,  Ft.  Ilrit.  W.  hill.  4.  —  Chapman,  Fl.  cd.  '.'.  .Supi.l. 
003.  —  Cooper.  Sinit/moni'in  Iti/i.  1800.  4.'ii>.  —  Sargent, 
Fnrrxl  Ti .<  X.  Am.  \Ot/i   C'n.iiis  V.  S.  \\.  'Si. 

Porcelia  parviflora,  Audubon,  Ilinh.  t.  10'.'  (not  Pcrsoon). 


A  low  tree,  thirty  to  forty  feet  hisli,  with  a,  sliort  trunk  often  eijrliteen  Indies  in  diameter  above 
the  swell  of  tlie  thickened  tiipering  base,  which  is  sometimes  strengtiiened  by  spreadinjj  buttresses,  and 
with  .stout  wide-spreadinjj  often  contorted  brandies.  The  bark  jof  the  trunk  is  an  eiLflith  of  an  inch 
thick,  dark  red-brown,  divided  by  broad  siiallow  anastomosing  fissures,  the  surface  se|>:irating  into 
numeri>'.<8  small  .scales.  The  bark  of  the  branches  is  brown  or  yellow  during  tiieir  first  :,eason,  turning 
brown  di  ring  the  second,  when  the  surface  is  broken  by  numerous  dcj)ressions,  and  marked  by  small 
scattered  wart-like  excrescences.  The  persistent  leaves  are  bright  green  on  the  upper,  and  paler  on  the 
lower  surface,  coriaceous,  oval  or  oblong,  acute,  tapering  or  rounded  at  the  base,  with  a  prominent 
midrib  .lud  stout  petiole  half  an  iucii  long.  They  are  three  to  five  indies  long  and  one  and  a  half  to 
two  in  jhes  broad,  and  in  Florida  appear  in  Marcii  and  April.  The  nodding  flowers,  borne  on  short 
stout  peduncles  thickened  at  the  two  extremities  and  bearing  at  their  basi-  a  pair  of  minute  acute  mem- 
bran.iceous  deciduous  bracts,  open  in  April  from  an  ovoid  three-angled  bud.  The  calyx  is  three-lobed, 
wit'i  broadly  ovate  acute  divisions.  The  petals  are  valvate  in  icstivation,  connivent,  acute,  concave,  pale 
yeJiow  or  dirty  white ;  those  of  the  outer  row  are  marked  on  the  inner  surface  near  the  base  with  a 
blight  red  spot;  those  of  tlie  inner  row  are  narrower  and  somewhat  shorter.  The  fruit  ripens  in 
November.  It  is  broadly  ovate,  truncate  or  depressed  at  the  base,  roiuuled  at  the  other  end,  three  to 
fi  re  inches  long  and  two  to  three  and  a  half  inches  broad.  The  color  of  the  thick  leathery  skin  is 
liifht  green  when  the  fruit  is  fully  grown,  turning  yellow  as  it  becomes  fully  ripe,  when  it  is  often 
m.irked  by  numerous  dark  brown  blotches.  The  flesh  surrounding  the  thick  dongtited  fibrous  torus  is 
lig'it  green,  slightly  aromatic,  insipid,  edible  but  of  no  comestible  v;ilue.  The  seeds,  inclosed  in  a  thin 
aril,  are  half  an  inch  long,  slightly  obovate,  turgid,  rounded  at  the  extremities,  the  margins  contracted 
into  a  narrow  wing  formed  by  the  thickening  of  the  outer  coat. 

Ai"i)ui  (jhtbra  is  found  in  Florida  from  Cape  Malabar  on  the  east  coast  to  the  shores  of  Bay 
Bi.scayne,  and  on  the  west  coa.st  from  Pease  Creek  to  the  Caloo.sa  Hiver.'  It  occurs  on  the  Bahama 
Islands,  oi   San  Domingo,  and  on  St.  Thomas  and  St.  Croix.- 

..l/(o/ia  (jJ libra  gi'ows  in  Florida  in  shallow  fresh-water  ponds,  on  swam])y  hummocks,  or  by  the 
borders  of  small  fresh-water  streams  flowing  from  the  Everglades.  It  reaches  its  largest  size  on  the 
shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  near  the  Miami  liiver,  where  it  is  found  surrounded  antl  overshadowed   by 


*  A  imin'cr  of  trccH  of  Ano»n  glabra  are  growing  in  a  small  pond 
within  the  .resent  limits  of  the  eity  of  Key  West.  This  tree  is  not 
found,  however,  elsewhere  on  the  island,  or  on  any  of  the  neighhor- 
ing  keys  ;  and  as  it  v,  not  notieed  by  1),.  Hlodgett,  who  explored 
the  Key  West  lli)ra  lifty  years  ago,  it  was  perhaps  introilueed  hero 
from  the  mainland,  or  more  probably  from  the  Uahamas,  aa  there 


was  early  and  conatort  communieation  between  New  Providence 
and  Key  West. 

'■  I  have  not  seen  West  Indian  specimens  ;  and  these  stations  are 
given  on  the  authority  of  Diinal  {/.  c.)  and  of  Kggers.  (Fl.  St. 
Croii  and  Ike    I'lri/in    Islands,    Hull.    U.   S.   Nat.  Mm.    No.    Ill, 


!li 


'J 


Ii 


m 


f 


ii 


h     t 


i: 


I  I 


30 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ANONACEjG. 


the  Live  Oak,  the  Mastic,  the  Pijjeon  Phim,  the  Liincewood,  the  Red  Mulberry,  the  Gumbo  Limbo,  and 
the  Bhick  Calabash. 

The  woud  of  Anonn  yhihra  is  lijijlit,  soft,  and  not  stronpf,  and  contains  numerous  large  open  scat- 
tered duets ;  it  is  liglit  brown  strtviked  with  yellow,  and  has,  when  perfectly  dry,  a  specific  gravity  of 
0.5053,  a  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  weii^hing  31.49  pounds.' 

AnuiKi  tj/iihrii  was  first  made  known  by  Catesby.-  He  gave  no  locality  for  the  plant,  which  he 
probably  obtained  from  the  Baham;!,  Islands,  where  it  was  seen  by  Michaux  in  178!)."  The  excellent 
figure  of  AiiuiKt  ijUthru  in  the  JJiriln  of  Aiiurivd  shows  that  Audubon,  who  visited  south  Florida  in 
1835,  was  the  first  naturalist  to  detect  tliis  tree  in  North  America.  Hia  iliseovery  was  overlooked, 
however,  by  botanists,  and  ^liioiid  (j/ahrd  was  not  recognized  as  a  Florida  plant  until  1851),  wli»'?:  d 
was  found  by  Dr.  J.  G.  Coojier''  on  the  snores  of  Bay  Biscayne. 


'  Xu  ililfi'rcTiw'  liiii  lie  lUtci'ted  between  the  lieartwood  ami  snp- 
wtiod  ill  tlio  siK'i'iiiu'iis  exaiuiiieil,  nltliuugh  it  is  jiossiblo  tluit  the 
trees  frt)ln  wliicti  tliey  were  talveii  were  not  oI<l  enoujjh  to  form 
Iieartwotid. 

^  Anomt  imixima,  fr.lii.-i  laiis  fructn  iitaximn  luUo  comiiile,  eortice 
glahro,  Atil.  Jlisl.  C<ir.  ii.  Ill,  t.  (>l. 

Aiwna  fructn  viriili  lari,  P'/ri  liivtrsi  format  Xal,  Ui^t,  Car.  ii. 
G7,  t.  G". 

8  Jour,  in  Proc.  .im.  Phil.  Sot:  xx\i.  51.  Tliere  are  two  entries 
in  Michanx's  Jintnial  whk-h  indicate  that  lie  may  liavo  fountl  .-1  )i(>;hi 
ijhibra  on  the  east  cojuit  of  Florida.  No  speeimens,  however,  are 
preserved  in  his  herbarium,  and  his  remarks  may  refer  to  ono  uf 
the  larj;e-llowert'd  tiwjirf  Asiniinas.     (.hm  titil^  IVJ,  '.V,V) 

*  tf.  (r.  Cooper,  born  in  New  York  .Tunc  l'.>,  1KK\  graduated  from 
the  C'.ille;;e  of  I'hysieians  and  .Surjjeons  in  New  York  in  ISuli.  llo 
reeeived  soon  after  j^radnation  the  appointment  of  naturalist  and 
Burgeon  to  the  exjiedition  organized  under  the  leadership  of  General 


Isaac  I.  Stevens,  to  explore  a  northern  route  for  a  railroad  to  the 
I'aeilie  Oeean.  The  ^eientitie  fruits  of  this  journey  were  published 
in  vohnne  xii,  part  '.i  of  'no  I'aeitie  Railroad  Reports.  Dr.  Cooper 
devoted  mueh  attentiiui  tor  several  years  to  studying  the  geograjih- 
ieal  distribution  of  North  American  trees,  the  results  of  these 
investi^^ations  Ix'iug  published  in  the  reports  of  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution Tor  IHoH  and  IStJO.  He  visited  south  Florida  in  ISoO,  and 
made  several  interesting  botanical  discoveries  there.  Dr.  Coo-  t, 
lis  surgeon  of  a  government  exploring  expedition,  had  an  c^  .a- 
nity  in  IStM)  of  seeing  the  country  between  Fort  Hentou  on  the  Mis- 
souri River  and  the  waters  of  the  Columbia.  The  results  of  his 
observations  upon  the  trees  of  this  region  were  published  in  tne 
third  volume  of  the  Aiiiericfm  Naturtili-<t,  in  an  article  entitled  The 
Trt'f'S  of  .Montana.  He  joineil  during  the  same  year  the  Natunil 
History  .Survey  of  California  m.  a  member  of  the  zoulo^'ical  staff, 
and  is  still  u  resident  uf  that  state. 


8. 

9. 

10. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Pi.,VTi-.  X\'II.     Anoxa  olabra. 
A  flowering  branch,  n.itiiral  .size. 
Diagram  of  a  Hower. 
Vertical  section  of  a  flower,  natural  size. 
A  flower,  tlio  sepals  iind  petals  removed,  natural  size. 
A  flower,  tlie  petals  ai'd  stamens  reinov  d,  natural  size. 
A  stamen,  anti*rior  view,  enlarged. 
A  stamen,  posterior  view,  enlarged. 
Veitieal  section  of  an  ovjivy,  enlarged. 
Cross  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 
An  ovule,  nmch  enlarged. 


Plate  XVIII.    Anoxa  glabra. 

1.  A  fruit,  natural  size. 

L'.  Section  of  a  fruit,  natural  size. 

8.  A  seed,  with  its  aril  laid  open,  natarai  size. 

4.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  natural  size. 
<).  Cross  section  of  a  seei!,  natural  size. 

T.  Au  embryo,  much  enlarged. 


/ 


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<-  •. 


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ir 


I 


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ANONA     Cl-ABRA 


:^M^::i^,f'&& 


w 


'/ 


1 1 


1.1 


Mf:pf?SwlP*'^f!? 


m 


i^- ■  lilmVfr'lfliS'ti 


^.mmmm»'ii:-^-- 


•H1^i 


1 

I 


II 


AN  UN  A    i".!  AHInA 


CAPFAEID 


Fl( 
dcstitut 


Linnoius,  ( 
de  Jusi 

Tre( 
unarmed 
Leaves  c 
veined,  n 
ren  shoo 
terminal 
outer  uni 
surface, 
nite,  inst 
anthers, 
orbieuhit 
sili([uif()r 
nite,  inui 
foliaceoii 

The 
than  a  1 
species  is 
extendin 
Orient,' 
is  Hawai 
two  of  t 
station  t 

Th( 
fruit  of 

>  The  K 
fuiiml  ill  tl 
wliitli  linvc 
is  tuniiposi' 
Worlil.  ( 
i.  lost.) 

«  Kiehlc 

•  Liniur 
icon.  SeL  i 
018. 

•  Tlookc 
^  littisaii 
"  Iliirvo 
'  Dlivoi 


CAFFABIDACE^. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


31 


CAPPARIS. 

Flowers  perfect;   sepals  4,  rarely  5;  petals  usually  4,  imbricated;  torus  short, 
destitute  of  basal  appendages.     Fruit  baccate,  stalked  ;  embryo  convolute. 


Linnieus,  Gen.  155.  —  Adanson, />(«i.  PI.  ii.   407.  —  A.  L. 
de  Jussieu,  Gen.  24.'{.  —  Meisner,  Gen.  17.  —  Endlifher, 


Gen.  Sai.  —  Hentham  &  Hooker,  Ge«.  i.  108.  — BaUlon, 
nut.  PL  iii.  174. 


Trees  or  .shrub.s,  witli  watery  acrid  or  often  punjreiit  juice,  sometimes  climbinjr  or  prostrate, 
unarmed  or  armed  with  short,  often  recurved,  stijiular  spines,  jrhibrous,  pubescent  or  variously  lepidote. 
Leaves  conduplicate  in  vernation,  alternate,  rarely  opposite  or  more  rarelv  wantinjj.  entire,  feather- 
veined,  membranaceous  or  coriaceous ;  stipules  spinescent  or  setaceous,  often  confined  to  young  or  bar- 
ren shoots.  Flowers  regular  or  irregular,  axillary  or  supra-axillary,  solitary,  fascicled  or  arranged  in  a 
terminal  cyme  or  raceme,  usually  bracteate.  Sepals  valvate  or  imbricate,  in  two  series,  free,  or  the  two 
outer  united  in  the  bud,  and  splitting  irregularly  as  the  flower  opens,  naked  or  glandular  on  the  inner 
surface.  Petiils  rarely  more  than  four,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  receptacle.  Stamens  usually  indefi- 
nite, inserted  on  the  receptacle ;  filaments  filiform,  free,  much  longer  than  the  short  two-celled  iutrorse 
anthers.  Ovary  long-stalked,  one  to  four-celled,  with  two  or  more  parietal  placentas ;  stigma  sessile, 
orbiculate,  rarely  slightly  two-Iobed ;  ovules  indefinite,  campylotropous.  Fruit  globose,  elongated  or 
siliquiform.  indeliiscent  or  rarely  separating  into  three  or  four  valves  ;  seeds  reniform,  numerous  or  indefi- 
nite, immersed  in  pulp,  exalbuminous ;  testa  corneoii  >  or  crustaeeous.  Embryo  convolute ;  cotyledons 
foliaceous,  fleshy.' 

The  genus  Capparis  is  widely  and  generally  distributed  over  the  warmer  parts  of  the  earth.  More 
than  a  hundred  species,  chiefly  tropical,  are  distinguished.  Its  greatest  development  in  number  of 
species  is  in  Central  and  South  America ; '"  one  species,  Cupprtrii.  spinoxa^  abounds  in  sout'.iern  Europe, 
extending  through  the  Orient  to  India,  where  about  thirty  species  are  known  ;■*  two  others  occur  in  the 
Orient,"  eight  are  found  in  south  Africa,"  thirteen  are  tropical  African,'  twelve  are  Australian.'  and  one 
is  Hawaiian."  Five  species  are  known  in  China'"  and  eighteen  in  Central  America  and  Mexico,"  while 
two  of  the  nine  or  ten  West  Indian  '■  species  reach  the  shores  of  southern  Florida,  the  most  northern 
station  of  the  genus  in  America.'^ 

The  useful  properties  of  Capparis  are  not  numerous.  The  flower-buds  and  sometimes  the  young 
fruit  of  C.  spinosa  pickled  in  vinegar  furnish  the  well-known  capers  of  connuerce.'*     The  bark  of  the 


'  Tlio  Ki'iiim  Cnppnris  iiiny  bo  divided,  cliiefly  upon  clinraclors 
fouml  in  tlio  riiniirknbli'  clittVrcneos  in  tlio  calyx,  into  nine  seetiims 
whit'li  liavo  been  suinetinn's  considered  penericuUy  distinct.  Kacli 
is  composed  of  sp.'<-it'S  contlncd  eillier  to  the  Old  or  to  tlte  Now 
World.     (Do  L'aiidoUe,  Pr^nir.  i.  'Jl,"i.  —  lientham  &  lluoker,  OVii. 

i.  Km.) 

"  Kiehlcr,  Murlius  Ft.  Ilrasll.  xiii.  1,  'Jd?. 

•  I.iniueus,  S/irr.  ~Mi.  —  Sibthorp,  /•'/.  Gnrc.  t.  1811.  —  Pelesscrt, 
Jmn.  Sd.  iii.  t.  10.  —  Ituillo.i,  lli»l  I'l.  iii,  lOU,  i.  174-171);  Vicl.  i. 
018. 

•  Hooker  f.  /V.  Jiril.  Iml.  i.  17;l. 

•  IloiRsier,  Fi  Orient,  i.  41U. 

'  Harvey  &  Sondcr,  I'l.  Cnp.  i.  01, 
'  Oliver,  Fl.  Twp.  A/,  i.  UJ. 


»  lieiitliam,  Fl.  .•|r..</ra/.  i.  Oil. 

»  llillebrand,  F!.  lime.  /.-.  II. 

'"  Korlies  &  '.leinsley,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  xxiii.  50. 

»  Uenislcy,  Unl.  Ilinl.  .Im.  Cent.    i.  IM. 

"  Cri.-ebach,  Fl.  lirit.  II'.  Imi.  17. 

^^  CnpiH\ri$  eynophixlhphorit  (I.inniens,  Sfwe.  TM.  —  ,Taequin,  Stirp. 
An.  l.")H,  t.  yS.  — Desconrtilz,  /•'/.  Mtd.  Anlil.  v.  l'.i;i,  t.  ;U",. — 
Kiclilcr,  .l/itrhfw  Fl.  lintsil.  xiii.  1, 'J.**2,  t.  (Jil,  ti)  a  slirnbby  ■  ^s 
with  oblong,  blunt  or  cniargiiiate.  coriaceous  leaves  and  linear  i  t, 
widely  distributed  tbroii);h  tropical  America,  is  the  seeunil  s-.ceies 
found  in  Florida. 

'•  I'lipparin  fpinofit  U  a  trailin);  nnderslirnb,  with  larpe  white 
showy  axillary  pedunculate  llowers,  prowiufj  naturally  in  the  crev- 
ices of  roeks  and  walls       Its  cultivation  gives  cniploynicut   to  a 


I 


I  iM 


\    'i 


i 


(!i 


32 


SILVA  OF  NOUTII  AMERICA. 


CAPPAHIDACEiE. 


root  of  this  species  has  a.  sharp  bitter  taste,  and  was  formerly  used  as  a  tonic.  The  flower-buds  of 
C.  (iphijlhi  are  used  as  a  pickle  in  India  ;  the  unripe  fruit  is  cooked  and  eaten,  and  a  bitter  condiment 
is  ]irepareil  from  both  the  ripe  and  the  unriiie  fruit.'  The  bark  of  the  roots  of  several  American  species 
contains,  according'  to  liaillon,"  t'xcitinjf  and  episp;istic  properties.  The  fruit  of  V.  lirci/nia  and  j)rob- 
■,ih\\  ni  ('.  JdiiKiicciisis  is  believed  in  the  West  Indies  to  be  antis|)asnu)dic,  and  its  flowers  and  roots 
anthysteric  and  aperative.  The  fruit  of  Cfrondosd  and  of  ('.  /iii/c/i<  rriimi  is  considered  poisonous  in 
the  West  Indies;  and  iu)rses  and  nndes  are  killed,  accordinij;  to  Martins,''  by  eatinji;  the  leaves  of  ('.  JVo, 
a  IJrazilian  species.  The  leaves  of  (,'.  Da/il  and  C.  MHIiridatlva  are  used  in  Africa  in  the  treatment  of 
snake  bites.^ 

The  wood  of  two  or  three  Indian  species  is  hard  and  durable,  and  is  used  by  the  natives  in  the 
construction  of  small  houses,  for  aj^fricultural  implements,  and  in  boat-building.'*  ('.  srpinrid  is  em- 
ployed in  India  as  a  hedge-plant,  for  which  purpose  its  stout  branches  with  sharp  hooked  stipular  spines 
adapt  it." 

C'ap])aris,  the  classical  name  of  C.  Kjiiiiosd,  is  from  the  Greek  xdnTtapig,  the  name  given  to  this 
plant  by  Dioscorides,  and  derived  from  the  Persian  kabar,  capers. 


I;ir<;«'  iiiiinbiT  of  persons  in  soutliorn  Krant'c  .inil  Italy,  anil  permits 
the  |irofitiible  use  of  dry  and  j^terile  lauil  unsuitable  forotlier  crops. 
Poniet.  lliM.  (im.  Droij.  'J  15.  —  Aouv.  Cours  WAgr.  iii.  414. 

'  Hr;inili.s  Fim^l  Fl.  InJ.  11. 

■'  Hat.  PI.  lii.  lO'J. 


«  .^>•^  Mat.  Meil.  llrasil.  74. 

'  Haillon,  //isf.  /•/.  iii.  lliO. 

^  (lanible,  Man.  Ind.  Timber:*^  15. 

'  Clegborn,  Forests  and  Gardens,  S.  Ind.  211. 


HIDACEiE. 

r-l)uds  of 
iiindiment 
III  spt'C'ius 
ind  j)r()l)- 
iiiil  roots 
sonous  ill 
n:  JVo, 
itmt'iit  of 

r'cs  in  the 
•id  is  ein- 
lar  spines 

lu  to  this 


CAPPAUiDACEiE.  tilLVA    OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


OAPPARIS  JAMAIOENSIS. 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  cyme  ;  sepals  valvate,  glandular.  Fruit  silicjuif'orm,  valvular- 
dehiscent. 

Capparis  Jamaicensi8.   Jacquiu,  Kiium.  PL  Carib.  '1\\;  C.  emarginata,  Richard, /V.  r»//.  78,  t. '.».  —  Walpers,  A'c/y. 
tStirp.  Am.  100,  t,  101, —  /™«.  Am.   (Icwuch.  W.  ,'!S,  t.  i. 'JCl. 

171.  — Alton,  Hurt.  Kciv.  ed,  li,  iii.  'lib.  —  Oe  t'aiiilolle,  C.  JaiHaicensis,  var.  emarginata,  UiiscLacb,  /'/.  JU-il.  W. 
Frmtr.  i,  '.'52,  —  Mm'fa.lyen,   I'l.    ,/am.  ;«>.  —  Uiutricli,  /W,  18. 

Si/n.  iii,   L'31,  —  Clia|iiuan,   /V.  32.  —  Eicliler,    Miirtiitu 
Fl.  limsil.  xiii.  1,  270,  t.  04,  f,  2, 

A  small  slender  sliriil)l)y  tree,  growing  in  Florida  to  a  height  of  eighteen  or  twenty  feet,  with  a 
straight  trunk  sometimes  five  or  six  inuhes  in  diameter.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  rarely  more  than  an 
eighth  of  an  inch  thick,  slightly  fiss'ired,  the  dark  red-brown  surface  i)ri)keii  into  small  irregalarly-shaped 
divisions ;  that  of  the  branches  is  dark  gray,  smooth  or  slightly  rugose.  The  Ijranchlets  are  angled  and 
covered  like  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  the  petioles  and  inflorescence,  with  minute  ferruginous 
scales,  which  are  most  abundant  and  darkest  colored  on  the  Howei'-buds  and  their  stout  angled  stems. 
The  leaves  are  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  and  emarginate  at  the  apex,  slightly  revolute,  coriace(JUS,  with 
a  prominent  midrib  and  inconspicuous  primary  veins ;  they  are  two  to  three  inches  long  and  an  inch  or 
an  inch  and  a  half  broad,  the  upper  surface  rather  light  yellow-green,  smooth  and  lustrous.  The  Howei'- 
buds  are  obtuse  or  acute,  four-angled  by  the  prominently  reduplicate  margins  of  the  sepals.  The  showy 
fragrant  flowers  open  in  Florida,  in  April  and  May.  The  sepals  are  ovate,  acute,  lepidote  on  the  outer 
surface,  and  furnished  on  the  inner  with  a  small  ovate  gland  ;  they  are  recurved  when  the  Hower  is  fully 
expanded,  and  are  about  half  the  size  of  the  rounded  membranaceous  white  petals  which  turn  puqjle  in 
fading.  The  filaments  of  the  twenty  to  thirty  stiimens  are  jiurple  and  conspicuously  villose  towards  the 
base,  and  are  an  inch  and  a  half  to  nearly  two  inches  long  ;  the  antiiers  are  yellow.  The  slender  stalk 
of  the  ovary  is  an  inch  and  a  half  or  more  in  length  and  (juito  glabrous.  The  fruit  is  nine  to  twelve 
inches  long,  terete,  sometimes  slightly  torulose,  pubescent-lepidotc,  the  long  stalk  appearing  jointed  by 
the  enlargement  of  the  pedicel  and  torus  below  the  insertion  of  the  stipe.  The  outer  coat  of  the  seeds 
is  light  brown  and  coriaceous.' 

Capparis  Jamnivvnsis  grows  on  the  Florida  coast  from  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  on 
which,  although  nowhere  common,  it  i ,  generally  distributed.  It  grows  with  the  small  Eugenias,  the 
Exostema,  the  llhamnidium,  the  Condalia,  and  the  Pisonias,  which  form  a  large  part  of  the  siirubby  sec- 
ond growth  wliich  has  replaced  the  original  forests  on  Key  West  and  some  of  the  neighboring  iskinds. 
The  largest  trees  noticed  in  Florida  are  on  Upper  Metacomiu'  and  Umbrella  Keys,  two  small  islands  east 
of  Key  West.  It  was  first  distinguished  in  Jamaica,  and  occurs  in  Cuba,  Dominica,  the  Bahamas,  and 
probably  on  some  of  the  other  West  Indian  Islands. 

The  wood  of  Capjiarix  JioiKiiiriisis  is  yellow  faintly  tinged  with  red.  It  is  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained,  and  siitiny,  and  contains  many  evenly  distributed  large  open  ducts  and  obscure  medullary  rays. 
The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0,()i)71,  a  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  weighing  b'M-l 
pounds.     The  sapwood,  composed  of  about  fifteen  layers  of  annual  growth,  is  rather  lighter  colored. 

Cii/i/i((riK  JdiiKtirdisix  was  (liscovere<l  in  Florida  by  Dr.  John  L.  Hlodgett." 

'  r^ff/)/inrw  .Aimai'v /i.^i.i  lii'lonjjs  to  till' soi'tion  (^i/(('/r(//(i  (Itcntliimi       vati'  ^iiiiKtuliir  »ti'p:ils  mid  silii|iiit'iinii  (leliisooiit  fruit  ;  tlicy  an-  iin- 
&  Iluoki'i',  (/ill.  i.  111!).—  Kii'liliT,  .Mtirliiia   h'l.  Ilni.^il.  xiii.  1,  Ui'iT).      uniu'il,  dfslituli'  <if  si'prds,  :iiid  li'piiloto. 
'I'ho  aiUTJi'.H  HIT  nil  .Vnirri.'iui,  iiiid  luv  di.iliiiguisliL>d  In-  lari;i'  val-  ''  .loliii  Lnonii.s  lllo(l;;ill  (ISii'.l  |S.1:l).ii  iiiilivcof  Soulli  .VmliiTst, 


i 


^SS^£^SS|a„»~  -■/^■^^-  V<-mm!ii£i:.:i.' 


34 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


cappabiuacea;. 


Massachusetts  ;  receired  a  medical  diploma  at  Pittsfleld  ;  moved 
to  Oliio  in  1834,  and  theu,  ia  search  of  a  milder  climiite,  to  Mobile, 
Alabama  ;  was  appointed  physician  and  surgeon  of  the  Mississippi 
and  Louisiana  Colonization  Society  engaged  iu  the  removal  of  lib- 
erated slaves  to  Liberia,  where  he  remained  during  two  years. 
Returning  to  America,  Dr.  Blodgctt  settled,  in  Uecember,  1838, 
in  Key  AVest,  where  he  established  himself  as  a  physician  and 
druggist,  ai;a  where  he  continued  to  reside  until  nearly  the  time  of 


his  death,  which  oceurred  in  Amhetat.  Dr.  Blodgett  is  the  first 
botanist  who  explored  the  flora  of  the  south  Florida  keys  ;  his  col- 
lections were  communicated  to  Torrey  and  to  Nuttall  who  pub- 
lished several  of  the  trees  in  his  continuation  of  Michaui's  Sylra  in 
184a.  llis  collections  of  seaweeds,  in  which  ho  became  specially 
interested  in  the  last  years  of  his  life,  were  sent  to  Dr.  W.  H.  Har- 
vey of  Dublin,  author  of  the  Nereis  Boreali-Americana. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 


6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 


Plate  XIX.    Capparis  Jamaicensis. 
A  flowering  branch,  natural  size. 
A  fruiting  brancli,  natural  size. 
Diagram  of  a  flower. 
A  flower,  the  petals  and  all  but  one  stamen  removed,  showing 

the  glands  at  the  base  of  the  sepal.i,  natural  size. 
An  anther,  posterior  view,  enlarged. 
An  anther,  anterior  view,  enlarged. 
Vertical  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 
An  ovule,  much  enlarged. 

Vertical  section  of  a  portion  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 
Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 
An  embryo,  much  enlarged. 
Au  epidermal  scale,  much  cnkrged. 


;  is  the  flnt 
eya  j  his  col- 
li who  pub- 
ux'tt  Sylva  in 
me  specially 
W.  H.  Har- 


u 


U! 


; 


I! 


w 


>  I 


>    i 


I    i 


CAPPARIS     .'AMAI'IENSIS 


.•A».«-.>£«aK4'»<^ 


CANKM.ACEil':. 


aiLVA    OF  NUliTU  AMKIUCA. 


'io. 


<n'M 


CANELLA. 

Floweks  perfect,  regular ;  sepals  3,  imbricated,  persistent ;  petals  5,  inil)ricated ; 
stamens  monadelphous.     Fruit  baccate,  indehiscent,  2  to  4-seeded. 

Canella,  Urowno.  A'«<.  Hist.  Jmii.  "JTu,  t.  "J",  f.  -',  '.'>.  —  Muis-      Winterania,  I,iniiii'ii«.  Si/sf.  cil.  10, 1045,  Appz.  1300 ;  Oen. 
iier.    den.   41'.  —  KiulUclier,    (ien.    lO'J'.t.  —  lieiitlum    i&  ed.  0,  '.'l!8.  —  A.  L.  ilc  Jussicu.  Gen,  203. 

Hooker,  Gen.  i.  121.  —  Haillon,  IJUt.  H.  i.  I'Jl. 

A  tree,  with  sciily  aromatif  bark,  .stout  ashy  pray  braiichlet.s  ('(uispii'iiniisly  iiuukod  witli  large 
orbicular  leat'-scars.  Leaves  petiolate,  alternate,  destitute  (tf  stipules,  ]ieiiiiiveiiie(l,  entire,  pelhicid-punc- 
tiite,  coriaceous.  Flowers  arranged  in  a  niany-tlowered  subcorynibose  terminal  or  subtcrniinal  panicle 
composed  of  several  dichotoinously  branched  cymes  from  the  axis  of  the  upjjcr  li  Mves  or  of  minute  cadu- 
cous bracts.  Sepals  suiwrbiculate,  concave,  coriaceous,  erect,  their  margins  ciliate.  Petals  hypogynous, 
in  a  single  row  on  the  .slightly  convex  receptacle,  oblong,  concave,  rounded  at  the  extremity,  fleshy, 
twice  the  lengtii  of  the  sepals,  white  or  rose-colored.  Stamens  about  twenty,  hypogynons,  the  filaments 
connate  into  a  tube  crenulate  at  tiie  summit,  and  sligiitly  extended  above  the  linear  anthers,  which  are 
adnate  to  its  outer  face,  and  longitudinally  twi>-valved.  Ovary  free,  intludi-ii  in  the  andnecium,  cylin- 
drical or  oblong-conical,  one-celled,  with  two  parietal  placentas,  few-ovuled ;  style  short,  fleshy,  the  sum- 
mit two  or  three-lobed,  stigmatic ;  ovule.s  arcuate,  horizontal  <n'  descending,  imperfectly  anatropous, 
attached  by  a  short  funiculus.  Fruit  globular  or  slightly  ovate,  Heshy,  minutely  pointed  with  the  base 
of  the  persistent  style.  Seeds  renifonn,  suspended ;  testa  thick,  crustaceous,  shining  black  ;  tegmen 
soft,  membranaceous.  Embryo  curved,  near  the  summit  of  the  copious  oleo-Heshy  albumen,  its  radicle 
next  the  bilum  ;  cotyledons  oblong. 

The  genus,  consisting  of  a  single  species,'  is  West  Indian,  extending  to  southern  Florida  and  to 
Venezuela. 

The  wood  of  Canella  is  very  heavy  and  exceedingly  hard,  strong  and  close-grained,  with  numerous 
thin  inconspicuous  medullary  rays;  it  is  dark  icd-brown,  the  thick  sapwood  consisting  of  twenty-five  to 
thirty  layers  of  annual  growth,  light  i)rown  or  yellow.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood 
grown  in  Florida  is  0.1)803,  a  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  weighing  Gl.O.')  pounds. 

The  pale  inner  bark  of  Canella,  under  the  name  of  Corti  x  CimvUm  alba,  furnishes  an  aromatic 
stimulant   and   tonic.'-     It  has   a   |)leasant  cinnamon-like  odor,  and  a  bitter  acrid  taste.      It  is  now 


*  A  second  species  (Plue,  Uerb.  Mm.  Parit.  N'lt.  720)  from 
Mnrncuibd  in  Vciirzuelji,  descrilwd  liy  Miers  as  Oiuftla  oht'.L<i/utiti 
(Cnnlrih.  i.  118,  t.  -3,  H.),  i:i  probably,  na  DaiUun  supgest.s,  a  vari- 
ety of  C.  tilfiii,  from  whicli  it  diifers  priiieipjUly  in  its  shorter  leave* 
and  in  the  slutrtcr  toruiinal  intloreseenoe,  ternately  branched.  Tlie 
Howers  have  not  Iwen  seen. 

■^  Canelhi  bark  is  nnw  pritu-ipally  obtained  from  tlie  iiahania  Isl- 
ands. I'reparalory  to  the  stiippinj;,  tlu'  bark  is  jjenerally  beaten 
with  a  stick  for  tlie  pnrpose  of  removing^  the  suberous  ontcr  layer  ; 
the  iinier  bark  is  then  sepamted  by  a  furtlier  bcatinj;,  peeled  otV  and 
dried,  and  is  then  ready  for  export  uitliout  furtlier  preparation. 
•'Fliiekipcr  &  Ilanbiiry,  P/ianniirngmphiii,  (!H.) 


The  drnjT  was  first  descrilK'd  in  KK)."*  by  Clusius  in  tlie  ^xnticfh' 
rum  Lifiri  Ika m.  (f  %inttla  dlha  ijunrumlam^  78  ;  L'ujnum  aromnti'um, 
;i*j;i ;  lAijnum  si'u  }ii>tin.'i  (^ortt'x  nrnmatknSy  '.\'1\),  by  Parkinson  in 
ItMO,  in  the  Tbeatrum  liotfinii'um  (C^tulhl  alfni.  l.-)81),  and  by  .1. 
nailhin  in  10.->0  in  tlie  IliMoriti  Phinttirum  Uiiiirrsalis  (Ointtlit  folio 
omit  /umirir,  i.  lib.  I,  ioo  ;  IJfftiwil  (tronifltirum  .«cn  potiti^i  corttx  Mth. 
mirden,  I.  lib.  4,  41 M) ;  Cantlla  alUi  iiuornwlmn,  i.  lib.  4,  4(11,  also 
Ilay,  //i«(.  PI.  ii.  18t)-J).  It  wxs  early  confounded  with  the  bark  of 
l)rimi/H  Wittteri,  a  native  of  Pata|;onia,  and  was  stdd  as  Winter's 
bark  previous  to  IfJDii.  (Dale,  Pharmacohgia,  4li*J.)  It  was  well 
described  by  I'ierre  I'oniet  in  l('i'.)4  ( //is/,  (ien.  Drori.  130),  who  pub- 
lished a  fanciful  portrait  of  the  tree.    Accordiiii;  to  I'onict  the  bark 


^l 


■ji 


''I 


I:  I 


36 


S/LVA    OF  NORTH  AMKlilCA. 


CANELLACK.K. 


rari'ly  used,  except  perhaps  locally  in  iiipdiiine,  atul  jis  u  condiment   by  the   neproes  of   the   West 
Indii's. 

Ciinelln,  the  diminutive  of  the  Litin  (•((/('/  or  niniui,  a  cane  or  reed,  was  first  applied  to  the  bark  of 
some  old-world  tree '  from  the  fonn  of  a  roll  or  (juill  which  it  assumed  in  dryinjj,  and  was  afterwards 
transferred  to  the  West  Indian  tree. 


wiiH  kiiHwii  ill  hit  tiiTH'  also  a»  Cisim  hintir  and  Cttiu  rnrtinis  or  '  Cassia  lark  was  an  artiilo  of  oonimeroc  in  London  nndiT  the 

i»r/i,-.i../,<.     Till' innfiision  n-pirdin);  the  trei- diwoviTod  l.y  Captain  name  ut  lanrl  in  tho  thirli-cnth  century  (KliiekiRi'r  &  llanbury, 

Wintir  on  llio  shoris  of  the  Sirait  of  Mat'ellan  in  l."i7S  ami  the  Wist  Vhiirmnroiiraphm,  I7ti)  ;  unil  the  bark  of  the  true  Ciiniamon  {Cin- 

Iiidian  Ciinella  lasted  during;  two  oTiluries.     (I.innaMis,  Milt.  Med.  namomum  /iri/lamfum)  was  known  in  Kuropc as Cauclhi  bark  before 

t'lli ;  Harhani.  //"rt.  ,lm.  '.'Oit ;  Miers,  Ann.  jViK.  Uisl.  ser.  3,  i.  ai'J.)  tlic  introduction  of  West  ludiau  canella. 


CANELLACEiE. 


SILVA    OF  NOItril  AMERICA. 


S7 


i 


CANELLA   ALBA. 
Oinuamon  Bark.    White  Wood.    Wild  Oinnamon. 


Ml  '>; 


Cnnella  alba,  Murrey,  Linn.  iSi/rt.  e<l.  14.  iv.  44;i.  —  Svpurtz, 
Oh.  100;  Tram.  Linn.  Siic.  i.  9G,  l.  8.  —  WilMeiiow, 
.S>cr.  ii.  K<\.  —  Titfiird.  Hurt.  Rot.  Am.  .Suppl.  iii.  t.  ID, 
f.  4.  —  I)c Caiid.illo,  /V.«/r.  i.  .■>(•.;».  —  Di.s.our'.il/.  Fl.  .1/../. 
AiilU.  viii.  L"_".t.  t.  ."if'iM.  —  lluviio,  .Jran.  It,  t.  .">.  —  Su^ 
vi'iiscm  &  Clitircliill.  .)/'■'/.  Itiit.  ii.  t.  Wt.  —  Wuoilvillc,  Meil. 
Il't.  iv.  (194,  t.  '.';!4.  —  Liiiclley.  Mi'l.  Hot.  IK!.  —  Carson, 
.Mr.t.  Il.,t.  i.  '.'4.  t.  Hi.  — (irillith.  Miul.  lU.  181,  f.  98.— 
A.  Kifliaril,  Ft.  Cub.  L'4H.  —  Dictrirli,  Si/ii.  iv.  811.— 
MiiTs,  Contrih.  \   lUi,  t.  '.'.!.  A.  — (iiiscliacli.  Fl.  Ilrit.  W. 


Iiiil.  lo<».  —  C'linimian.  Ft.  4:t. — Giiibourt.   Hist,  Droij. 

ed.  7.  iii.  li'Jl,  f.  "tl7. —  Ik'ntley  &  Trimtn,  Mrtl.  I'l.  i. 

2(>.  t.  I'd.  —  lluiilon,  llUt.  in.  i.  KM,  f.  211-21."..  —  Sar- 

),'C'nf.  Firrsl  TiVfx  .V.  Am.  iOtli  Ceiisim  I'.  S.  ix.  'Jl. 
Laurus  Winterana.  MnnaMia,  S/ief.  .'iTI. 
Winterania  Canella.   Linn.tus,  .'^/"■i:  ed.  2,  tjJiO I'oiret, 

Lam.  nut.  Suppl.  iii.  799,  t.  :«li». 
C.  Winterana,  (JiiTtner.  Frnrt.  \.  ,'i77,  t.  77. 
C.  laurifolia,    Loddifjen.  Cut Sweet,  llort.   Ilrit.  (Ju.  — 

Don,  den.  Si/.it.  i.  1179. 


CoiH'fld  alhd  iittiiiiis  in  Florida  .a  lieijifht  of  twciity-fivc  to  tiiirty  feet,  with  a  str.iifjlit  trunk  eiuilit 
or  ten  inchos  in  dianu'ter.  On  tiic  mountain.s  of  .laniaica  it  is  s;iid  to  f^row  .sometimes  to  the  heijjlit  of 
fifty  feel.  The  principal  hranehe.s  are  .slender,  horizontal  and  spreadinjj,  formiiifr  a  eompaet  round- 
headed  top.  Tile  bark  of  tlie  trunk  is  an  eifi;iith  of  an  ineh  tliiek,  ii<rlit  f^.ay,  the  surface  broken  into 
many  sliort  tiiick  scales  rarely  more  than  two  to  three  inches  lonjj,  and  about  twice  tiie  thickness  of  the 
pale  yellow  aromatic  inner  bark.  The  leaves  are  obovate,  round  or  .slij^iitly  eniariijinate  ;<.t  tiu-  apex,  and 
contracted  into  a  short  stout  grooved  petiole ;  they  are  three  and  a  half  to  five  inches  lonfj,  an  inch  and 
a  half  to  two  inches  broad,  brij^iit  deep  green,  and  lustrous.  Tiie  flowers  open  in  tiie  autumn,  aTid  tiie 
fruit  ripens  in  March  and  April,  when  it  is  bright  crimson,  soft  and  tlesliy,  and  is  devoured  by  many 
birds. 

Canella  alha  is  widely  distributed,  and  not  uncommon  on  the  Florida  keys,  where  it  was  first 
discovered  by  Dr.  .1.  L.  Blodgett.  It  generally  grows  under  the  shade  of  larger  trees  in  dense  forests 
composed  of  Sideroxylon,  Lysiloma,  Swietenia,  Bursera,  Hypelate,  Dipholis,  and  Nectandra. 

Canella  alba  was  one  of  the  first  American  trees  to  attract  the  attention  of  Europeans,'  and  it  is 
mentioned  in  the  accounts  of  many  of  the  early  voyages  to  America.- 


'  Cintiamoilfudron  corticosum  (Miers,  Contrih.  i.  l:il,  t.  'J4),  n 
sniaU  tree  of  tbe  inountnin  forests  of  Janiaiea,  of  the  same  family 
an,!  with  the  same  properties,  was  doubtless  confounded  with  tlie 
true  Canella  in  the  early  aeeounts  of  that  island.  The  bark  of  the 
two  trees  is  not  distingui.shed  t^ommercially,  and  the  pharmaceutical 
descriptions  of  Canella  bark  published  prior  to  lu'JH  cover  in  some 
eases  at  least  tbs  bark  of  Canella  and  of  Cinuamodendron.  (Fluck- 
igcr  &  llanbury,  I'hannovngraphia,  19.) 

'  "  AlK  hallamos  un  arbol,  cuya  hoja  tenia  el  mas  fino  olor  de  cla- 
vos  ipie  nuiH-a  vl,  y  era  como  laurel,  salvo  que  no  era  ansf  f^rande  ; 
yo  ansl  pienso  quo  era  laurel  su  especie."  La  carta  del  Doctor 
Cfiatica,  fjue  efcribin  a  la  Cindaii  de  Sevilta.  Sepunda  viape  de  Co- 
lon, 1 193.  {Select  Letters  of  Christopfter  Cotumbtts  relating  to  J\mr 
voyages  to  the  New  Worlds  Major's  ed.  23.) 

"  .\lonni  alberi  ehe  uel  sapore  &  odore  parevano  di  Cannella." 
Fernando  Colombo,  //(,*/.  fob  9*1,  and  "  Alberi  <li  CanneUa  selvatica," 
fol.  lOI. 

t^inamornHm  sive   Canellft   I'emaoa,  C.    Ilaubin,  Pinax,    409 
Kay,  ///.<(.  I'l.  ii.  l.TtW. 

■'  There  hath  beene  Cinnamon  and  somethin)^  else  jriven  me  as 
fruits  of  the  islands."     (l.aylleld  in  Purchcs  hvt  I'iltjrimeSt  1174.) 

De  .irhoribtis,  .Tu'-oiir,  Nieremberj^,  Uist.  Xal.  -91. 

De  Cassia    f.iyuni,  Citmamorno,  .vcii  Canella,  Francisco  Hernan- 


dez, -Voe.  PI.  HLU.  (eu.  Ritma,  Ki-ll),  lilt.  ii.  cap.  11  ;  Dc  Cani'uja 
arborr,  lib.  ii.  cap.  -5  (and  Xiuienes,  Spanish  etl.  Mexico,  Kll.",). 

De  la  Canellft  de  nueatran  Indiai,  Nicolas  Moiiardes,  Ilitt.  Med. 
Scvilltt,  l,-.74,  fol.  98. 

"Ex  conci.sis  arboribus,  cinamonii  forma."  (Peter  Martyr,  A r- 
ades,  dec.  i.  7.) 

"  Tliey  suppose  to  be  the  Cinnamon-tree."  (Tfie  /lislorie  of  the 
West  l-dies,  77.     Knglish  ed.  of  Peter  Martyr's  Decadf.-f.) 

"  llois  de  Canelb ,"  HLitoire  Naturelle  et  Morale  des  Antilles  de 
r.imeriipiey  80. 

Canella  alba  Chisii,  .lonston,  Deudnirjraphia^,  IIUI. 

Canella  Americana,  Cuttana,  ,lonston,  //i..7.  Aat.  .irb.  (ed.  Ecke- 
breeht),  i.  170. 

"  De  la  Canelle  qui  se  trouve  dans  la  prande  terru  de  la  Guade- 
loupe."    (Du  Tertrc,  llisl.  Gen.  Aniil.  ii.  145.) 

Ca.tsia  Cinamomea,  s.  Cinamomntn  sylcestre  liarbadeosium  .\rb<>r 
baecifera  fructn  cnhjctdato  tetrapi/retio,  folio  enerci,  Plukenet,  .Mm. 
Hot.  89,  t.  KK),  t.  7. 

Cassia  liijnca  .fitmaiceix^ifi,  Lanreoltr  Jhli's  subciuerei.'',  eortice  PipC' 
ris  mndo  arri,  Plukenet,  .1/m.  ^'(»^  8*1,  t.  81,  f.  1. 

Cassia  lifjnea  Laurifolia,  Aoierit-ana,  cnrtice  albo,  cable  acri  el 
aromatico.  Plukenet,  .-ilm.  Hot.  89. 

.■Irbor   baecifera  lanrifotia  aromatica,  .Sloane,   Phil.  Trans,   wii. 


^i 


38 


i>ILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CANELLACE^. 


The  white  bark,  the  hrilliiint  deep  green  foHage,  and  crimson  fruit  make  tiie  Canelia  one  of  the 
most  ornamental  of  the  smaller  south  Florida  trees.  !t  was  introduced  into  Englai'.i  in  1738,'  and  was 
first  cultivated  in  Europe  by  Philip   Miller.'- 


4(m,  t.  ;  Cat.  PL  Jam.  Itio  ;  A'iK.  Ihsl.  Jam.  ii.  87,  t.  I'Jl,  f.  ii.  - 
Catesby,  .Vnr.  Uisl.  Car.  ii.  ;jO,  t.  50. 

WiiUerania,  LiiiiuiMls,  I/orl.  Clijj.  488. 

^  .'Viton,  Uort.  Kew.  ii.  1*J5. 


'  I'hilip  Miller  (1G91-1771)  ;  "  Hortulauorum  princeps;"  gar- 
denvr  of  the  Chelsea  i'hysie  (tardeii ;  author  of  the  Gardener's  Dic- 
titiuary^  uf  which  eight  editious  were  puhliiiheil  duriug  his  life. 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE   PLATE. 


Plate  XX.     Canei.l.v  alba. 

1.  A  flowering  br,iiieli.  natural  size. 

2.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

3.  Di.igram  of  a  flower. 

4.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  a  flower,  enlarged. 

C.  A  flower,  the  sepals  and  petals  removed,  enlarged. 

7.  An  ovule,  much  enlarged. 

8.  \'ertical  section  of  a  fruit,  somewliat  enlarged. 

9.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

10.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

11.  An  embryo,  much  eidarged. 


ZhhACKM. 

le  of  the 
and  was 


;ep8  ;  gar- 
'ieney\s  Die- 
ia  life. 


'7 


Si 


(id  III  1 7 <>■>,'  ami  w 


t::\i.- 


Silvd  of  North  Amenra 


I 


W 


■'ffloJX       *■©         / 


't^ 

l!:l 


i\ 


1 


Ui 


\~^ 


i 


y 


V. 


/ 


CANEILA     AIHA 


'/*>'>,', '■f'^t,     ,fir.\r^ 


M 


w& 


W^' 


mimimi^ 


TEUNSTRCEMIACEVE. 


SUVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


39 


<^  ri 


GORDONIA. 

Flowers  solitary,  regular,  perfect ;  sepals  5,  hypogynous,  unequal,  imbricated ;  pet- 
als usually  5,  hypogynous,  imbricated ;  stamens  pentadelphous  or  united  into  a  tube. 
Capsules  dehiscent ;  seeds  exalbuminous. 


Gordonia,  Ellis,  I'liil.  Tntns.  Ix.  TilS,  t.  11. — Liniiieus, 
Mmit.  b't<o.  —  A.  L.  do  Jussieu,  Gen.  275.  —  CambcsseJes, 
Mi<m.  Mils.  I'liris,  xvi.  408,  t.  16,  B.  —  Endliclier,  Oeii. 
1022.  — Meisner.  Gen.  41.  — Gray,  Gen.  III.  ii.  101.— 
Kcntliaiu  &  Hooker,  Gen.  i.  180.  —  BaiJ'on,  Hist.  Fl.  iv. 
252. 


Pranklinia,  Marshall,  Arlnist.  Am.  48. 

Lacathea,  Sivlisbury,  I'nrml.  Lmiil.  No.  56. 

Polyspora.  Sweet,  Ilnrt.  llrit.  01. 

Carria.  Ciardner,  Cnlr.  Jour.  Sut.  l[i:t.  vii.  7. 

Antheiachima.  Kortliiils,  I'erk.  Xnt.  (iesr/i.  Hot.  137,  t.  27. 

Dipterospermum.  Grillitii,  yitiil.  i.\.  504. 


Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice.  Leaves  ample,  alternate,  piniiately  veined,  entire  or  crenate, 
exstipulate,  senipervirent  or  membranaceous.  Flowers  iong-[)e(luncle(l  or  subsessile,  solitary  in  the  a.\ils 
of  the  leaves,  or  collet'ted  at  tlie  ends  of  the  branches.  Calyx  witli  two  to  live  caducous  l)ra(ts  below  the 
flower ;  .sepals  rounded,  concave,  coriaceous,  jrraded  from  tiie  I)racts  to  tlie  petals,  persistent.  Petals 
(rarely  six  or  indefinite)  alternate  with  the  sepals,  free  or  often  slij;htly  united  with  each  other  at  the 
base  an<l  with  tlie  clusters  of  stamens,  obovate,  concave,  white  or  rarely  rose-colored,  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens indefinite,  the  clusters  opposite  the  petids ;  filaments  short  and  united  at  the  base  into  a  fleshy  cup 
adnate  witli  the  base  of  the  petals,  or  long  and  inserted  directly  on  the  petals ;  anthers  inserted  near 
their  base,  versjitile,  introrse,  two-celled,  the  oblong  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  sessile,  tliree 
to  five  or  rarely  six-celled  ;  style  elongated,  erect,  simple,  the  stigmatic  apex  spreading  ;  ovules  anatro- 
pous,  four  to  eight  in  each  cell,  pendulous  in  two  series  from  tlie  inner  angle,  collateral.  Capsule 
woody,  oblong  or  subglobose,  five-celled,  locidicidally  five-valved,  with  a  jiersistent  axis  angled  by  the 
projecting  placentas.  Seeds  two  to  eight  in  each  cell,  pendulous,  flat  or  compres.sed,  the  woody  testa 
produced  upwards  into  an  olilong  wing  (rarely  obsolete).  Embryo  mostly  straight  or  oblique,  with 
ovate  flat  or  crumpled  cotyledons ;  the  short  radicle  superior.' 

The  genus  Gordonia  is  confined  to  the  south  Atlantic  states  in  North  America,  and  to  tropical 
Asia.  Tea  species  are  described  ;  two  are  American,  six  occur  in  India'  and  the  Malay  peninsula,  and 
one  in  .southern  Ciiina.'  Gordonia  exceha*  is  common  to  the  Indian  and  Malay  peninsulas  and  the 
East  Indian  islands,  where  u  second  species  occurs." 

Gordonia  has  few  economic  properties.  The  bark  of  the  American  O.  Litxinnthu>i  is  rich  in  tannin, 
and  has  been  locally  used  in  tiiuniiig  leatiier.  The  wood  of  G.  ohtitsit,  a  fine  tree  of  the  mountain 
forests  of  India,  is  manufactured  into  lumber  aud  used  for  iloors,  rafters,  and  beams." 


■  The  goiius  baa  l>eon  divided  into  tvo  sections :  — 
1.  EuyoTiitmia,  with  short  filtunentH  rising  from  the  partly  free 
Nunimit  iumI  inner  face  of  tliu  thickened  lobes  eonllucnt  at  tlie  base 
into  a  llesliy  cup,  and  a  cnpsnle  pointed  with  the  base  of  the  aliort 
stylo,  the  valves  entire,  with  four,  or  by  abortion  two,  winged  seeds 
in  each  eell. 

'J.  Frnuktinin,  with  long  tUanienl.-!  connate  with  the  ba.se  of  the 
petals  i  an  elongated  deciduous  style  ;  a  capsule  locullciilally  llvo- 
vulved  frcun  the  obtuse  iipex  to  the  middle,  and  sejiticiihdly  live- 
val\cd  from  the  base  ;  and  six  tt)  eight,  or  by  abortion  fewer  seeds 


Id  each  cell,  their  louse  testa  hardly  produced  into  a  ^^'ing.  (Gray, 
6'eti.  /;/.  ii.  io;i.) 

•'  Thwaitcs,  Enum.  PL  /eijl.  10.  —  Hooker,  f.  Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  i.  iiOl. 

'  (lorilonia  aiinmnla,  Hprengel,  Si/m.  iii.  I'M.  —  Uentham,  Fl. 
Iloiiqk.  'JO.  -  -  Forbes  &  llcmalcy,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  xxiii.  HO  {CameU 
lilt  oiilliiri.i,  liol.  Ilfi).  t.  .W}.  —  llnl.  Mar),  t.  '-"'47.  —  Polyspora  <iz- 
ill(iri.<,  Sweet,  llorl.  Ilril.  (!!.  —  Don,  dVn.  Si/sl.  i.  .")74). 

<  Illume,  llirlr.  iii.  1;10.  —  Mlipicl,  Fl.  Neil.  Iml.  i.  J8U. 

*  fi'unhmia  nnimiiuita.  Miipiel,  Fl.  AV*/.  Iml.  i.  481), 

"  iiedilouie,  /•■/.  Sill,  S.  Iml.  t.  83.     The  wouil  is  described  "as 


i; 


I 


<*' 


fi 


r 

n 

40 


SILl'A    OF  NOirril   AMEIUCA. 


TERNSTHOCMlACi:^. 


All  the  species  bear  handsome  foliage  and  flowers,  j-.nd  are  desirable  ornamental  plants.  The 
American  G.  Altaiiidha  is  perhaps  the  most  coaunoniy  found  in  gardens.  G.  (tmimadi  has  long  been 
cultivated  under  glass  in  Europe. 

The  genus  Gordoiiia,  founded  by  Ellis'  on  the  American  G.  LfiKiniit/iHn,  was  named  by  Dr.  Alex- 
ander Garden  -'  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  in  honor  of  Dr.  James  Gordon "  of  Aberdeen.  This 
honor  was  transferred,  however,  by  Ellis  to  James  Gordon,^  a  nurseryman  at  Mile  End  near  London. 


nliitu  with  u  straw  tint,  evcu-graintil  unci  ploiisaiit  to  work,  uiiil  not 
nnliko  lii.'1'ili  ;  it  warps  if  not  well  seasimcil." 

'  Jobn  Kllii  (17lO-177()),  .1  LoniUm  inerelmnt,  agent  for  West 
Florida  anil  for  Doniijiiia  ;  a  oorrespomli'nt  of  Linn.t<us,  anil  the 
author  of  the  A'uturri/  llistorij  of  Coraliines,  anil  of  si-voral  papers 
on  !)otanv. 

-'  Alexaniler  Carder:  (17'JS-17!)1),  a  Seoteh  physieian  who  n'sided 
in  Charleston.  .South  Carolina,  for  thirty  years  from  17,"):;  j  a  eorre- 
siiondent  uf  Linjia'us,  F.llis,  and  Collinson.  Dr.  (iarden  returned 
to  Kiifiland  on  the  lireakiuR  out  of  thi'  Kevolutionary  War,  and 
died  in  London. 

'  James  Gordon,  "a  very  ingenious  and  skillful  physician  and 


botanist  who  first  iutorcsteil  mo  in  th^se  studies,  and  tinctured  my 
mind  very  early  with  n  relish  for  them."  (Letter  of  Alexander 
(iarden.     .Smith,  Conettjnmflf'mr  n/ Lmmtus,  i.  378.) 

'  .lames  (iorilon  (d.  1780),  nursernnan  (17.")0-177l'>)  ;  introduced 
into  Kiii,'lanil  rVmnf  Aiiifrirtvui  (17.VJ),  Si>/ifii>ni  J'tportiai  (17.~i:(), 
and  the  (;ink;;o  (17,">l)  ;  he  was  "  bred  niuler  Lord  I'etre  and  Dr. 
Slierard.  and  knows  systcinatienlly  all  the  plants  he  cultivates.  He 
has  more  knowledge  in  vcgi'tation  than  all  the  ({ardeners  and  writ- 
ers on  pirdenini:  in  Knglaiul  put  together,  but  he  is  too  modest  to 
[lublish  anything."  (Letter  of  John  Ellis  to  Liinuuus.  Smith, 
Correspomlnnci  of  LinnauSf  i.  t>3.) 


CON.SPECTUS  OK  THE  NOKTII  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 


Flowers  long  peilmieulatc ;  lilaiiicnts  united  into  a  tube  ;  caiwule  ovoid  :  seeds  furnislieil  with 

.1  membranaceous  wing:  leaves  evergreen 1.  G.  L.vsianthu.s. 

Flowers  subses.sile  :  tilameiit.s  distinct :  caj)sule  globose  ;  »  ''  without  wings ;  leaves  iiieiii- 
l.r:iiiaceotis '.'.  G.  ALTA.MAUA. 


tehnsthcemiacka;. 


SILf^A    OF  NORTH  AMKIilCA. 


41 


GORDONIA    LASIaNTHUS. 
Bay.     Loblolly  Bay. 

Flowers  on  lonj?  slender  peduncles;  tul)t'  of  the  tilanients  short,  ;)-h)l)ed,  adnate  to 
the  base  of  the  petals.     Capsules  ovoid  ;  seeds  winj^ed.     Leaves  evergreen. 


Qordonia  Lcisianthus.  Ellis,  I'liil.  Trims.  Ix.  TilS.  t.  11  ; 
Leftet::  t.  U.  —  Liiuiieus,  M'liit.  .">"().  —  L'lloritiiT,  .SV/c//. 
A'.c.  ir>G.  —  C'livaiiillcs,  /)/.-s.  ii.  iiOT.  t.  Kil.  —  WiilUr, 
Fl.  Cur.  177.  —  Itartiani,  Trm:  Ifll.  —  Lamiirck,  Dirt. 
ii.  770:  J/!,  iii.  140,  t.  .">1U.  f.  1.  — .Swartz.  0/«.  'J7].— 
Willilenow,  S/icr.  iii.  840.  —  Mirlmux.  /•'/.  Ilor.-Aiii.  ii. 
42.  — /^^^  J//J//.  t.  •ICiS.  — A'i)»iV'(H  Duhimel.  ii.  2;t0.  t. 
<)8.  —  I)e.sfi)iitaiiies,  lli.-it.  .irh.  i.  484.  —  Micliaux  f.  llht. 
Arh.  Am.  iii.  131,  t.  1.  —  I'uisli,  Fl.  Am.  Scjit.  i.  4,")!.  — 
NuUall.  Gen.  ii.  84.  —  I)e  Can.loUc.  Frm/r.  i.  ,")L'8.  —  Elli- 
ott, iS'A-.  ii.  171.  — Don.  Gen.  .Si/st.  i.  ,")7.'!.  f .  99.  —  Audu- 
bon, llinl.i,  t.   1G8.  —  Iteirlionborh,   F/.   Kxnt.  t.   l.")l. — 


Spacli  ///'.</.  JV;/.  iv.  79.  —  I^uuilon,  Arh.  llr'it.  i.  379,  f. 
9.').  —  Tuney  iV  (iray, /v.  .V.  .Iw.  i.  L'L'.'i.  —  Gray,  6Vh. 
///.  ii.  10'.',  t.  1411.  111.— Choisy,  J/.',«.  Tervst.  ,•/  Oniiel. 
.■>!.-  I'ayiT.  0,-7„H.  Coini't.  r,;V.>,.  t.  149,  f.  l-'.'.'i.  —  Chap- 
man, /'/.  (10. — Curtis,  (ifiilnij.  .Sun:  X.  Cur.  18G0,  iii. 
80.  —  liaiUon.  //^■^^  PI.  iv.  L';iO.  f.  L',")4.  '.',".;  Dirt.  ii.  7'.'5, 
f.  —  Sari,'ont.  Firi'st  Tree.i  S.  Am.  lOf/.  Censii.t  C.  .S'.  ix. 
'J.J.  —  Watson  it  Coultur,  Grm/s  M'in.  ed.  G,  9G. 

Hypericum  Losianthus.  Linna;u»,  S/iec.  783.  —  Hill,  Vei/. 
,V//>7.  XV.  t.  1,  f.  3. 

G.  pyramidalis,  Salisbury,  Fnnlr.  386. 


H'';> 


■'I 


i  I 


II 


A  tree,  .sixty  to  seventy-Hvo  tVet  in  iu'iirlit.  with  a  tall  .straifrjit  trunk  eii^'iiti'cn  or  twenty  iiichus  in 
diameter,  and  brandies  wliii'li  <renerally  <jrow  iijirij^lit  at  first,  and  then  spread  into  a  rather  narrow  eoni- 
|)act  liead ;  or  rarely  a  low  shrul).  The  hark  of  the  trnidt  of  fnll-<;'rown  individuals  i"  nearly  an  inch 
thick  and  deeply  divided  into  rej;idar  parallel  rounded  ridges,  their  dark  red-l)rown  sealy  surface  liroken 
into  many  rejjfidar  shallow  furrows.  The  hark  of  the  stout  branehlets,  marked  durinj;'  several  years  with 
larpje  cireidar  le,:*'-scars,  is  dark  hrown  and  rn<j;ose.  l)eeoniin^  furrowed  diiriuf;'  the  second  or  third 
sea.son.  The  winter-huds  are  narrowly  acuminate  and  covered  witli  pale  silky  hairs.  The  leaves  are 
coriaceous,  laiiceolate-()hlon};f,  pointed  and  narrowed  jfradually  at  the  base  into  stout  channeled  petioles, 
minutely  erenatcly-toothed  usually  aliove  the  middle  only,  dark  <;'reen,  smooth  and  shininj]f.  The  ilow- 
ers,  which  begin  to  expand  in  July  and  continue  to  open  successively  durinj;'  several  weeks,  are  borne 
on  slender  peduncles  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  long.  The  sid)tloral  bracts,  of  which  there  are 
usually  three  or  four,  are  ovate,  minute  and  caducous.  The  sepals  are  ovate  and  a  third  to  half  an 
inch  long  by  as  niucii  broad,  fringed  on  the  margins  with  short  white  hairs  and  covered  on  the  outer 
surface  with  a  dense  velvet-like  pubescence.  The  petals  are  rounded  at  the  extremity,  gradually  and 
regularly  contracted  to  the  ba.so,  and  silky  pubendent  on  the  liack.  They  are  white,  an  inch  and  a 
(piarter  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long  and  an  inch  broad.  The  staminal  cu)i  is  fleshy,  deeply  iive-lobed, 
and  pidiescent  on  the  inner  surface.  Tiie  anthers  are  yellow.  The  ovary  is  j)ubescent,  ovate,  and  grad- 
ually contracted  into  the  stout  style  which  e(pials  the  stanu-ns  in  length.  The  seeds  are  Hat,  nearly 
s(|uare,  slightly  concave  on  the  iniu>r  aiul  rounded  on  the  outer  siu'face  v'*)i  a  black  rugose  outer  coat 
dotted  with  small  pale  l)rown  excrescences.  Tluy  arc  lu'arly  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  long  and  half  the 
length  of  the  thin  membrar.'  "ous  oiiloiig  or  oblicpu'  wing,  wiiiidi  is  pointed  or  r(unuled  at  the  extremity 
and  pale  brown.  The  emliryo  fills  tiie  cavity  of  the  seed,  and  is  nearly  straight.  The  cotyledons  are 
oval,  si'.bcordate,  foliaceous;  the  short  radidi'  centri|u'tal  supeiior. 

(■(trdiiHia  J.intitiHtltH,^  is  confined  to  the  regioi:  adjacent  to  the  .south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts. 
The  most  northern  point  where  it  is  found  growing  naturally  is  in  the  scuithern  part  of  Virginia  ;  tiienee 
it  extends  sotith  to  Cape  Malabar  and  Cape  Homano  in  Florida,  and  westward  to  the  valley  of  the  Mis- 
sissi]ipi  River.  It  is  most  connnon  in  Georgia  and  cast  Florida,  much  less  coiuuion  in  west  Florida  and 
Alabama,  and  rare  towards  the  western  liudts  of  its  range. 


! 


!  il 


42 


SILVA    OF  Nonril   AMERICA. 


TEllNSTRfEMIACE^. 


Gordonla  Las'innthun  j»tows  in  shallow  swamps  or  on  moist  sprinfjy  lands, scattered  with  the  Great 
Mufjiiolia,  the  Red  Bay,  the  Searlet  Maple,  and  other  moisture-lovinfif  trees,  throu<!fh  forests  composed 
principally  of  the  Watei--fifuiu  ;  or  with  the  Small  Maijnolia  it  almost  exclusively  occupies  shidlow  depres- 
sions, often  several  huncU-ed  acres  in  extent,  in  the  pine-barrens  near  the  Atlantic  coast.  It  is  occasion- 
ally found  in  the  sandy  swamps  which  border  the  rivers  of  the  Gulf  coast,  covered  with  almost  impen- 
etrable forests  of  the  \Vater-fj;um,  the  White  Cedar,  the  Devil-wood,  and  the  Swamp  Red  Bay.  On  the 
poorest  pine-lands  of  South  Carolina,  usually  covered  with  a  dense  underj^rowth  <if  the  Saw  Palmetto, 
(rort/iiiiiii  Ltisidiithus  is  sometimes  found  bloomin<j  as  a  shrub,  and  on  such  soils  it  rarely  j^rows  to  a 
heii;ht  of  more  than  three  or  four  feet  or  lives  more  than  a  few  years,  (iorihnun  LdKidiil/iiin  is  never 
lonn-lived,  and  the  insecure  hold  which  the  superficial  roots  have  in  the  wet  soil  in  which  this  tree 
grows  causes  it  to  be  blown  down  easily  after  it  reaches  its  full  size. 

The  wood  oi  (t(tr<li)iil<i  Ldsidiit/iiis  contains  numerous  thin  medullary  rays ;  it  is  light,  soft  and 
close-grained,  but  not  strong  or  durable.  The  coh)r  of  the  heartwood  is  light  red;  when  absolutely  dry 
it  has  a  specilic  gravity  of  0.4728,  a  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  weighing  'J!(.47  i)ounds.  The  s;ipwood, 
consisting  of  forty  to  fifty  thick  layers  of  annual  growib,  is  lighter  colored.  The  wood  is  simietimes 
used  in  cabinet-making,  for  which  purpose,  were  it  not  for  its  want  of  strength,  its  fine  grain  and  good 
color  would  make  it  valual)le. 

(rurdonia  Lasidiit/ms^  was  first  described  by  Plukenet  in  the  AmaUhcum  Botnnician?  It  was 
introduced  into  Kiigland  about  17(>S,^  and  is  occasionally  seen  in  gardens,  although  no  great  suc- 
cess has  ever  attended  its  cultivation.*  It  is  precariously  hardy  in  the  United  States  as  far  north  as 
Philadelphia. 


'  Till'  LiiiiKoaii  use  of  the  capital  in  Lnsmnthw  (!i.iirv-i!')werLMi) 
is  rt'tainiHl,  althuit^h  Linii:iMi.-i's  reason  for  so  writiiiL^  the  word  is 
nut  a|)|iarent.  His  •|uotatioii,  "  Lasiaiitluis  (imimvii  vide  Syst. 
NatM*'  as  11  syiionyni  uiuUt  his  spct'it's  i:i  the  IIorULt  Clijlorliantts,  is 
not  clear.  The  iiaiiie  does  not  apiiear  in  tlie  tii-st  edition  uf  the  St/s- 
tema  Nalunc,  the  only  one  piihlished  t»t'ioi;e  the  Ilnrtus  CUjfortiantL*, 
and  the  only  nse  *>f  the  wiird  by  (iruiioviiis  \\i\&  in  the  Flora  Vir- 
ijinica,  where  this  phrase  occurs  as  a  note  to  hia  fii/jteriaim  jlore 
curtieo:  "Lasiantho  anini.>t  fuUIs  nvatis  intep'is  ;  llore  specioso  nlbo, 
extcritis  puhi'seentr,  fundii  rubro,  Clayt."  (l"-^).  Linnipns,  wlien 
it  was  found  that  tliis  plant  was  not  a  Ilyperienm,  seems  to  have 
sugfjested  f.u.'iiatith'Li  tu  KUi.s  as  the  (jenerie  name  for  it.  The  siij:^- 
gestioii,  however,  eanie  toij  late,  ils  KUis,  writing  to  Linnieus  on  I)e- 
cend)er  -8,  177(>,  ei;;lit  days  after  his  paper  on  (lordonia  was  read 
btfore  the  Koyal  Soeiety,  regrets  that  "  I  eannot  oblige  you  in 
changing  the  name  (lordonia  to  Lasianthus."  The  eharaeters  of 
Gordunia  iMsiftnthus  are  given  in  this  letter.  (Smith,  Cnrrvspond- 
ence  of  Linntius,  i.  2i>\.) 

Loblolly,  a  loutish  or  foolish  person*  imutically  loblolly-lKiy  or 
surgeon's  assistant,  is  a  nautical  name  also  ior  water  grucI  or  spoon 
meat,  and  is  ap]iHt'd  to  medicines  collectively.  It  was  early  used 
in  tiie  West  Indies  as  a  plant  name,  and  appears  in  IMukenet's 
Almfif/^sfum  linUitiirutny  published  in  I^ondun  in  ICtiKJ,  when-  this 
phra.se  occurs  on  page  118  :  "  Arl)or  Indica  baeeifera  Verha.sci  foliis 
lanuginttsa,  Loblolly  Ibirliadi-nsibus  dicta  "  I'bikeuet's  plant  is 
Conliii  nut<riiphi)l!n,  Mill.,  whicli  thus  appt-ars  to  b<  the  tirst  tree  to 
which  the  name  I^iblolty  was  applied  in  print. 

A  Cupania,  probably  C.  ijlahrn,  Sw.,  is  culleil  by  liniwne  in  the 
Saiural  liisUirif  of  Jtimittca,  pidtlished  in  I7S*1,  '*  LoblolIy-wocMl." 
In  tlie  description  it  is  stated  that  "  tho  wuvaI  is  soft  and  useless,  from 
whence  Its  name."  Tliis  seems  to  connect  tlie  name  of  loblolly,  a 
soft,  fuolisb  person,  or  hoft  mixture  of  jwrridge,  with  a  tree  with 


soft  wr-od.  Laphcea  fictmatoxf/lon,  t'amb.,  Pium  f'u/it'fwu,(irlseb., 
ScitKlotih'/lltim  Jnc'iulnii,  (iriseb.,  and  Pisonia  sufn'finhita,  Sw.,  arc 
also,  according  to  (irisebach  (/•'/.  lirit.  IV.  Itul.)^  called  Loblolly. 
"  liloUy."  a  corruption,  tut  doubt,  of  I.,<)blolly,  is  used  Ity  the  inhab- 
ita'its  of  the  Florida  keys,  and  probably  by  those  of  the  llalianui 
Islands,  as  the  common  name  of  Pmmid  ohtttsata,  Sw. 

Catesby  first  called  fionlimia  Ltisianlhus  Loblolly  Hay  {yat.IIutf. 
Car.).  The  use  «)f  the  name  as  applied  tu  this  tree  is  nut,  however, 
clear.  Catesby  may  have  given  it  the  name  from  a  fancied  resem- 
blance of  the  (rordunia  to  a  West  Indian  tree  seen  by  him  on  the 
Bahamas  ;  or  the  name  may  have  been  used  from  the  fact  that  old 
trees,  attached  to  the  grouiul  by  their  lateral  surface  roots  only,  arc 
easily  blown  down.  The  name  is  more  coinnuHi  in  biKiks  tliau  it  is 
in  familiar  use  by  the  people  of  the  southern  states. 

-  Alcen  Floritlana.  tiuimiuecnpsularis  Laurinit  j'oUi.t,  levitrr  crena- 
lin,  sptniti ihun  Cotii/trarum  hislar  alati^t  7,  t.  ^oli,  f.  3.  — Catesby,  Nat. 
Hist.  Car.  i.  41,  t.  U. 

Hypericum  jiorihus  peutagynis,  foliii  lanceolatis  serratU,  Linnirus, 
flort.  Clif.  ;W(). 

"  fror'lnnin  Ka.tmnthux  was  first  eidtivated  in  England,  acconling 
to  Aiton  (fhrt.  Keu\  ii.  "SM),  by  a  Mr.  Henjamin  Hewick,  of  whom 
I  have  no  infornuition  in  addition  to  that  contauK  <'  in  the  following 
extract  fnuu  a  letter  from  Kllis  to  Linnieus  :  •' Vou  must  know 
then,  that  we  have  lately  got  into  a  inetluKl  of  cultivating  that  ele- 
gant evergreen,  "ailed  in  South  Carolina  and  the  Kloridjw  the  Lol>- 
lolly  Hay.  This  tree  has  lately  priMlnced  some  well-blown  Mowers 
in  the  curious  botanic  garden  tif  Mr.  Hewick  at  Chiphain,  near  Lon- 
don, who  was  so  obliging  to  m-w\  them  to  mo  to  examine  their  char- 
acter while  fresh."  {I'hil.  Trans,  Ix.  518;  read  December  liO, 
1770.) 

*  Loudon,  /lr6.  lirit.  i.  379. 


(EMIACE^. 

the  Great 
composed 
w  depres- 

oecasion- 
st  impen- 
On  the 
Pahnetto, 
rows  to  a 
X  is  never 

this  tree 

soft  and 
utely  dry 
sapwood, 
iometinies 
ind  good 

2     It  was 

;reat  sue- 
north  as 


nsis,  Oriseb., 
nta,  Sw.,  are 
ed  Loblutly. 
)y  the  iiihiil)' 
the  Uahanm 

y  (Xat.Hisl. 
ot,  liowever, 
[K'ied  resein- 
him  on  the 
fact  that  old 
ots  "Illy,  are 
•ks  than  it  is 

(evitrr  crena- 
aiesby,  Nat. 

'.is,  LiniiiDus, 

d,  aceurdiiig 
i;k,  i)f  wliom 
lie  following 
must  know 
nj;  that  ele- 
UH  the  Lol»- 
iiwn  Howers 
:),  near  Lon- 
'  their  chiir- 
'cenibor  20, 


!M 


'> 


(i! 


•I  i 

-A 


..;i^MisftiA,ftn 


f  i! 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE   PLATE. 


PLATr.   XXI.      (ioRIXlNIA    LasIANTHUS. 

1.  A  1  iwcring  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  A  fiui'ing  branch,  natural  size. 

3.  Diagi..'"  of  a  flower. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  flower,  natural  size, 
i").  An  anther,  posterior  view. 

(>.  An  anther,  anterior  view. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 

8.  An  ovule,  much  enlarged. 

9.  Vertical  section  of  a  capsule,  natural  size. 

10.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

11.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

12.  Cross  section  of  an  embryo,  enlarged. 


h 


J I 


i?lt.i<^.a»- 


rWT 


!      ^ 


' 


-J 


!< 


'/ 


^! 


I  ! 


ii 


'  I 


GORDONIA      LASIANTHUS 


TEKNSrii 


Fi. 
the  bas 


Qordonia 

GIC. 
Franklin 

tram,  i, 
Q.  pubesc 

ii.  770. 

Spee.  ii 

J(irJ. 

funtain 

iii.  rx 

Gen.  ii 
Sk.  ii. 

Si/sf.  i 

At 
branchle 
spicuous 
covered 
apex,  am 
rate  usue 
and  tun 
Tlie  Hoi 
until  tilt 
finally  g 
wears  of 
nearly  ci 
pale  hai 
splu'rica 
long  l)y 
are  yelk 
nous  sty 
eai'li  eel 
centii ;  I 

(rO 

Hart  ram 
Altainai 
Bart  ram 
eight  y(! 
iiad  so  i 

'  Ilnrtrt 


TBHNSTRtEMIACEyE. 


aiLVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


45 


i :: 


QORDONIA  ALTAMAHA. 

Franklinia. 

Flowers  subsessile ;  fihimcnts  distinct.     Capsule  "globose,  septicidally  o-valved  from 
the  base  to  the  middle ;  seeds  destitute  of  wings.     Leaves  membranaceous,  deciduous. 


i* 


Oordonia  Altamoba,  Sargent,  Garden  and  Forest,  ii. 
CIC. 

Franklinia  Altamalia,  .Mmslmll.  Ar/m.^t.  Am.  4").  —  Har- 
tiani,  Trav.  10,  407.  —  Kaliiicsqiic.  Atbuit.  Jour.  79,  f. 

G.  pubescens,  L'Heritier,  Stirp.  Nov.  156.  —  Lamarck,  Dirt. 
ii.  770.  —  Cavanilles.  Diss.  ii.  308,  t.  162.  —  WilUlenow. 
Sper.  iii.  84 1 .  —  Mii'liaux.  Fl.  Bur.-.l m.  ii.  42.  —  Veiitenat, 
Jitrd.  Malm.  I.  \.  —  \<iitreaii  Dnhamel,  ii.  2;37.  —  Dua- 
fontaines.  Hist.  Arh.  i.  4S4.  — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am, 
iii.  i;t,">,  t.  2.  —  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  451.— Nuttall, 
Gen.  ii.  84. —  Loiseleur,  Herb.  Amat.  iv.  t.  236. —  Klliott, 
Sk:  ii.  171.  — Dc  Camlolle,  ProUr.  i.  .WS.  —  Don,  Gen. 
Si/st.  i.  573.  —  Audubon.  lUnls,  t  185.  —  .Spacli,  //i.it. 


Veij.  iv.  80.  — Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  i.  380.  f.  94.  — Torrey 

&  Gray.  Fl.  \.  Am.  i.  223.  — Oay,  Gen.  111.  ii.  102,  t. 

141,  f.  11-14,  t.  142.  —  Choisy,  Mem.    Teriist.  et  Camel. 

51.  —  Chapman.    Fl.   60. — Goodalu   &    Spraijue.     If'lld 

Flowers.  193,  t.  47.  — Sargent,  Forest  Trees  X.  Am.  U)th 

Cen.ius  U.  S.  ix.  25. 
Q.   Franklini,   L'Heritier,   Stirp.  Noe.   156.  —  WilUlenow, 

."ipee.  iii.  811.  —  Xouremi   Diihumel.  ii.  237. —  Dest'on- 

taines, //^s^  ^rA.  i.  484. —  I'oiret.   Lam.  Diet.  Suppl.  ii. 

810. 
Michauxia  sessilis,  Salisbury,  I'nidr.  MSli. 
Lacathea     florida.  Salisbury,  I'arnd.  Lond.  t.  56 Colla, 

llort.  Jiipiil.  A])px,  i.  l.')4. 


A  treo  or  shriil),  "  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  high  branchinjr  alternately."  '  with  stout  slij^htly  anu'leil 
branclilets  covered  with  dark  red-brown  hark,  dotted  with  uiinute  pak'  wart-like  excreseenees  and  con- 
spicuously marked  with  larfje  prominent  leaf-.scars.  Tlu  scales  of  the  stout  acuminate  wintei'-buds  are 
covered  with  a  thick  pale  silky  tomentuni.  The  leaves  are  ohovate-ol)lon<r.  rounded  or  pointed  at  the 
apex,  and  gradually  and  regularly  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short  grooved  petiole  ;  they  are  sharply  ser- 
rate usually  above  the  middle  only,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  and  pale  on  the  lower, 
and  turn  scarlet  in  the  autuniii  before  falling ;  they  are  five  or  six  inches  long  and  two  inches  l)road. 
The  Howers,  which  in  Philadelphia  begin  to  appear  about  the  middle  of  .September,  continue  to  open 
until  the  buds  are  destroyed  by  frost.  They  are  borne  on  short  stout  jieduncles,  at  first  pubescent,  and 
finally  glabrous,  |)roduced  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  and  marked  with  the  broad  conspicuous 
scars  of  the  two  minute  lateral  subHoral  bracts,  which  are  pubescent  and  early-deciduous.  The  .sepals  are 
nearly  circular,  half  an  inch  long,  with  ciliolate  margins,  and  are  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  short 
pale  hairs.  The  white  membranaceous  pettds,  which  before  the  expansion  of  the  flower  form  a  large 
spherical  bud,  are  obovate  with  more  or  less  crenulate  margins;  they  are  an  incii  or  an  inch  and  a  half 
long  hy  an  inch  broad,  and  are  ilensely  coated  with  fine  pubescence  on  the  outer  surface.  The  anthers 
are  yellow.  The  ovary  is  conspicuously  rivlged,  pubescent,  truncate,  and  crowned  with  the  slender  decid- 
uous style  which  nearly  eipial.s  the  stamens  in  length.  The  seeds,  six  or  eight,  ov  hy  aliortion  fewer  in 
each  cell  of  the  woody  capsule,  are  closely  packed  together  on  the  whole  length  of  the  thick  axile  pla- 
centii;  they  are  nearly  half  an  inch  long  and  angled  by  nuitual  pressure.     The  emiiryo  is  not  known.-' 

(iurdunin  Altamithn  is  not  now  known  to  grow  anywhere  naturally.  It  was  di.scovered  l)y  .luhn 
Hartram  in  17(55,  during  one  of  his  journeys  through  the  southern  states,  near  Fort  Harrington  on  the 
Altamalia  Uiver  in  (ieorgia,  occupying  with  I'iiir/,-iii  i/n  pubni.'i  an  area  of  two  or  three  acres,  William 
Bartram,  who  had  accompanied  his  father  during  the  journey  of  I7()i),  revisited  the  Altimaha  iiiver 
eight  years  later,  and  again  in  1778,  and  collected  roots  and  seeds  of  the  iieautiful  flowering  trei'  wiiich 
had  .so  impressed   his  father  and  himself  that  they  had  thought  it  worthy  of  the  name  of  Franklinia, 


;  i 


^i 


I  f 


s    * 


'  Ilnrtrnni,  7'nir.  U17, 


'  I   liiive  never  seen  the  Imrk  of  iiii  oKl  plant  of  Kninkliiiiii,  or 
)K>elt  iihle  to  extiniine  its  wood. 


■I^: 


46 


i<ILVA    OF  NORril   AMERICA. 


TEKNSTRCEMIACKiK. 


which  they  proposed  for  it  in  honor  of  their  distinguished  friend  and  neighbor,  Benjamin  FrankHn.' 
Di'.  Moses  Marshall^  visited  the  same  loeahty  in  ITiK)  and  saw  Frankliuia.  No  botiinist  sinee  171*0, 
however,  has  seen  the  phmt  growing  wiUl,  and  all  efforts  to  find  it  in  the  original  locality  or  elsewhere 
have  been  unsuccessful.'' 

Gwdonid  Altitmtdui  was  introduced  int..  gardens  by  the  Bartrams,^  and  reached  England  as  early 
as  1774.''  In  cultivation  it  forms  a  low  spreading  shrubby  tree,  with  a  short  stout  trunk  covered  with 
smooth  dark  brown  bark.  It  is  hardy  in  the  United  Stiites  as  far  north  as  Philadelphia,  and  ♦Unirishes 
in  England  and  in  central  Europe.  It  grows  well  in  rich  light  loam  near  water,  and  may  be  projiagated 
by  layers. 


'  Williiiin  Hartrnm,  Tmv.  10,  467. 

'^  Miisi's  JIursliulI  (1758-18i;i),  n  nephew  of  the  distiiigtiislied 
\Vest  Chester  butanist,  Iluniplirey  Marshall,  aiithur  of  the  .  I  rlnixium 
AtmriraruKti,  with  whom  lie  was  associated  during  several  years  in 
botauii'at  enterprises,  made  several  long  exploring  journeys  through 
the  soutiiern  and  southwestern  parts  of  the  eountry  for  the  purpose 
of  eoUeetiug  plants  and  seeds  for  Knglish  correspondents. 

*  \V.  H.  Ravenel,  Am,  Xat.  xvi.  -3.j. 

*  AU  the  specimens  of  Frankliuia  in  cultivation  ape  dcftccndnnts 
of  the  plants  eoUeeted  by  the  itartrauis  and  by  Marshall,  or  of  those 
niiseil  from  tlie  see<l  gathered  by  \VilIiam  Hartrani  in  177S.  Tlie 
spei'inu'u  planted  by  .lohn  Hartrani  in  his  g.irden  near  Philadelphia 
was  described  aa  tU'ty  feet  high  by  William  Wynne,  writing  to  Lou- 


don's Gardener's  Magazine  (viii.  272)  in  November,  1831,  when  the 
tree  was  in  llower  A  notice  of  this  tree,  or  pcrlmpsof  a  younger 
one,  as  it  is  said  to  be  oidy  about  thirty  feet  in  height,  was  pul>- 
lished  in  1 853  by  Mr.  Thomas  Meehan  in  The  American  Hand  Book 
of  Ornamental  Trees,  127.  llie  large  tree  in  Ilnrtram's  garden  was 
blown  down  a  few  years  ago.  There  is  one  of  its  descendants,  now 
about  twenty-tive  feet  high,  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  William  l)e  Hart 
in  Philadelphia,  ami  there  are  trees  nearly  as  large  in  Fairmount 
Piirk  in  that  city,  and  iu  the  nurseries  of  Mr.  Thomas  Meehan  at 
(•ermantown.  Our  Hgure  has  been  made  from  specimens  from  the 
(leruumtown  tree. 

'>  .\iton,  Uort.  Keu:  ii.  231. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 


Platk  XXII.     GoHiMiNiA  Alt.vm,\iia. 

1 .  A  flowering  branrli,  natural  size. 

2.  A  fruiting  bramli,  natural  size. 

3.  Diagrnin  of  a  llower. 

4.  Vertical  sectio'i  of  a  flower,  natural  size. 
r>.  A  stamen,  enlarged. 

6.  A  pistil,  enlarged. 

7.  An  ovule,  much  enlarged. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  a  curiwl,  natural  size. 

9.  A  seed,  natural  size. 


•■^0^ 


>    h 


1 ,/ 


Jii 


d; 


ii 


owl 


3 


r     \ 


(ii: 
i 


i 


I 


^1 


\\ 


GORDONIA    ALTAMAHA 


CHEIKANTIIOUENDKE^. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


47 


^  V'i 


FREMONTIA. 

Flowers  solitary,  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves ;  calyx  hypopynous,  subcampan- 
ulate,  deeply  5-lobecl,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  lestivation,  persistent ;  petals  0 ;  stamens 
5,  united  into  a  column.     Capsule  4  to  5-valved,  loculieidally  dehiscent. 

Fremontia,  Torrey,  Smithsontau  Contrib.  vi.  5 Bentliain      CheiranthodendroD,  Baiilon,  Hist.  PI.  iv.  127,  in  part. 

i  Hooker,  Gen.  i.  212,  982.  —  Gray,  Proc,  Am.  Ami/. 
n.  ser.  sxii.  304. 

A  tree  or  fihriib,  with  stellate  pube-sceiiee  and  mucilajifinous  inner  bark.  Leaves  alternate,  pal- 
mately  lobed,  furnished  witli  minute  deciduous  stipules,  tliick,  prominently  veined,  usually  rufous  on  the 
lower  surface.  Flowers  pi^tiolate,  subtended  by  three  or  rarely  tive  minute  caducous  bracts.  Calyx  f  left 
nearly  to  the  base,  the  yellow  lobes  spreading,  obovate,  often  mucronate,  an  inch  long,  the  three  outer 
a  little  smaller,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  with  a  hairy  cavity  at  the  base  of  the  inner  surface. 
Staminal  column  divided  to  the  middle  into  tive  slender  divisions  alternate  with  the  sepals,  each  beai'- 
ing  on  its  summit  an  adnate  oblong-linear  curved  extrorse  twocelled  anther,  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  five-celled,  the  cells  opposite  the  sepals ;  style  filiform,  elongated,  terminated  by  an  acute  undi- 
vided stigmatic  point ;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  horizontal,  anutropous.  Capsule  ovate,  acuminate, 
an  inch  long,  densely  coated  with  long  stinging  hairs,  the  inner  surface  of  the  four  or  live  cells  villose 
pubescent.  Seeds  oval ;  testa  crustaceous,  minutely  pubescent,  furnished  with  a  small  fleshy  marginal 
deciduous  arilloid  iippcndage  on  the  chalaza.  Embryo  straight,  in  thick  Heshy  albumen ;  cotyledons 
oblong,  foliaceous,  three  or  four  times  longer  than  the  short  radicle. 

Fremontia '  is  represented  by  a  single  California  species. 


\l 


.(! 


FREMONTIA  GALIFORNIOA. 
Slippery  Elm. 


Fremontia  Californica.  Torrey,  Smit/imniiui  Cmitrih.  vi. 
,">.  t.  2.  f.  2;  /'/•«■.  Am.  .Uso,:  I--.  I'.ll  i  Pncifi,-  H.  R. 
Ii'i'/i,  iv.  l.">.  71.  —  Ni'wlicrry.  Pni-ijic  li.  K.  Jif/i,  vi.  C8.  — 
Walpcrs,  Ann.  iv.  HIS).  —  (Jray,  .four.  limt.  Stic  Snt. 
Jlisf.  vii.  140.  —  liof.  Miiij.  t.  .'ir>91.  —  Ixsmaire,  ///.  Ilorl. 
xiii.  t.  490.—  /.''/./  tfiirt.  xvii.  220,  t.  I.i.  —  CarriiMc, 
Hi'i:   Hurt.  l,Sli7,  91.  t.  —  Kooli,  D.'iiilr.  i.  48a  —  Miu- 


ters.  Giird.  Chron.  I.S09,  010.  —  Seeinann.  Jonr.  Hot.  vii. 
297.  —  Giirili'n,  iii.  'ti,  t.  —  I'htiulioii,  Ft.  rfis  Serres, 
xxii.  17.">,  U — liri'wer  &  Watson,  Hut.  Cut.  i.  .SS :  ii. 
4.'f7.  —  Kotlmick.  U'/iei/ir's  Hi'/i.  vi.  41,  ,357. 
Cheiranthodendron  Californicum.  liaillon.  Hht.  I'l.  iv. 
70. 


A  small  tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  a  short  stout  trunk  twelve  or  fourteen  inches  in 
diameter,  and  stout  rigid  branches  spreading  almost  at  right  angles  with  the  stem  ;  fu'  more  often  a  low 
intricately  branched  shrub.     The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  rarely  more  than  a  (juarter  oi  an  inch  thick  ;  it  is 

'  Tl»  iicnn'st  ally  to  Frpoioiitia  is  tlii'  Mi'xii'aii  Iliiiiil-lrt'c,  Chei-  ('lii'iriiiithodi'iiilron,  wliilf  (Jray  retains  tho  (ji'nus,  .iiiil  I.tmi^  a  new 

mulhiiilfnilrim  iiliilnnniilis,  hail.,  wlncli  ilillVrs  frniii  Krciniiiitia  in  ils  family,  ('lirimiii/imliiiilnir.  founili'il  priniarily  on  the  stronply  iinin- 

lnr(?o  sulilloml  bracts,  its  iiiori'  dfi'iily  piltcil  puri.li'  I'alyx,  and  its  iMuu'ial  I'alyx,  for  tliuat-  two  Koni'rm  whifli  ho  rooiovi's  from  .Sinrnli- 

olili(iuo  stuniinnl  tuliu  with  connoetivus  iiroilucid  bi.yond  tlie  an-  amc  and  Miilnicae.     (/'roc-.  .Im.  .laiil.  u.  sor.  xxii  :Wi.) 
thcra.    linillon,  in  spite  of  thcso  ditrvrvncos,  iinitva  Fremontia  with 


i 


VI 


48 


,SJJA'A    OF  AOJiTJI   AMEliKA. 


CIIEIKANTIlODKNDKKiK. 


(k't'jily  t'liiTowi'il,  the  dark  ri'd-hronn  surtacc  brokt'ii  into  nir.iii'rotis  short  thick  scales ;  that  of  the  stout 
teri'ti'  liranchk'ts  thiukU'  c()ate<l.  when  ihey  tirst  appear,  with  rufous  pul)oseeii(;e,  is  hj-ht  red-brown. 
Tlie  leaves  are  usually  three-lobed,  rarely  entire,  or  Honietinies  five  to  seven-lo!)ed,  an  ineli  and  a  half 
across,  and  are  borne  on  stout  petioles  a  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  lout'-.  The  ilowers,  which  appear 
in  July,  are  produced  in  the  greatest  profusion  from  short  spur-like  lateral  branches. 

Fi\tiuinl'tit  Cali/onticK  grows  on  the  lower  slopes  of  the  California  mountauis  from  Mariposa,  at 
least,  to  Lower  California.  It  is  nowhere  very  common  west  of  the  Sierra  Neva<la,  although  it  reaches 
its  greatest  size  on  the  foothills  of  the  western  slope  of  these  mountains.  East  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in 
the  region  of  the  Mohave  Desert,  Fremou'ia  is  nuich  more  conuuon,  always  growing  as  a  low  shrub,  and 
sometimes  forming  thickets  several  acres  in  extent,  which  may  be  seen  miles  away  when  the  plants  are 
covered  with  their  brilliant  yellow  flowers.  Here  the  ordinary  associates  of  Fremontia  iii  the  dry  grav- 
elly and  rocky  soil  are  (iurnjii  jhirtscvns,  Prmmn  fnsc'ivuUtta,  C'<(i)i(il/tii><  cuiiedtus,  I'lirxhhi  tr'uUn- 
t(i((i,  Aj)/oj)aj)jjii.f  )iiiiiiiiit!s,  Lychitn  Coopvri,  and  the  other  shrubs  of  the  California  desert,  while  above 
it  on  the  higher  slopes  appear  open  stunted  forests  of  the  Desert  Nut  Pine  (J'iiiiifi  niuiiDp/ti/llii),  West 
of  the  Sierras  Fremontia  grows  also  in  dry  gravelly  soil,  generally  occujjying  the  slopes  of  narrow  val- 
leys with  Qmrcus  (htmond,  various  species  of  Ceanothus,  Prunun  ilicifoHa,  Ccrcocarjms  parcifoVius, 
the  Manir.nitas,  etc. 

The  wood  of  FrcmoutUi  CuHforuivd  contains  iiiunerous  groups  of  small  ducts  parallel  with  the 
thin  conspicuous  medullary  rays.  It  is  hard,  heavy,  close-graintil,  and  dark  brown  tinged  with  red ;  the 
the  thick  sajjwood  is  lighter  colored.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.7142,  a  cubic 
foot  of  the  dry  wood  weighii.g  44.50  ]iounds. 

The  mucilag'nous  inner  bark  of  Fremontia  is  sometimes  used  in  California  in  poultices ;  and  its 
resemblance  to  thi'  bark  of  the  Red  Elm  of  the  eastern  states  caused  the  tree  to  be  called  Slipj)ery  Elm 
by  the  early  settlers  of  the  region  it  inhabits. 

Fremontia  Colifornica  was  discovered  in  the  spring  of  184(i  hy  Fremont,  whose  service  to  botany 
the  genus  commemorates,  during  his  third  transcontinental  journey.'  It  was  introduced  into  cultivation 
in  18ol  by  James  Veitcli  &  Sons,  the  London  nurserymen,  and  Howered  in  their  establishment  in  18G5. 


! 

5 
i 


'  More  recent  eullcotionii  than  Fremont's  do  not  extend  the  miigo  rest  onl;  on  Fnimont's  collection.  Diit  tho  labels  attached  to  his 
of  Fremontia  north  of  Mariposa,  and  the  authority  for  Pitt  Uiver  specimens  (»ive  no  indication  of  the  plufe  where  Ihej*  were  discov- 
and  nortliirn  California,  published  stations  for  the  plant,  appears  to      ercd.     It  was  probabl;  in  tlie  central  part  of  the  state. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THP:  PLATE. 


'I 


Plati:   XXin.     Kkkmontu  Califobxica. 

1.  A  flowering  branch,  natural  siic. 

2.  A  fruitin),'  branch,  natural  size. 
.S.  DiaKrani  of  a  flower. 

4.  A  Hower,  cut  vertically  through  the  staminal  tube. 

5.  An  anther,  posterior  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  anther,  anterior  view,  enlarged. 

7.  Vertical  section  i;'  an  ovary,  enlarged. 

8.  All  ovule,  iiiucli  enlarged. 

*J.  Vertical  section  of  a  capsule,  natural  size. 

10.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 
IL*.  Cross  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

13.  An  eniliiyo,  much  enlarged. 

14.  All  epidermal  stellate  scale,  much  enlarged. 


(< 


H 


Il' 


?      > 


■!| 


!;  tiK' 


ir£  •■:  iLc  M'.ii'' 


"•\     ^     ,^ 


a- 


r(?fl;  till* 


0  t>'it  ioy 

ion 


I    '/ 


ll 


u 


FREMONTIA    CAI..IF0FN1CA 


lILIACKiK 


SUA' A    OF  J\()liTU  AMERICA. 


4» 


ii 


TILIA. 

Flowers  in  axil'.iry  or  terminal  cymes,  rcj^ular,  perfect ;  sepals  5,  distinct,  valvate 
in  ii'stivation,  hyj)0};ynous,  deciduous ;  petals  5,  imbricated  in  icstivation,  hypojiynous ; 
stamens  numerous,  j)olyadelplious  or  free.     Fruit  jflobose,  iiulehiscent,  1  to  'J-seeded. 


Tilia.  LinnoDiis,  den.  loCi.  —  A.  L.  df  Junsicu.  (ien.  L"J'.' — 
AJaiisun.    Fitiii.  I'l.  ii.  .'i8J.  —  Knillicliur.  (Jen.  lUOH.  — 


Gray.  (ifii.  ///.  ii.'.U.  —  IU'miIkiiii  A;  Hunker,  (leu.  \.2'M.  — 
Ilocciailloii.  Mem.  Til.  IS.  _  llaillun.  ///.-V.  PI.  iv.  1«.".. 


Trees,  witli  teivti'  slender  braiielies,  mucila<^iinms  juice,  iiiul  toiij^li  fibrDus  inner  l)iirk.  Leaves  eini- 
duplicate  in  vernation,  petioiat*',  alternate  and  two-ranked,  usually  olili<|uely  cordate  or  truncate  at  the 
base,  acute,  serrate,  and  furnished  with  membranaceous  li<i;ulate  caducous  stipules.  Peduncle  connate 
to  the  middle  with  the  axis  of  a  membranaceous  lifrht  jrrcen  lijfulate  and  jiersistent  conspicuou.sly  reticu- 
late-veined bract,  and  bearinj^  minute  caducous  bracts  at  the  ba.se  of  the  branches  of  the  tennina'  cyme. 
Flowers  nectariferous,  franfrant.  Sepals  hmceolate.  Petu's  alternate  with  the  sepals,  oblong-obovate  or 
spatulate,  the  narrow  base  sometimes  thickened  and  glandular,  creamy  white,  deciduous.  Stamens 
inserted  on  a  short  hypogynous  receptiide  ;  filaments  filiform,  distinct,  or  collected  into  Kve  clusteis  and 
united  at  the  base  with  each  other  and  with  a  spatulate  petidoid  scale'  placed  opjiusite  each  petal; 
anthers  fixed  hy  the  middle,  two-celled,  extrorse,  the  oblon<^  cells  separated  by  the  forking  of  the 
filament.  Ovary  sessile,  five-celled,  the  cells  opposite  the  sepals;  style  erect,  the  dilated  summit  with 
five  introrsely  stigmatic  spreading  lobes ;  ovules  two  in  each  cell,  ascending  from  the  middle  of  its 
inner  angle,  semi-anatropous,  the  micropyle  centripet;il-inferior.  Fruit  nut-like,  woody,  globular  or 
ovoid,  sometimes  ribbed,  one-celled  by  the  obliteration  of  the  partitions.  Seeds  obovate,  semi-anatro- 
pous, ascending ;  testa  cartilaginous ;  albumen  lleshy.  Embryo  large,  often  curved  ;  cotyledons  folia- 
ceous,  reniform  or  cordate,  palmately  five-lobed,  the  margins  irregularly  Involute  or  crumj)led ;  the 
radicle  inferior. 

The  genus  Tilia'-  is  widely  distributed  in  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  occur- 
ring in  all  its  great  geographico-botanical  regions  with  the  exception  of  western  America,  central  Aai:;, 
and  the  Himalayas.  It  is  repre.sented  in  eastern  North  America  by  four  species,  of  which  one  is  Mexi- 
can.^ Six  or  seven  species  are  found  in  Europe*  and  the  Orient,''  and  six  species  are  known  in  China, 
Manchuria,  and  Japan.'' 

Tilias  are  trees  generally  of  large  size.'  with  soft  straight-g.'uned  pale-colored  light  wood  unable 


'  Bocquillon  conceived  this  scale  to  be  the  upper  part  ri  the  stam- 
iiial  receptacle  projected  'ntn  a  petaloid  IxMly.  To  IfaiUoii  it  was 
the  terminal  interior  and  sterile  stu;:>en  of  tlie  fD.>cicle  developed 
iui'}  a  petaloid  scale. 

'-'  Tiii.t  appears  first  in  the  ancient  Tertiary  formations  of  Grinnell 
Land  in  82^  north  latitude,  and  Spitzliergen,  where  Titin  Malm- 
greni,  Heer,  is  found.  This  speeies,  whicli  existing;  Tilias  of  Kuropo 
and  Amcrii'ii  resemble,  is  believed  by  Saptirta  tu  In'  the  ancestor 
from  wbieli  the  Lindcn.s  of  the  two  continents  have  descended. 
{Oriijiue  l\ili  iniliiltiijii[ue  ties  .\rhres,  -70,  f.  3'.*.) 

*  T.  Afexicanti,  Schlechtcndal,  Linn:ta,  xi.  37tJ.  —  lleuisley,  ISot. 
liiol.  Am.  Cent.  i.  141. 

*  Nyman,  (^'onsfKct.  H.  Kurop.  130. 


'  lioissier,  Fl.  Orunt.  i.  84l>. 

*  Franehet  &  Savi.'ier,  Knum.  I'l.  Jap.  i.  00. —  Maximowicz, 
Bull,  .ifiiil.  .Sri.  St.  Pi'ttt ^hounj,  K.  584.  —  Forbes  &  ileuisley,  Jour. 
Linn.  Sot:  xxiii.  111.  Or.  .V.  Henry's  explorations  in  western  China 
have  recently  adtled  two  line  Linitens  to  the  Chinese  tlora. 

'  .\eeounl3  of  several  reiui  rkable  Kuropean  Linden-trees  have 
been  published.  The  trunk  if  a  tree  planted  in  the  town  of  Fri- 
bourg  in  1 17*»  to  eoininemorate  the  battle  of  Morat  attained  a  di- 
ameter of  thirteen  feet  nine  inches  in  Ji-M  years.  The  Linden-tree 
of  Trons  in  the  (irisons,  a  celebrated  tree  as  early  .is  14'J4,  had  a 
trunk  tifly-one  feet  in  circumference  ni  1798,  ami  was  believed  by  De 
Candulle  to  be  oHIl  years  olil.  The  truidc  of  the  Linden  of  Vilh-u,- 
en-Muing,  near  Morat,  was  thirty-eight  feet  in  eircuniferenee  fut  r 


\\ 


ill 


!  I 


"WJ 


iinifjii 


•^i* 


■  tA.ifc'.llc. 


50 


SILVA    OF  NOliTII  AMERICA. 


tiliacea;. 


ti)  withstand  decay  when  exposed  to  the  elements,  but  esteemed  and  largely  used  for  the  interior  finisli 
of  Imildinjjs.  for  cabinet-makinjj,  for  the  soundinjjf  hoards  of  pianos,  for  wood  oarvinjj,  and  for  all  kinds 
of  wooden  ware,  and  in  the  United  States  for  tiie  manufacture  of  pa|)er,  and  the  shavinj^s  used  in  stuf- 
Hng  furniture.  Tlii'  principal  economic  value  of  Tilia  is  in  the  touijii  iiuier  hark  or  hast.  This  was 
usi'd  I ly  tile  ancients  for  paper  and  for  mats  and  in  t; 'liij  {garlands,'  and  is  now  larf^ely  manufactured 
into  mats,  cords,  fish-nets,  coarse  ciotii,  and  shoes,  espci  dly  in  sonw  parts  of  Russia  and  in  Sweden 
where  forests  of  Tilia  abound.-  The  leaves  of  the  ditfercnt  Tilias  are  <^atlu'red  in  some  European  coun- 
tries and  fed,  either  fresh  or  dried,  to  cattle,^  and  the  young  branches  of  TiViti  h(tern}ilnjlhi  are  cut  in 
winter  in  the  mountain  regions  of  the  southern  United  Stiites  for  the  s;ime  purpose.  Linxe-Hower  oil,  or 
Linden  oil,'  obtained  by  distilhng  the  tiowers  (if  the  Euro[)ean  Tilias,  has  a  ph'usiint  odor  and  is  used  in 
j)erfmnery.  An  infusion  of  the  tiowers  is  a  popular  domestic  remedy  in  some  European  countries  in  the 
treatment  of  indigestion,  nervousness,  and  hysteria.''  The  tiowers  yield  large  (juantities  of  nectar,  and 
honey  made  near  forests  of  Tilia  is  unsurpassed  in  tlavor  and  delicacy. 

Tilias,  especially  the  species  of  western  Europe,"  have  for  centuries  been  favorite  shade  and 
ornamental  tree.s,  particiJarlv  in  Europe  at  the  period  when  the  formal  style  of  gardening,  under  the 
inspiration  of  Le  Notre,  prevailed ;  and  .ivenues  of  I^ime-trees  were  long  considered  an  essential  feature 
in  every  park  and  town  of  central  and  northern  Europe.  Tin-  ability  of  the  Lindens  to  thrive  with 
severe  pruning  renewed  year  after  year  tit  them  for  the  decoration  of  forimd  gardens,  and  their  free 
habit  when  allowed  to  grow  naturally  makes  them  desirable  park  and  roadside  trees.  The  Tilias  of 
eastern  Europe,'  less  known  in  cultivation,  are  all  beautil'ul  hardy  trees."  Numerous  varieties  of  the 
European  Tilia  have  appeared  in  gardens,  especially  anu)ng  seedlings  of  Tilid  plati/plujUoH,  and  are 
cultivated  for  their  abnormal  habit  or  curious  foliage. 

Tilias  grow  freely  and  rapidly  in  cultivation,  tlourishing  in  strong  rich  soil ;  they  may  be  propa- 
gated bv  grafting  or  by  layers  as  well  as  from  seed.  They  are  subject,  however,  to  the  attacks  of  many 
insects  which  sometimes  destroy  the  trees  by  boring  into  the  trunk,  or  distigure  them  by  devouring  the 
foliage." 


feet  fnmi  the  {^rciiiiit  in  IH;10,  .\v'\  was  <>stiiiiat«>(l  to  Imvt'  l*vi'tl  S(i-4 
yi':irs.  .Mi>ri>  f;iriunis  stilt  is  tht-  l.iiutt'ti  of  NiMistiult  on  tlii'  Kot-luT 
in  ^Vii^t^'nl^e^l,^  which  was  hirj^i!  t>non;;h  in  l.V>e  to  rfrjiiire  stono 
I'oliiitiiis  to  siipjiort  its  enormous  liranclies.  This  tree  li.ol,  in  I'>(>l, 
n  trunk  thirty-seven  tVet  four  iuehes  in  ejrcnniferiMiee,  and  WiUs  eoin- 
puteil  to  be  from  SIK)  to  l.tHHI  years  ohl.  (Sniice  sur  In  Longi  villi 
(lea  Arfirra,  A.  V.  (le  Cniulolle,  lUh.  Vuiv.  xlvii.  tU.  —  Scimtijic  l\i* 
pers,  .\8a  (irny,  11.  SSI.) 

'  Horace,  Oi/m,  i.  ;I8,  -i.  —  Ovid,  Fasti,  v.  XVl.  —  I'liny,  xvi.  11. 
•J5  i  xxiv.  «,  ;i:t. 

'■'  Trees  twelve  to  twenty  years  old  are  usually  eut  in  llussia  for 
h.ist,  j^euerally  in  May  or  .lune  when  the  sap  is  ilowiuf;  fretdy  ami 
the  I  ark  ean  he  most  easily  removed.  It  is  divided  into  hui^itndi- 
n-I  sirips  four  to  six  feet  huijjj,  loosened  with  a  sharp  knife,  anil 
then  torn  otV  hy  lianil  and  spread  on  the  ground  to  dry.  The  hark 
ia  then  soaked  in  water,  when  the  lilier  is  easily  separateil  from  the 
coarse  cortical  layi-rs. 

I..iiiden-l)ast  id  expo:''Ml  from  Itussia  priiu'ipaUy  in  the  form  of 
mats  six  feet  long  and  tlireo  and  a  half  fci't  wide.  They  are  used 
ill  packing  machinery,  furniture,  and  other  large  olijeets,  and  hy 
Ifiirdeni'rs  ft^r  tying  their  plants.  The  Iiu.Hsiaii  product  of  hast  mats 
ill  estiinali'd  at  M.IHKI.iKMI  pieces,  a  large  part  hi-ing  exported.  'I"he 
principal  domi'stic  use  of  hast  in  Kussi.i  is  in  slioeiiniking,  several 
million  pair  of  hast  shoes  being  ninde  in  the  govcrninciitH  uf  Nijnii- 
Nov^iortsl,  Wiatka,  Kostroma,  and  Minsk.  (Spoue,  Enrtjrloiitntm 
nf  Indrnttrini  Art^,  Mnwtl'iirturpii,uuit  i  \immi  rciiit  /Vof/ncM,  IMHt.) 

•  l.innionH,  Ikr.  Saiinl.  aflti.  —  Vciiteiiat,  Mem.  Arail.  Sci.  iv.  18. 


I,innaMis  observed  that  the  milk  of  cows  fed  on  the  leaves  of  Tilia 
was  (»f  poor  (piality  and  had  a  disagreeable  tlavor. 

*  Henry  Watts,  /)ic/.  CbimiMrtt,  iii.  tJlMi.  —  .Spone,  EunjvtnpdiHa 
of  Ititiiistriul  Art^t  Mtinufticturig,  itiui  dtminfrfint  I'roihiclti,  IV1\, 

'•  .Still.'  \  Maisch,  iViK.  IH.yirm.  ed.  'J,  1  i:il). 

"  Tiiia  ftiili/phi/llo^,  Seopoli,  Ft,  (\ini,  i.  liTa,  —  Garilrti  ami  F-ir- 
esl,  il.  'J'lti,  f.  10!»  (  T  iiaiinjhlin,  Ilayiie,  Alihilil.  flolz.  I  l.j,  t.  lOS). 
Tiliti  ulmi/iilifi,  Seo|Mdi,  Ft.  Cam.  i.  It74.  —  (iar'len  ami  Forent,  ii. 
•2.",  f.  Ill  (  T.  imrrifolia,  llayiie,  AMM.  Ilnh.  Ml,  t.  lIKi).  7i7i(i 
nilijaris,  llaync,  Alihilil.  Iloiz.  i.  1 H,  t.  107.  —  Garden  and  ForesI, 
ii.  ■.'.■>(1,  f.  1 10. 

"  7'i7irt  anjrntfa,  I)e  Candolle,  ('fit.  /'/.  Ilort.  Mnn^p.  ITiO  (T.atfia, 
Wald.stein  &  Kilaihil,  /'/.  Wiir.  Iluui/.  i.  2,  I.  11.  —  Keichenbach,  /•'/. 
Gtr.  vi.  («l,  I.  ;U1).  7'i/mi  /xttolari.i,  l)i>  Caudidle,  /'rr»/r.  i.  fil  I.  — 
lliil.  Mill/,  t.  (i7;t7.  7'iVi'i  daxiisliilii,  London,  Arb.  ISril.  i.  IKiti. — 
Ih./er,  \':rhiimll.  Ilnl.  IVrcm,  U'ini,  xii.  'M,  I.  i),  f.  i.'  {T.  eiichlurn, 
('     Koch,  Ihmlr.  i.  1711). 

"  Two  or  three  Asiatic  species  of  Tilia  have  been  introduced  into 
tbo  I'liiteil  .Slates  anil  Kurope.  Their  iiitro<luctioii,  however,  in 
BO  recent  that  it  is  iin|H>ssible  to  speak  of  their  hardiness  or  of  their 
value  iLs  ttrnamental  trees. 

*  The  ditferent  species  ap|)ear  to  bi^  attackctl  by  the  name  insects. 
All  the  American  and  lairopeim  species  are  liable  in  America  to 
injury  hy  a  borer,  .Saprnin  rt:tlita.  (Harris,  luJurinuH  IiLsffls,  leil.) 
'I'lio  larva>  of  two  species  of  moth,  (.'o.t.fri.i  liifnipnila  and  /i'u:tra 
trsntii,  bore  into  the  wood  of  Lindens  and  other  trees.  The  /,.  ii/era 
hiMi  iHMHiiiie  iiatnmlir.ed  in  tlio  L'liit^'d  .States,  and  has  liOfili  found 


TiuACK^.  SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  ^1 

TUia  (0(Xi'pa),  the  classical  nuiiu.  of  the  Limkn-trce '  adoi.ted  by  Tournef ort -'  for  this  genus,  was 
retained  by  Linuajus. 

attiickiiig  Kliii-treus  in  Ni'w  .IiTScy.  (G<inle:i  md  Foresl,  iii.  ISO,  f. 
li.)  Thf  foliugo  (if  Limluiis  in  sonic  Anicriiiui  titi.'s  is  fiuiiuuntly 
dfatroyed  by  Oriji/ia  leuco.iliyma.  The  cUtt'creul,  Tilius  an-  iiften 
injnrc<l  by  the  lull  Web-worm  (Ilyphanlria  cimea),  the  Torest  Tcnt- 
ciileriiinur  (Clmonimpn  siilvntim),  by  an  Incb-worin  {llibernia  lilia- 
riii),  ami  by  a  Leaf-beetle  (Chnifomda  militris).  Tbey  are  tnueli 
infested  in  Enriipe  by  tlie  larva  of  a  moth  (Oriuria  i/i.-ymr).  It  has 
been  intrmlnecd  into  the  I'niteil  States,  and  is  almndaut  at  Med- 
ford,  Massaelnisetts  (Ihill.  Exp.  Ski.  .1/<i,m.  Agric.  Coll.  No.  7,  IH). 
Several  speeies  of  A|ihide»  often  ocenr  in  hirgo  numbers,  and  seri- 
ously dialiKure  the  foliage  of  Linden-trees,  and  red  mites  (  Te.tmiiij- 
chus)  live  on  these  trees  in  America  and  in  Kurope,  where  they  are 


sometimes  so  abundant  as  to  "  almost  denude  the  trees  of  their  fo- 
liage." (A.  Murray,  Enmnmic  EntnmnliKjij,  Aptem,  1U7.)  Lists  of 
the  inseets  infesting  Tilia  in  Kurope  eau  be  found  in  Kaltenl);uli's 
Die  l'hm:m-l-Vmile  ilus  •Ur  Cla.w.  dtr  Insedeii,  70  ;  and  of  llio.-,e 
found  on  thes>  trees  in  America  in  A.  S.  Packard's  lusnts  InjunoiLs 
10  I'oresl  and  Shade  Trees  (Hull.  7,  U.  S.  Ihpt. ,./ luleriur,  I'll). 

'  Lime,  previous  to  about  tlie  year  17tX>.  appears  to  have  beeu 
usually  written  Line  (Lino-grove,  Shakespeare,  Tempe.il,  v.  10),  a 
corruption  of  Lind  which  by  the  su«ix  en  becomes  Linden  or  Lm- 
di'n-lree.  The  family  name  of  Linu:eus  was  derived  from  that  of 
the  Linden-tree. 

-  Eliineii.'  dc  Hulanu/ue,  48-1,  t.  ;)81. 


(      '/ 


I' 


'  w 


CONSP?:CTUS  OF  THE  NOKTH   AJIEUICAN   SPECIES. 


Stamena  united  to  a  pelaloid  scale. 
Leaves  green  on  both  surfaces. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  fruit  ovoid    .... 

Leaves  pubescent  on  the  under  surface :  fruit  globose 

Leaves  pale  on  tlie  lower  surface ;  fruit  globose       .     .     • 


1.  T.  Amkkrana. 

'_'.    T.   rUllKSCKNS. 

3.    T.   UETKliOl'ilYLLA. 


(■; 


il 


SILVA    OF  NUirni  AMEUILA. 


I'lLIACEvE. 


'I 


TILIA  AMERICANA. 


Linden.    Basswood. 


Li:avi:s  i>ici'n  on  both  surlaccs,  jjubesci'iit  only  in  tlio  axils  of  the  principal  veins. 
Peduncnlate  bract  usually  taperiuii;  at  the  base.      Fruit  ovoid. 


Tilia  Americanii.  Liiina'ii^.  Sj.,,-.  ,'11.  —  .MilUr,  y^/ci'.  eil. 
8.  No.  S.  —  Dii  Hoi.  //.</•/,/.■.  Ii,iiim.  ii. -n;;.  —  Miirsliall. 
Athiist.   Am.    l.Mi. —  Wanirciilieim,  Si'i'ilmn.  llnl:..  T>T\. — 


Will.U'iiiiw,  .S'/..r.  ii.  UtVJ,  —  Di'sfiinlaincs  //;.<^  .!/■/..  ii. 
■  u.  —  IVrsiHiii.  Siin.  ii.  (il.').  —  llicliaux  f.  lUst.  Arl:  Am. 
iii.  :;il,l.  1.  — Wals„n,  l>,„,h:  llr!'.  ii.  I.'U.  t.  l:il.— 
Toirey.  /'/.  .V.  )'.  i.  1  Iti.—  Um.loii.  .1;/..  Hrlt.  i.  ;!7;{,  t.  — 
TiHTi'V  lit  (iray.  F/.  .V.  Am.  i.  -■»1*.  —  Ilit^oluw,  /'/.  thmt'nt. 
cil.  .">.  L'L'T.  —  ImiuT'^uii.  yVv'.-.'  MiiSA.  t-d.  '-*.  ii.  .">NI,  I. — 
(I'.ay.  Hfii.  ii.  '.•!.'.  I.  l.'id  ;  I'ror.  Am.  Acnil.  n.  svt.  xxii. 
.'.ii."i.  —  l)al•lill^'tllll. /'/.  Civtr.cA  ;i.  ;i.S.  —  Payer.  Onjnn. 
Coin/it.  U  IS.  —  C'lia|>iiian.  /■'/.  ."'.l.  —  Curtis.  lii/i.  (litihuj. 
Sun:  X.  On:  IStill.  iii.  7".).  —  Kocli.  Iinnlr.  i.  4.S(I. — 
.Sargent.  Furr.^t  Tnt.i  .V.  Am.  IIV/,  (  Vii.nix  I'.  S.  ix.  '-'(>.— 
Watson  \  t'lHilter.  (intt/'.s  Jinn.  v\\.  t»,  1"1. 

T.  CaroUniana.  .Miller.  Iiict.  ed.  S.  No.  4.  —  I)n  Hoi,  llni-U: 
Jl'inm.  ii.  -UV,). —  Wani^enlieiin.  Xni-ihtiii.  liih.  .^(J. — 
.Marshall.  Arlnixt.  Am.  l.-.l. 

T.   nigra.   Itorkli.iusfn.  llnmlli.  t\.rstl;,t.  ii.  IL'l'.l.  —  Haver. 


1'fr/iiniill.  JSi't.  I'firin,  Wicn.  xii.  .").">.  —  Sparli.  ///'.</.  Tc;/. 
iv.  'J7. 

T.  Blabra.  Ventenal.  .lAv/i.  Arm/.  Sri.  iv.  It.  t.  'J.  —  Xaii- 
I'r'iit  Ihiltiunef,  i.  'Jl'S.  —  Wnvvi,  Lnm.  Itirt.  vii.  OSI. — 
I'ursli.  /••/.  Am.  Sfiit.  ii.  ;ilC'.  — Niiitall.  Hvii.  ii.  ,'i.  —  Do 
t'andolle.  r™//-.  i.  .M:!.  —  llayne.  Dnuh.  Fl.  112.  —  Kl- 
liott.  ^'A-.  ii. 'J.  —  (iuiinpel.  Otto  iV  ILiyne.  Ahtiilil.  llnh.. 
tht.  t.  I."i.  —  Dietricli.  Sijn.  iii.  2.(7.  —  Hooker,  Ft.  lior.- 
Am.  i.  1(),S.  —  Don.  Orn.  Sijst.  i.  TiWA.  —  Darlington,  Fl. 
(Vftr.  eil.  2.  .'!I2.  —  Hiclianlson.  An-f.  Fxjieil.  422. 

T.  latifolia,  .Salisl>nry.  /';•>«/;•.  307. 

T.  Canadensis.  Michaiix.  F/.  llnr.-Aiii.  i.  .SOU. —  Persoon. 
Sijii.  ii.  Illl.  —  I'oiivt.  l.tim.  Diet.  vii.  (KJ. 

T.  pubescens.  Koiifmn  Ihi/iamrl,  i.  t.  .">1  (not  Aiton). 

T.  stenopetala,  Ualinesiiue,  F/  Luilnrir.  ".)2.  —  Kobin,  Voij- 
II,,,:  iii.  4,S4. 

T.  neKlecta.  Spaeli.  Aim.  Sri.  S,it.  ner.  2.  ii.  :i4().  t.  15; 
lllxt.  IV;/.  iv.  2'.).  —  \Val|>er»,  /iV/i.  i.  Xt'.). 


A  tivc.  usually  sixty  to  scvi'iity,  or  soini'timcs  one  liiiiKbcil  iinil  twenty  to  one  huiidi'oil  and  thirty 
tVft  in  licioiit,  with  a  tall  slciidci'  trunk  three  or  I'oiif  feet  in  diameter,  and  slender,  often  jiendnloiis 
iirant'lu's,  the  ultiiiitite  divisions  s|irt'ailiiig  nearly  at  rij^ht  ano;les.  The  hark  of  the  tnnik  is  about  an 
ineli  thick,  furrowed,  the  liolit  brown  surface  broken  into  small  thin  scales.  The  bark  of  the  branuhlets 
is  smooth,  li<;iit  fjray,  faintly  tinjred  with  red,  and  marked  with  numerous  oblonjj  dark  wart-liko  excres- 
cences; it  liecoines  daVker  in  the  second  year,  and  in  the  third  is  dark  ^\"\y  or  brown  and  eons|iicuously 
riinose.  The  dark  re<i  winter-buds  iire  stout,  ovate,  and  pointed.  The  leaves  are  olili(|iiely  cordate 
or  .soinetimcs  almost  truncate  iit  the  ba.se,  the  tuanuinate  apex  (tfteii  contracted  into  a  loufr  slender  point, 
^ilar^lly  and  deeply  "landidai'-serrate,  fi;lai)rous,  with  the  exce]ition  of  the  tufts  of  rusty  brown  hairs  on 
tile  lower  surface  in  tiie  axils  of  the  j)rincipal  veins ;  they  are  thick  and  tirm.  lustrous  on  the  upper  sui-- 
t'aee,  five  or  six  inches  lonj;',  three  or  tour  inches  broad,  and  tu'e  btnaie  (ui  slender  petioles  an  inch  and 
a  half  or  two  inches  lonj;'.  They  tiuii  pale  yellow  in  the  iintumn  before  fallinj;-.  'i'lie  |ieiliincidate  bract 
is  four  (a  live  inches  lim<r.  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  broad,  riuiniled  <u'  ptiinted  at  the  apex,  and 
taperino-  ustially  to  a  short-stalked  base.  The  cyme  of  ilowers  is  prodiu'cil  on  a  peduncle  three  and  a 
half  t(t  foin-  inches  liai'j;.  The  ilowers,  borne  on  slender  slijjhtly  aiifjled  pedieels,  open  during  the  lirst 
wicks  of  .Inly  from  buds  .sliohtly  aii^le(l  by  the  reduplicate  marfrins  of  the  sepals,  and  densely  coated 
with  white  toinentmn.  The  sepals  are  densely  hairy  tit  maturity  on  the  inner,  and  minutely  pubescent 
on  the  outer  surface.  The  ovary  is  hairy,  and  the  fruit,  tipped  with  the  reinniuits  of  the  style,  is  densely 
covered  with  shfu't  rufous  tcanentum.     The  seed  is  netu'ly  a  ijuarter  of  an  inch  lonjj;. 

The  ncuthern  limits  of  Til'iii  Ann rtciiiiii  tire  in  iKU'thern  New  iiriniswick  ;  thence  it  extends  west 
to  the  eastern  shore  of  Lidie  Superior,  and  then  northward  and  westward  to  the  siuithern  shore  of  Fiake 
\\'inMi|ieo'  and  to  the  valley  of  the   Assinihoine   Kiver.'      It  extends  southward  thi'ouf^li  the  Atlantic 

I   lt..l„  rt  Hell,  It, p.  (IwUtii.  Sun:  I'm.  1S7H-HII,  Xi. 


I'crsoon, 


TUAACKAi. 


SILVA    OF  XORTir  AMERICA. 


53 


states  to  Virffinia  and  aloncf  the  Allprflmny  Mountains  to  Alabama  and  Georjfia,  and  west  in  the  United 
States  to  eastern  Daifota,  eastern  Neltraska  and  Kansas,  the  Indian  Tenitory  and  eastern  Texas. 

T'llia  Aimrivdiin  is  one  of  the  most  eonnnon  trees  in  the  noitliern  forest.  It  ocenijied,  before  the 
coinitry  was  {generally  cleared,  larj^e  tracts  of  the  richest  land  to  the  exclusion  of  other  trees,  or  often 
formed  two  thirds  of  the  forest  j^rowth.  Its  usual  associates  in  the  forest,  when  it  <«tows  with  other 
trees,  are  tlu!  Suf^ar  Maple,  the  White  Elm,  the  White  Oak,  and  the  Hickories.  It  is  less  eonnnon 
towards  the  southern  and  western  limits  of  its  rann'e  than  it  is  near  the  northern  l)oun(hiry  of  the  I  iiited 
States;  ieaehin<i[,  however,  its  greatest  size  on  the  i)ottom-lan(ls  of  the  streams  which  How  from  the  nortli 
into  the  lower  Ohio  Ri\er.' 

The  wood  of  Tillit  Ainiricdiiii  contains  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays;  it  is  li<;'ht  brown, 
faintly  tinged  with  red,  and  hardly  distinguishable  from  the  thick  sapwood  consisting  usually  of  from 
tifty-Hve  to  sixty-five  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  siiecitic  gravity  of  tlie  alisolutely  dry  wood  is 
().4r)lJ;"),  a  cul)ic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  weighing  28.20  pounds.  It  is  largely  sawed  into  lumber,  and 
under  the  name  of  whitewood  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  wooden  ware,  cheap  furniture,  the  panels 
and  bodies  of  carriages,  and  the  inner  .soles  of  shoes.  It  is  one  of  the  woods  principally  used  in 
America  in  the  manufacture  of  paj)er  pulp,  the  (piick  dec(miposition  of  the  sap,  however,  making  it 
untit  for  white  paper.  The  inner  bark  is  occasionally  maile  into  coarse  cordage  and  matting,  although 
this  industry  has  never  attained  any  importance  in  the  United  States. 

The  earliest  mention  of  the  Linden  in  America  appears  in  the  remonstrance  carried  to  Holland  in 
lG4i(  by  a  delegation  of  the  citizens  of  New  Netherlaud  under  the  lead  of  Adrien  Van  dcr  Donck,  and 
printed  at  the  Hague  in  Ki/iO.-  It  was  described  by  Plukenet^  in  17(R),  and  was  first  sent  to  England 
by  Catesby,  and  cultivated  at  Chelsea  by  Philiji  Miller  in  17")2.* 

The  large  size  which  the  American  Linden  attains  in  good  soil,''  its  graceful  habit,  rapid  growth, 
ample  dark  green  foliage  and  fragrant  flowers,  make  it  one  of  the  most  desiralili'  ornamental  trees  in 
the  northern  p;..t  of  the  United  States,  where  it  suffers  less  from  insects  than  any  of  the  foreign  species 
which  have  been  'planted  there.  Several  Lindens  have  appeared  in  Einopean  nurseries  which  must  be 
considered  varieties  of  the  American  Linden,  or  as  hybrids  inlluenced  by  it.'' 


I  HiilKwiiy,  I'm:  U.  S.  \iil.  Mus.  1H8-J,  (il. 

J  "  Tlifrc  iiiv  tliree  viiricties  uf  beec-li,  —  watiT  I)ihh'1i,  coniiiioii 
U'l'cli,  :iiul  Iit'ilj;!'  Ih'ci'Ii,  —  alst)  iixi'*hiuulli>  wckhI,  two  spct-ics  uf  Oii- 
nm>  wDtii),  iisli,  hire]),  lir,  lirf'-'vuixl.  wild  cciliir,  liiuton,  uldcr.  willow, 
tln)rti,  i'lilfp,  antl  many  other  kimis,  useful  for  various  purposes,  luit 
liukuown  to  us  hy  nanu',  and  wliieli  tlu'  earpeliters  will  be  glati  to 
Rubiuit  for  exauiiuatit)!!."  (Itf'iirf.-ftntatiiiii  fnmt  \'w-Xi'thfr-htiid, 
t'liiictmini/  tht'  SiliKitinii,  Fniitfulufsn,  iiml  /thtr  ( 'nintitiint  of  ihr  mniit'. 
KugViah  I'd.  rioiiry  ('.  Murphy,  1 1.) 

"The  Line-true  with  lon^  nuts,  the  other  kiiul  1  eould  never  find  ; 
the  wooil  of  this  Tree,  Laurtd,  Khanuuis,  Holly,  and  Ivy,  are  ae- 
counted  for  woudt)  that  eause  tire  liy  attriliiui."  {An  Ai'ivunl  of 
Tint  rovm/u  III  Xrw  hUnihviil,  hy  .John  ilosselyn,  (ient.,  0!),  10".").) 


■'  Tiliii  ntiijiVtnaimis  tfliihri^  j'liius^  noslritli  .liittills.ex  T'rrii  Miiri- 
.Hid,  Mm.  Iliil.  Miiiil.  ISl. 

Tiliit /unit  mnjorifius  miirroniili.t,  Clayton,  /•'/.  \'in/iii.  .'»S,  —  Uuha- 
nud,  Triiit-'  ilfa  Arlmn,  ii.  Il'll. 

Titiit  fnliii  riirilillis  iiriimiiiillU't  si-rntli-;  .tnlitit.t  fiilnsisjlnrihits  inrln- 
riit  iiixlnicli.1,  Miller.  Ilirl.  eil.  (i,  Xo.  :i, 

Tiliit  fitULt  nirilitlit  olilli[iu,-t  f/liihris  .tufis'  rrutU  rum  (tciiiiniii\  l/finfnis 
nMiiriu  iiLtlrurtix,  Miller,  Du't.  ed.  0,  No. .!. 

<  .\iton,  lliirl.  Keir.  il.  'J'J9. 

*  'I'iliii  Amenritiiit  is  kiH>\vu  in  some  parts  vif  theeouutiy  a^  I.irrje- 
tree,  \Vhitewoo<l,  Liu,  and  llee-tree. 

*  'I'lUti  AmiriL-ana  MuUkt, —  Tilia  hi/firiiln  ^u/wrtm,  eie. 


I       , 


'7 


I 


f      il 

I 


Atlantic 


ikM-'^*i:i- 


~ 


EXPLANATION   OK  THE   PLATES. 

Pl.ATK    XXIV.        TlMA    AMKitll  ANA. 

1.  A  flowering  branch,  natural  sizt 

'-'.   Diagram  of  a  tlowcr. 

;i.  A  flower,  witli  two  of  tii«  sepals  and  Detals  removed,  enlarged. 

4.  A  cluster  of  stanuns.  with  their  petaloid  scale,  enlarged. 

5.  A  stamen  enlarged. 

0.   Vertical  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged, 

7.  A  cross  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 

8.  An  ovule,  nuicli  enlarged. 

Pl.ATK    XXV.      TiLlA    AmKKK  ANA. 
1 .   A  fruiting  branch,  natural  si/e. 
'J.   N'ertical  section  of  u  fruit,  enlarged. 
H.  Cross  seciion  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

4.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

5.  An  embryo,  with  the  Uve-lobed  cotyleduus  displayed,  much  eidarged. 


•'•/ 


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;iL!A    AMERICANA 


Ill 


<   ^    ■» 


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i 

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It 


'ILIA    AMKHiCANA 


H' 


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8p 

Si. 
(or 
iii. 
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Vi 

30 

T.  Ar 

T.  la 


in  di; 
niinii 
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loiifj 
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May 
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TILIACKiG. 


SILVA   OF  iXOHTIl  AJimiJCA. 


55 


TILIA  PUBESCENS, 


Linden.     Basswood. 


t    '■/ 


Yoixii  shoots  and  lower  surf'acf  of  the  leaves  covered  with  rufous  pubescence, 
i'cclunculatc  bract  usually  rounded  at  the  base.     Fruit  globular. 


Tilia  pubescens,  Aiton,  Uorf.  Krw,  ii.  L"J'.).  —  Willdeiiow. 
S/in:  ii.  1  IG'J.  —  Veiiti'imt,  Mifin.  Anid.  Sei.  iv.  1(1,  t. ;(.  — 
Suiiniiu  iJiihiinul,  i,  'J'-'H.  —  Penoon,  Syn.  ii.  (iO.  —  Oen- 
fontnincs,  Ui.it.  Arli.  ii.  '^'.  —  Micliaiix  f.  J/ist.  Arl>.  Am. 
iii.  ;!17,  t.  ;(.  —  I'urHh.  /•'/.  Am.  Sr/it.  ii.  .'Jti:?.  —  l)e  Ciiii- 
cliiUe,  J'niilr.  i.  ."illi.  —  lliiyne.  Ihiitlr.  Fl.  11:.'.  —  KUii)tt. 
.S'^-.  ii.  ,'!.  —  Wtttnoii,  Detulr.  lirit.  ii.  t.  13r>.  —  Don,  Geii, 
Syst.  i.  r>')'A.  —  Diutricli,  Si/n.  iii.  237.  —  Chapman.  Ft. 
59.  — Curtis.  Jii\'j.  Uvnlnij.  Sun:  N.  Car.  1860,  iii.  79.— 
Bayer,  Verhamll.  Hot.  I'iniii,  Wiiii,  xii.  M't.  —  Kooh, 
iJrnilr.  i.  479.  —  Gray.  /Vw.  Am.  Aniil.  n.  str.  xxii. 
,30.">.  —  Watson  &  Coulter.  Griii/'.i  Man.  cd.  (i.  101. 

T.  Americana.  Walter,  /'/.  Car.  153  (not  Linnajus). 

T.   laxiflora.  .Midiaux.  Fl.  lior.-Am.  i.  300.  —  I'oiret,  Lnm. 


Dirt.  vii.  08.'!.  —  I'lrsoon,  Syn.  ii.  60. —  I'lirali.  Fl.  Am. 

Sipt.  ii.  36;t.  —  Klliott.  Sk.  ii.  '.'.  —  I)e  Can.li.llc,   fn„lr. 

i.  513 Hayne,    Dfitdr.   Fl.    U.'l.  —  Diutricli,   Sy)i.   iii, 

237.  —  IXin.  Urn.  Synl.  i,  ,5.53,  —  .Spaeth.  Ann.  S'i.  Xnl. 

'.'  ser,  ii.  :U;!,  t.  15;   ///.<^  ('.;/,  iv.  32. 
T.  grata.  Sali^l.ury.  I',„,/r.  .m. 
T.  truncata.  .Spaoh.  Ann.  .S'./,  Xnt.  2  »er.  ii.  ;<12  :  Hist.  I'nj. 

iv.  3(1.  —  Diftiich.  .S''/«.  iii.  2.'17. 
T.  Americana,  var.  pubescens,  I.imuIoii,  .!/•//.  Itrit.  i  374, 

t— (iray,   .I/"",  ed,  .5.  103;    ll.ill    I'l.    Tij-ns.  Tt. —  Sat- 

gent.  F>i;sl  Tma  S.  Am.  \()tli  Cmsiis  I'.  S.  ix.  27, 
T.  Americana,  var.  Wolteri.  Wood,  CI.  Ii'>nl;,  272  :  lint.  A- 

Fl.  tU. 


A  ,sniall  tree,  tliiitv  or  forty  i't'i't  in  lit'if^lit,  with  .i  trunk  ran-ly  exi'ccdiiifj  twelve  or  fifteen  inelies 
in  diameter.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  a  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  ineli  thick,  furrowed,  and  divided  into 
nunienuis  parallel  ridfjes,  the  reddish  hrown  surface  l)n)ken  into  iiunierous  short  thick  scales.  The  bark 
of  the  hranches,  densely  covered  with  jiuhescencc  durinjj  their  first  season,  is  ]iuhernlous  duriiifj  the 
second,  and  does  not  hecome  j^jlahrous  until  the  third  year,  when  it  is  red-lirown,  rui;osc,  and  marked 
with  occasional  small  wart-like  excrescences.  The  winte!'-i)uds  ai'u  flattened,  acuminate,  dark  reddish 
brown,  and  covered  with  short  due  jiubesceiice.  The  leaves  arc  i)blii|uely  trun<ate  at  the  base,  rather 
remotely  jjlandidar-serrate,  pulu  ■.cent  when  they  fir.st  unfold,  esjiecially  on  tlu/  lower  surface,  petioles  ami 
stipules,  the  upper  surface  becoming  (piite  <r|abrous,  and  the  lower  surface  nearly  so  at  niaturity.  They 
are  thin,  membranaceous,  and  vary  in  lenijth  from  two  (>i  three  inches  to  four  or  five,  and  are  Ixn'ne  on 
lon<r  .stout  or  sometimes  exceedinjjiy  slender  ]>etioles.  The  pedunculate  bract  is  three  or  four  inches 
\mv^,  usually  .sessile  or  very  short-stalked,  rounded  at  cho  two  extremities,  the  midiib,  as  well  as  the 
peduncle  and  flower-buds,  covered  with  jiuheseence.  The  Howers  are  smaller  than  those  of  TiJia  Aimr- 
iriin'i,  with  shorter  and  narrower  calyx-lobes  and  narrow  petals.  Tiiey  open  in  South  (Jarolina  late  in 
May  and  durinj;  the  first  days  of  June.  The  ovary  is  covered  with  dense  white  tomentum  which  is  pale 
brown  when  the  fruit  is  full  grown. 

The  northern  station  of  TUla  jntb('.tr('ii.'<  is  on  Long  Island,  where  this  tree  has  been  found  in  a 
swamp  in  Wading  Hiver,  Suffolk  (Jounty.'  It  grows  on  the  coast  of  North  and  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  in  northern  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  occasionally  in  Texas,  where  it  has  been  seen  as  far  west  as 
the  Kio  'Uanco.'- 

Tilf  iiiihi.'ircii.'<  is  nowhere  a  common  tree.  On  the  coast  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  where  it 
appears  moie  freijuently  perhaps  than  in  other  parts  of  the  country,  it  is  usually  fomid  growing  on  the 

*  E.  S.  Miller.  Ill  Iferh.  Graij.  several  |H>ints  lietweeii  it.s  isolated  iiortlierii  station  and  Nortli  Car- 

*  By  N. .].  Reverehoii  in  18K,">  near  the  town  of  lilaneo.  The  oiiiiii.  and  any  Linden  npproarliinj;  the  eoast  of  southern  New.ler- 
»listriliiition  nf  Tilia  puitfarnis  i.s  not  yi't  satisfaetorily  dfterniined.  sey,  or  southward,  niijjht  he  'iiis  species,  which  will  no  douhl  he 
It  will  probahly  he  found  growing  along  the  Atlautiu  seahoanl  at  found,  too,  on  the  (iult  eou.st  of  Aluhama  and  Mississippi. 


-      \ 


^Mj^^Mmkm 


50 


SUA  A    OF  NORTH   AMKlilCA. 


TILIACEiE. 


low  bluffs  of  the  sea  islands  in  rich  loam  mixed  with  oyster-sbells,  the  remains  of  Indian  settlements  or 
feeding-places,  or  along  the  banks  of  tide-water  streams  in  rich  sandy  humid  soil.  It  grows  here  with 
the  Live  Oak,  the  Hickories,  the  Palmetto,  and  the  Carolina  Cherry  or  Mock  Orange ;  never,  however, 
ni  sufficient  numbers  or  of  sufficient  size  to  possess  any  commercial  importance. 

The  wood  of  T'did  jndu  .^•«;^s  does  not  differ  in  appearance  from  that  of  Tilia  Amtricaiirt.  The 
specific  I'-ravity  of  the  ab.sohitcly  dry  w>  od  of  a  tree  from  Bainbridge,  Georgia,  is  0.4074,  a  cubic  foot 
of  the  dry  wood  w\^i'j-hing  _'">.I>!)  pounds. 

7'i/iii  /iiihisriiis  VMS.  accovding  to  Aiton,'  who  first  distinguished  the  species,  introduced  into 
England  by  Mark  Catesl>v  about  1V:2(>.  The  variety /c^jtoy^/iy/f/,  with  larger  and  thinner  leaves,  was 
established  by  Venteni-.t  on  the  LouisisMia  tree." 

'  Ilorl.  Keic.  ii.  'J'."J.  fi'.  'ublua  puhescmlibut,  AUin.  Ami.  .S'ci.  iv.  11.  —  I'ursli,  tt.  Am. 

''  F')iit.<  basi  uMi'/w  iruncatif,  ta-"  str'atif.  tmumimis,  subpapyrn-      Sepi.  ii.  363.  —Gray,  Prat.  .iwi.  Acad.  n.  acr.  xidi.  305. 


EXPLANATION   OK  THE   PLATE. 

l'(..\TK  XXVL     Tilia  Puiiesckn.s. 

1.  A  floweriiif;  branch. 

2.  A  group  of  ."tamens,  with  iheir  petoloid  scale,  enlarged. 
.■?.  A  pistil,  enlarged. 

4.  A  chister  of  fruit. 

'>.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 


I 


V* 


f':). 
& 


Ul 


fool, 


1 


w 


^ 


a(^ 


^ 


,1A    P!!liK;"i:FN; 


v« 


(.y 


I' 


.i  i 


WitWi^tiidmm.: »», 


I 


V  i 


it 


;.i.^<.KiK. 


i>ILVA    OF  NOllTU  AMERICA. 


67 


TXLIA  HETEROPHYLLA. 


Linden.    Bee  Tree. 


Leavls  pale  OH  the  lower  surface.     Poclunculato  bract  tapering  to  a  short-stalked 
or  sessile  base.     Fruit  globose. 


Tilia  heteropbylla,  Ventcnat.  Mini.  Acml.  Sri.  iv.  ICi,  t. 
C).  —  NoHceaii  DuhaniiL  i.  L'2'.l.  —  Pniret.  L'lin.  IMrt.  vii. 
083.  —  I'ursli,  M.  Am.  Sr,.f.  ii  .mX  —  Xiittall.  (ini.  ii. 
3;  Sylm.  1.9(1.  t.  2.'!.  —  Ife  CiiiuloUc. /'/We.  i.  r.l.S  — 
Dietrich,  Si/ii.  iii.  2ii7.  —  Oon,  Gen.  Sijst.  i.  'tTi'A.  —  Spaeli, 


II.  sei'.  xxii.  305.  —  Watson  A;  Coulter,  fjtiitjA  M>in.  ed. 
C,  1(11. 
T.    alba.    .Micliaux    f.    Hist.    Arh.    Am.   iii.   \\\:>.   t.   'J    (nut 
Aitoii).  — Katun  i\c  Wri-lit.   IM.    1,">1.'.  —  Diiiliy.   /.'"/.   .S'. 
Slilt.:!.  '.'(IL'. 


Ann.  Hci.  Xiit.  »eT.'i,n.  'M'>;  l/inl.  ('<';/.  iv.  .'54.  —  'I'oiicv      T.  Amerioana,  var.  heteropbylla,  Loudon,  Arli.  Jirit.  i. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  A'.  Am.  i.  239.  —  Chapman,  Fl.  (10.  —  Cur-  .'>7.">,  I. 


ti.s.  Heji.  Gi'oliy.  Sun:  X.  Cur.  ISOO,  iii.  "'.).  —  liaycr, 
Verhanill.  lio:.  Verehi,  JVicn,  xii.  51.  —  Uid(;way,  J'roc. 
t'.  ...  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  61.  — Sargent,  Forest  Trees  .V. 
Am.  Will  Census  U.  S.  ix.  27.  —  Gray,  Fror.  Am.  Acail. 


T.  heteropbylla,  var.  alba.  Wood.  CI.  Jim,/.:  272 ;  Jht.  it 

F/.  til. 
T.    heterophyllo-nigra.    liayer.    VerhamU.    Hot.    Vereln. 

Willi,  xii.  ,'i2. 


A  tree,  fifty  to  sixty  feet  in  height,  with  ;i  trunk  three  or  limr  feet  in  diameter,  and  slender 
branches  wliieh  form  f];enerally  a  narrow  rather  pynunidal  head.  Tlie  bark  of  the  trunk  is  half  an  inch 
thiuk,  furrowed,  t!ie  surface  broken  into  siiort  thin  li<^ht  brown  scales.  The  l)ark  of  the  branclilets  is 
glabrous,  jrreen,  or,  when  they  iiave  grown  fully  exjiosed  to  the  sun,  bright  red,  gradually  turning  brown 
during  their  second  year,  aiul  plainly  marked  with  many  large  oblong  wart-like  excrescences.  The  stout 
broadly  ovate  flattened  winter-buds  are  bright  red,  covered  witii  a  slight  glaucous  bloom.  The  leaves 
are  ol)li(juely  triuicate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  the  ajiex  usually  contracted  into  a  short  point,  serrate  with 
rather  remote  short  glanduLir  teeth.  They  are  nienibranaceoiis,  six  or  seven  inches  long,  fotu-  or  five 
inclies  broad,  and  are  borne  on  long  slender  jietioles ;  they  are  bright  green  and  glabrous  on  the  uiijier. 
pale  or  often  silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface,  which  is  covered  with  short  fine  pubescence.  The 
pedunculate  bract  is  four  or  five  inches  long,  obovate,  generally  less  than  an  inch  broad,  roinided  at 
the  apex,  iind  gradually  narrowed  into  a  .sessile  or  short-stalked  base.  The  flowers  appear  early  'i  •June, 
or,  on  the  moinitains  of  Tennessee  and  Carolina,  late  in  dune  or  early  in  .luly.  They  are  larger  tjinn 
those  of  the  other  American  species,  with  narrow  calyx-lobes,  pubescent  on  the  inner,  and  pu's'inlc  ,  r 
the  outer  surface,  and  narrow  jietals  rather  shorter  than  the  long  style.  The  ov.iry  is  ci,  .  witli 
dense  white  tomentum,  and  the  fruit  i.s  pubescent  with  short  closely  appressed  ciiu'tcoiis  hairs. 

Tile  northern  limit  of  'J'illri  In  li  roji/ii/lid  is  in  the  mountains  of  Peiinsyh.niia  ;  it  ext"iicl-^  -'i\itli- 
ward  through  the  Alleghany-mountain  region  to  northern  Alaliania  and  to  western  and  centra!  Fidrid  •, 
and  westward  to  middle  Tennessee  and  Kentiuky  and  southern  Indi;i  ;  and  Illinois.  It  is  coni'non  on 
the  slopes  of  the  iiigh  mountains  of  the  southern  states,  reaching  its  best  develo|imcnl  on  thosf  of  e  ist- 
ern  Teinie.ssee. 

Tilia  /utiroj)hi/lla  Ls  found  on  rich  wooded  slopes  in  rather  humid  soil,  or  near  the  banks  of 
streams,  often  growing  in  limestone  soil.  The  trees  with  which  it  is  often  assrxiated  arc  the  Tulip 
roplar,  llie  Yellow  Uuckeye,  the  White  Ash,  tlie  Sorrel-tree,  the  Wiiite  Hirch.  the  Mountaii'  Mignolia, 
tile  lb  iiilnck,  the  (ireat  Khododendroti,  and  the  Chestnut  and  lied  Oaks. 

The  wood  of  'J'iliii  III  l(  rn/i/ii/ll(i  resendiles  that  of  the  other  .Vieeriean  Lindens.  Tli(>  sapwuad  is 
mucli  lliinner.  however,  being  reduced  sometimes  *•)  five  or  six  layers  of  annual  growth  with  a  thickiu'ss 
of  only  half  an   inch.     The  specific  gravity  of  the  al).soliiteiy  <lry  wood  is  0.-I'J.")l(,  a  cubic   foot   of   tiie 

'  l.iiki'  C'htirni,  CJrun^u  County,  'rhi'uiloi-e  1..  .Mi'udc. 


4  \   'I, 


hi    ■ 


!i  I 


i 


V' 


-*5»'fc^. 


58 


sjLVA  OF  xoirni  ameiuva. 


TIl.lACK.l- 


« r ! 


dry  wood  wei«^liiii^  20.51  pounds.  It  is  coufouiuled  eonnuercudly  with  the  wood  of  TiUa  J^avrknna, 
and  is  used  for  the  s;une  purposes. 

T'tliit  /ufcroj)/i//Ii((  was  first  distinguished  hy  the  French  l>i»tanist  Ventenat,'  whose  monograph  of 
the  genus  Tihii  was  puhlished  in  1802.  It  had  heen  previously  iijtroihieed  into  Euiopean  gardens  by 
the  ekler  Miehaux  ■  and  by  Fraser,  although  the  fact  that  two  species  of  Tilia  were  growing  in  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains  seems  to  have  escaped  their  notice,  as  well  as  that  of  the  other  botiinists  who  visited 
that  part  of  tlie  country  before  the  beginning  of  the  present  centiu-y. 

77//"//  //( fcrnj}/f////((  probably  soon  disappeared  from  gardens ;  and  in  cultivation  it  is  still  one  of 
the  rarest  of  the  trees  which  inhabit  the  cooler  parts  of  North  America.  Few  North  American  trees, 
however,  surpass  it  in  beauty  of  foliage ;  and  the  contrast  made  by  the  silvery  whiteness  of  the  under 
surface  of  its  ample  leaves,  as  they  flutter  on  their  slender  stems,  with  tlie  dark  green  of  the  Hemlocks 
and  Laurels  on  the  banks  of  rapid  mountiiin  streams,  produces  one  of  the  most  beautiful  effects  which 
can  be  setn  in  the  splendid  forests  which  clothe  the  valleys  of  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountiiins. 


'  Etienne  Pierre  Ventenat  (17ri7-1808)  ;  a  distinguished  French 
botiinist,  author  of  several  iir.portant  works,  the  l>cst  kuuwn  \wing 

his  Desrription  des  PlanUs  J^dmvelles  <yn  pen  Connu€S,  CHltivt'en  dutis 
le  Jiirdiu  dc  J .  M.  Cels,  jmblislii'd  in  Paris  in  1H(K),  and  the  smni>- 
tiious  Jttrdin  de  la  Malmni.^on,  published  in  Paris  in  1H(K^— t,  under 
the  auspii'es  nt"  the  Kuiprt'ss  .lost'phiiio. 

'^  Andrd  Mii'hiiiix  (ITlti-lHO'J)  ;  a  Kreiu-h  bcitanist  wl'n  residi'd 
in  AnuTiua  from  178.">  to  IT'.M),  fur  the  purpose  of  studying  for  tiie 
Frciu'li  LTovt'rnnunt  the  plant."  and  natunil  rt-HOurees  of  tlie  eoniitrv. 
Mm  uaux  tnivi'led  extensively  in  the  region  enst  of  the  Mississifipi 


River,  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  Florida,  and  discovered  many  planU 
afterwards  described  by  A.  Uiehard  in  the  Flora  lioreiili-Aynericatia, 
published  in  Paris  in  1S03.  Michaux's  name  as  author  appears  on 
till?  title-piige  of  this  classical  work,  which  was  nut  published  until 
after  his  death,  and  upon  that  of  the  HUloire  df.f  Cfune.f  de  CAmi- 
riifUf,  published  in  ISOl,  after  Michaux  hud  left  France  for  Mada* 
gasci.r,  where  he  died  of  fever.  The  journal  of  his  travels  in 
America,  presented  by  Ids  son,  F.  A,  Michaux,  to  the  American 
i'hilosuphical  S<H'iety,  was  published  in  188U  in  volume  xxvi.  of  the 
PrMceeibngs  of  that  society. 


KXPLANATION   OF  THK    PLATE. 


I'lATi;    XXVII.       TlI.IA    IIKTKI        ;!YI.I.A. 

I.  A  cluster  of  ilowers.  witii  its  pt'duncuIiUe  In-act. 

'2.  W'rlical  seotinri  of  a  tlower,  ctilar^cd. 

3.  A  fruitiiisj  lirancli. 

1.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  witli  iwn  seeds  developeil,  onlarjjed. 

•'>.  A  seed,  eiilarffi'd. 

t).  Vfrtioal  section  of  a  seed,  enlar^'ell. 


!  1 


'M^J^Mis^im 


[fTT 


AOH 


! 


Ii 


.-«-«-< -^ 


/•> 


in  \ 


(ii 


i  (I 


'     U 


/;. 


i 


TILIA    HETKROPHYl.l.A 


,~.;xmm..'Mui« 


i 


ZYUOPUYU^CEjK 


SJLVA    OF  AOliTJJ   AMERICA. 


m 


H 


GFAIAC  UM. 

Flowkrs  perfect,  terminal,  solitary  or  umhcllate-fasciclcd ;  calyx  5  or  rarely 
4-lobed,  inil)ricatecl  in  iustivation,  decicluous ;  petals  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calvx, 
imbricated  in  aestivation,  hypogynous ;  stamens  hyj)ogynous,  the  filaments  naked  or 
squamate.  Fruit  fleshy,  2  to  5-celled,  dehiscent ;  albumen  corneo-cartilaginous,  rimose. 
Leaves  tbruptly  pinnate. 


Quaiacum,  Linnicus,  lift\.  140.  —  A.  L.  de  Ju»aieu,  (rf/t. 
290.  —  Adaiison,  Fam.  t'l.  ii.  .'>07. —  Kndlioher,  Geii. 
1164.  —  Meisner,  Gen.  59.  — Gray.  Gen.  III.  ii.  121; 
Proe.  Am.  Acad.  ii.  scr.  xxii.  liOiV  —  lieiitham  &  lIoDker, 
Oen.  i.  207.  —  Baillon,  Hist.  I'l.  iv.  tJOS. 


Porlieria.  Rui?.  i  I'avim.  Prmlr.  m.  t.  9.  —  Meisucr.  Gen. 
r>9.  —  Kudlielier,  Gi-n.  1104.  —  Uentkam  &  Hooker,  Gen. 
i.  208. 


Trees  or  shrubs,  with  white  scaly  bark,  .stout  terete  alternate  l)raiieli('s  often  witli  swollen  nodes,  and 
hard  resinous  wood.  Leaves  petiolate,  opposite,  al)ru[)tly  pinnate,  witli  two  to  fourteen  entire  retieuhite- 
veined  leaHets,  and  minute  more  or  less  deeiduoiLs  stipules.  P'lowei-s  pedunculate  from  tiie  Mxils  of 
minute  deciduous  bracts,  l)lue  or  purple.  Sejiais  sli<jhtly  united  at  the  \y.i--v.  uiuMpuil.  Petals  l)roadly 
obovate,  more  or  less  unguiculate.  Stamens  ten,  inserted  on  tlie  siiort  iiieonspieuous  or  elevated  tlisk 
opposite  to  and  alternate  witli  the  j)etal-;  filaments  filiform,  naked  or  bearinjr  at  the  base  on  the  inner 
surface  a  minute  membranaceous  scale  ;  anthers  obloni^,  fixed  near  the  base,  introrse,  two-celled,  the  cells 
opening  lonj^fitudinallj'.  I'iNtil  of  two  or  five  united  carpels  ;  ovary  raised  on  a  short  thick  stalk,  obo- 
vate or  clavate,  two  to  Hve-iobed  and  two  to  five-cellrd,  contracted  into  a  slender  sui)ulate  acute  style  ; 
Btijjma  minutely  two  to  five-toothed  or  entire;  ovuh's  eight  to  ten  in  each  cell,  sus]iende(l  in  pairs  from 
its  inner  angle  by  a  slender  funiculus,  anatropous ;  the  ra])lie  ventral.  Fruit  smooth,  coriaceous,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base  into  a  short  .stem,  with  two  to  live  wing-like  angles,  ventrally  and  .scmietimes  dorsjilly 
delii.sccnt.  Seeds  solitary  or  sometimes  in  pairs  in  eai'h  cell,  suspended,  ovoiil ;  testa  thick  and  Heshy, 
easily  separating  fi'im  the  hard  l)ony  nucleus  closely  invested  with  a  thin  indistinct  tegiMcn.  Kinbryo 
straight  or  nearly  so  ;  cotyledons  oval,  foliaceou.s,  incumbent  or  sometimes  accinnbent  to  the  axis  of 
the  fruit  ;  radicle  short,  superior.' 

The  genus  Guaiacum,  extended  to  include  Porlieria,  is  found  in  the  West  Indies,  in  the  countries 
adjacent  to  the  Caril)bean  Sea  and  the  gulfs  of  Mexico  and  ('aliforiiia.  and  in  the  Andes  of  IVru.  Bot- 
anists have  distinguished  about  eight  species,  although  further  ex|)lorations  in  southern  Mexico  and  in 
Central  America,  where  seem  to  be  the  headquarters  of  the  genus,  may  be  expected  *!>  increasi'  the  nuiii- 
ber.  Tiie  two-  species  first  known  occur  in  the  West  Indies,  One  of  thcM'  rej.clies  the  South  Ameri- 
can continent,  and  the  other  the  keys  of  southern  Florida  and  the  Bahama  Islands,  the  most  northern 
stations  of  the  genus.     One  species^  is  found  in  western  Texas  anil  the  af'ijacent  regions  of  Mexico, 


*  Ami  (iniy  lias  |H)iiit(Ml  imt  (/'/.  H  nijht.  i.  'JS. —  Smiths/mian 
Cotilnf'-  iii.)  that  the  pusitinii  of  the  ,''>tyUHlolLJ  of  Pnrtorm  ■  '/ijnh. 
fnitnrtt.  Kiti/  ,\:  Piivoii,  is  imt  iiniforin,  thiit  they  are  occ:Lsiiiii;ill\  in- 
fiiiiibcnt  in  Guaiantm  orJifinale.  U.  (Pnic.  Am.  .iiiiii.  ii.  ser.  xxii. 
;UK>).  anil  tliiit  thi'  si)uaiiMlrrmis  hhuin'iits  ilrpi-iiihil  uii  to  si'paiMti- 
I'lirlieria  frolii  (iiiuiiu'iitu  air  suiiii>tinit>s  fiMiiiil  in  linih  ^i-ni'Mi.  wliih> 
thi>  tluwiTH  ot'  (itiatiwitm  jHtn'ijIorum  art'  Hunietinu's  tctrauioruini  as 


wi'U  as  fu'iit<llnt'rn:iM.  iiaiiion  (.If/dNAViiiiVi,  x.  31,~>)  ri'at'ht'il  I'lU'liiT 
till-  sitiiK'  (HaK-lusion,  anil  uiiiti'd  Porlieria  to  (iuaiacum. 

-  (iuitiiirum  ufficinali,  l.iuna'us,  .S/i,t\  ItSI,  Cruaiiimm  sanctum.  Lin- 
iiiiMis,  S/tcr.  'M'l. 

■'  (iiiititifuw  tintf'i.ftii'iilinm.  Knixt'liiiann,  Wi.ilucnu.t  Memoir  of  a 
Tour  in  Sorthem  Mexico  (Senulf  Ooc.  18-4S),  Hut,  .\|i(ix.  llli, — 
(iriiy,  (Jen.  III.  ii,  l'J3,  t,  14U. 


P\ 


It 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


laia  ■2.5 

150    ""^^      IrnlSBi 


^   1^    12.0 


1.8 


1.4 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


^^ 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRiET 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  14S80 

(716)872-450  J 


■^' 


s         ^^ 

<5?  ..W 


'i 


60 


SILVA    OF  iXOJiT'i   AMERICA. 


ZYGOl'IIYLLACE^. 


where  it  is  common  on  the  dry  yjravelly  mesas  of  the  valley  of  tlie  lower  Rio  Grande.  A  second  North 
AniLM'iean  species'  is  common  m  Sonora.  and  at  least  three  little  known  species  are  found  in  southern 
Mexico  and  in  Gautcmala.  One  species-  is  widely  distrihuted  through  the  northern  countries  of  South 
America  from  Cartagena  to  Venezuela,  and  a  second  South  American  species  inhabits  the  Andes  of 
Peru.;'  Ouaiaiiou  olJirlii'lc,  (iuaiiwuni  K(iiivtiiiii,aw\  Gn(ilnci())i  (irbomnn  are  small  trees.  The  other 
species  which  with  GiKuavum  (irhorcinn  form  the  section  Porliur'iu  or  GualucidiuDi  *  are  distinguished 
hy  their  usually  sijuamulose  filaments,  and  are  all  low  shrubs. 

Heavy  dense  close-grained  resinous  wood  is  peculiar  to  all  the  species  of  the  genus.  The  cells  of 
the  heartwood  are  tilled  with  dark-colored  resin,  which  gives  it  a  dark  greenish  or  yellow-brown  color, 
while  the  sapwood,  which  is  not  resinous,  is  clear  yellow.  The  Lignum-vitie  and  the  Guaiacum  resin"  of 
commerce  are  produced  principally  by  the  two  West  Indian  species,  G.  officinale  and  G.  sanctum.''  The 
wood  of  these  two  trees,  which  is  not  distinguishable,  owes  its  great  strength  to  the  peculiar  intricate 
arrangement  of  the  wood-fibre."  The  medullary  rays,  whicii  are  numerous  and  equidistiint,  are  not 
visible  to  the  naked  eye,  and  the  layers  of  annual  growth  are  hardly  distinguishable,  although  the 
numerous  circles  formed  by  alternate  darker  and  lighter  bands  which  appear  in  the  wood  of  these  treos 
are  sometimes  mistaken  for  them.  Lignum-vitie  is  largely  used  for  the  sheaves  of  ship-blocks,  for  mal- 
lets, skittle-balls,  and  ten-pin  balls,  and  for  similar  purposes. 

Guaiacum  wood  enjoyed  for  centuries  after  the  discovery  of  America  a  repuUitiou  as  a  remedy  for 
syphilis ; "  it  is  now,  however,  only  retained  in  the  materia  medica  as  an  ingredient  in  the  compound 
decoction  of  sarsaparilla.  The  resin  is  a  stimulating  diaphoretic  and  alterative,  and  is  sometimes 
employed  in  the  treatment  of  gout  and  rheumatism." 

Guaiacum,  owing  to  its  reported  medicinal  virtues,  was  one  of  the  first  plants  of  the  New  World 
to  attract  the  attention  of  Europeans.  Oviedo  y  Valdes,  who  landed  in  America  in  1514,  describes  the 
tree  under  the  aboriginal  name  of  Guayacan,  the  Palo  Suiicto  of  the  early  colonists.'"  This  was  the 
^r.  (ijficinale ;  Oviedo  knew,  however,  of  the  existence  of  a  second  species  which  he  found  on  the  island 
of  Porto  Rico  or  Sanct  .Tolian,  where  it  was  known  also  as  Palo  Sancto,  the  name  which  Linna>us 
has  preserved  for  it.  Oviedo's  first  work  on  the  Natural  History  of  America  was  published  in  l.'32G. 
Guaiacum,  however,  was  known  in  P^uropc  some  years  earlier.  The  stories  of  its  medical  virtues,  told  by 
the  natives  of  San  Domingo,  were  soon  repeated  in  Spain  and  attracted  the  attention  of  European  physi- 
cians. One  Gonsalvo  Ferrand  has  the  reimtation  of  having  carried  it  to  Europe  about  1508 ; "  and 
three  works  describing  its  virtues  were  published  in  Germany  previous  to  1520.'- 


*  Guaio'itm  Coutteri,  (imy,  /V.  Xnv.  Thurb,  U12  {Mem.  Am.  Acad, 
n.  scr.  v.). 

'^  fitiaionim  arhoreum,  De  Camlolle,  Protlr.  i.  707.  —  (iuibourt, 
Hial.  /Jrni).  I'd.  7,  iii.  RIU  (XiigophiiUum  arborcum,  Jiu:(|uiii,  /'/.  .\mcr. 
i;)0,  t.  NO). 

*  f'ttiitvum  Ay^i/ro/Hf/riVum,  Hailloti, /If/rin.fofu'd,  X.  315  {Porlitriti 
hitgroih'rii,  Hiii?.  &  I'livnii,  Si/.^l.  !•!.  —  Guibouit,  Z/inl.  ifroi/.  ud. 
7,  iii.  iWill),  till'  tyi>e  of  tlii)  gcmis  I'urlicrin. 

«  Crny,  f-V.,.  ///.  ii.  121. 

*  In  tlie  isliuiil  of  Sftii  I)omiii|^o,  whore  (iiiaincuni  rosin  is  oliiotiy 
produucti,  it  is  collootod  from  the  trunks  of  the  troos  in  part  iis  ii 
niituriil  rxudution,  iiiul  soniotinios  from  inoi.sions  niudo  in  tlio  Lurk. 
It  is  otitninod  also  by  boating  oliips  of  tlic  wootl,  or  by  sotting  llro 
to  thu  onds  of  logs  supportoil  in  a  borizontjil  position  abovo  tlio 
grouiul  on  upright  bars,  a  birgo  incision  having  boon  niado  provi- 
ously  in  the  niiddlu  of  tho  tnnik  ;  tho  rosin,  liipioiioil  Ity  tlio  lioat, 
Hows  from  tho  otit  in  tho  trunk  in  rousidorablo  abuudunoo.  (KIUt>k< 
igor  iS;  Ilanbnry,  Phitniuwoi/rnithiii.  9."i. ) 

"  Tho  wood  of  fiuaittriint  wufii,^lil'iiliiim  is  looally  oniploycd  in 
mcUicino  in  the  sanio  niunnor  as  that  of  tbo  Wcat  IniJiiui  trees, 


Wislizcnus,  Memoir  of  a   Tour  in  Northern  Mexico  {Senate   Doc. 
IH4H),  Hot.  A]tpx.  li;t ;  and  tho  wootl  of  (f.  arboreum  is  said  to  bo 
sonu'tinios  exported  in  small  quantities  from  the  United  States  of 
C'ohunbia. 
'  lirowne,  Nat.  Ili.it.  Jam.  220.  —  I.iiidley,  Nal.  Sysl.  Hot.  ed.  2, 

i;n. 

**  The  troatnu'Ut  with  (luaiacum  oonsisted  in  eonHning  the  piu 
tiont  in  a  elosod  room  boated  to  a  high  temperature,  and  in  admin- 
isteriug  twice  a  day,  for  several  days,  eopiuns  doses  of  a  milk-warm 
deeootiou  propartMl  from  tho  wood.  It  was  generally  reeugnized  in 
the  boginniug  of  the  present  ooutury  that  (iuaiaoum  w.is  powerless 
to  eradicate  the  vonoroul  poison.     {Mat.  Mril.  lirit.  od.  1807.) 

"  Ilerg,  I'harm.  Anal.  All.  53,  t.  27.  —  Flllekiger  &  Ilaubury, 
Phannaeo(jraphiii,  IHi. — •  (iuibourt,  }Iisl.  Drat/,  od.  7,  iii.  551. 

'**  .VuwKiri'o,  cap.  Ixxv.  ;  lii.tt.  Gen.  Nat.  fnil.  lib.  10,  eap.  2. 

"  •lonatluiu  IVreira,  KleminU  Mat.  Metl.  ed.  2,  ii.  105;i. 

'*  De  nira  Morhi  ttalliri  per  Litjnnm  Gwii/iicanum  tifiettm,  printed 
in  l.-i:t5,  but  ilatod  Doeendier  Ii),  1517. 

he  mnrbo  fiallieo  tractatH.1,  Salisburgi,  November,  1518. 

Ulrichi  de  llulten  tquitii  de  Uuaiaci  medicina  el  morbo  Oallico  liber 


\  ^ 

li 

li 


i'iiyi.lacka:. 

iL'oiul  North 
in  southern 
ies  of  South 
le  Andes  of 
The  other 
[istmguished 

The  cells  of 
brown  color, 
um  resin  "  of 
dum:''  The 
liar  intricate 
ant,  are  not 
ilthough  the 
)f  these  trails 
icks,  for  mal- 

a  remedy  for 
lie  compound 
is  sometimes 

B  New  World 
describes  the 
This  was  the 
on  the  island 
liich  Linnajus 
lied  in  1526. 
irtues,  told  by 
iropean  physi- 
iLTOS;"  and 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


_ 61 

zygoi'hyllacea;. 

The  jreneric  name  Guaiacum,  derived  from  the  West  Indian  Grmiaco  or  &««y«c«n,  the  aboriginal 
name  of  r7c.««/e  and  of  G.  sanctum,  first  used  by  Plumier,'  was  afterwards  adopted  by  L„.n.us. 


,,n,«,  Morgiinthe,  ir.lO.  Those  tracts,  which  1  have  not  seen,  iirc 
,,„„tca  by  Fliickigcr  &  Ilanbury,  (.  .-.  Tw..  early  tmcts,  ,„.bhsh«l 
i„  (Icrman,  and  believed  to  have  Iwen  translated  from  the  hpa.ush, 
are  contained  in  the  John  Carter  Brown  Library  at  Providence. 
The  first  of  these,  pnblished  in  l.Vit,  is  entitled  Ayn  limpl  ran 
amem,  hollz  zU  hrauche  fiir  die  kranckhait  der  franczowi  n,d  amier 
jUi^aig  off-en  "rhi'den,  «.«=  Hi^pmy^rher  sprach  zii  teuUeh  yemnchi, 
darza  dz.     RegemenI  wie  mm  sich  darin  haUen  vn  audi  darzii  Hchchen 


soil.  (Colophon:)  Gedmckl  vn  lolendt  m  d,r  Kmserlu-I.f  Slal 
Augspurg,  an  de  achtemlen  la,,  des  AprUlen,  der.  jars  unrh  drr  gtburl 
Chmti  vnsers  henen,  Tmccnt  fUnff  Imnderl  vnd  im.  xxiiii.  J  are.  The 
second,  witliout  date,  but  believed  to  have  been  printed  about  the 
same  time,  is  entitle.l  Egn  Bewert  KecepI,  wie  man  das  hollz  Guagnca 
fiir  die  knmckhegt  der  Frantzo.mi  hrauchen  sol. 
'  Noe.  Gen.  I'l.  Am.  6%  t.  17. 


I      '•/ 


id) 


I 


?xico  {Senate  Doc. 
>reum  is  said  to  be* 
0  United  States  of 


a 


at.  Syst.  Bol.  ed.  2, 

II  confluing  the  pa- 
ture,  and  in  adniin- 
ses  of  u  milk-warm 
Tally  recognized  in 
cum  w,is  powerless 
Iril.  ed.  1S07.) 
kiger   &  Ilanbury, 
I.  7,  iii.  551. 
ib.  10,  cap.  2. 
1>,  ii.  ItlKl. 
lum  UMlus,  printed 


iber,  1518. 

I  morbo  Oallico  liber 


'<Vt  tHitm 


m 


g!^mMip^m^W 


W:>m 


I    tl 


y    ^. 


ZYGOPlIYLLACEiE. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


63 


GUAIACUM  SANCTUM. 
Lignum-vitas. 

Flowers  solitary ;  filaments  naked.     Fruit  5-celled,  5-anglcd ;  cotyledons  aecum- 
bent  to  the  axis  of  fruit.     Leaves  composed  of  several  pairs  of  leaflets. 

Guaiacum  sanctum,  Linnieus,  Spei:  382.  —  De  Candolle,  Q.  vertioBle,  Ortega.  Der.  viii.  98.  —  De  Candolle,  Prmlr.  i. 
Prodr.   i.  707.  —  Nuttall,  Sijlvn,  iii.  16,  t.  86.  —  Gray,  707.  — Uichard, /";.  C«i.  :i21.  — Hemsley,  ifo(. /i/o/.  .Im. 

Gen.  III.  ii.  123,  t.  148.  —  Sdinizlein,  Imn.  t.  2.")3,  f.  21.  —  Cent.  i.  l.")i). 

Grisebacii,  Fl.  Brit.  iV.  Iml.  134.  —  Cliapinan,  Fl.  64. —  G.  sanctum,  var.  parvifolium.  Nuttall,  Sylvi,  iii.  17. 
Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  Vdth  Census  ('.  S.  ix.  28. 


'■/ 


A  low  I 


rled  round-headed 


height  of 


j^-five  or  thirty  feet,  with 


L",  jrrowing  sometime.s 

ii  short  stout  trui.'c  occasionally  two  and  a  half  to  three  feet  in  dianietei',  and  slender  pendulous  brandies. 
The  bark  of  the  tmnk  is  rarely  more  than  an  eij^lith  of  an  inch  thick,  the  surface  separating  into  small 
thin  white  scales  resembling  those  covering  tlie  trunk  of  a  vigorous  Wiiite  Oak,  The  branches  are  con- 
spicuously enlarged  at  the  nodes,  sliglitly  angled,  and  covered  when  tliey  first  appear  with  a  short  fine 
pubescence ;  this  gradually  disappears  during  their  first  season,  and  in  the  second  year  they  are  gla- 
brous and  covered  with  white  slightly  furrowed  bark,  roughened  by  mimerous  small  excrescences.  The 
leaves  are  three  or  four  inches  long,  and  are  composed  of  three  to  five  pairs  of  olilicjuely  oblong  or  obo- 
vate  mucronate  sessile  leaflets  an  inch  long  and  nearly  half  an  inch  broad.  TIic  stipules  are  broadly 
acuminate,  tipped  with  a  short  mucro,  and  covered  with  pubescence  ;  they  are  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long, 
usually  caducous,  but  sometimes  persistent  duriug  the  season.  The  leaves  remain  on  the  branches  until 
the  appearance  of  the  new  growth,  which,  in  Florida,  is  in  March  or  early  April.  The  young  leaves 
when  they  first  appeal  .ire  pubescent,  es])ecially  on  the  midrib  and  on  the  under  surface  of  the  thin 
membranaceous  light  green  leaflets,  which  become  glabrous  at  maturity  ami  are  then  rather  coriaceous 
and  dark  lustrous  green  on  both  surfaces.  The  flowers,  which  are  two  thirds  of  an  inch  across  when 
expanded,  appear  almost  immediately  after  the  beginning  of  the  annual  growth,  and  continue  to  open 
during  several  weeks.  They  are  borne  on  slender  pubescent  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  and  gen- 
erally produced  thr'"-  or  four  together  at  the  end  of  the  branches  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  pair  of 
leaves.  The  three  pedunculate  bracts  are  acmninate,  minute,  the  two  lateral  rather  smaller  than  the 
outer  one.  The  sepals  are  obovate,  slightly  pubescent,  especially  on  the  outer  surface  near  the  base,  and 
smaller  than  the  broadly  obovate  unguiculate  ]ictiils  which  have  a  half  twist  from  left  to  right  near  the 
base,  giving  them  the  appearance  of  being  inserted  obliipiely.  The  ovary  is  obovate,  prominently  five- 
angled,  glabrous,  and  contracted  at  the  ba-se  into  a  short  stout  stalk.  The  fruit  is  broadly  obovate,  three 
fourths  of  an  inch  long,  half  an  inch  broad,  and  bright  orange-colored.  It  opens  at  maturity  by  the 
splitting  of  the  thick  rather  fleshy  valves,  disclosing  the  large  seeds  with  their  thick  fleshy  scarlet 
aril-hke  outer  coating. 

(rii(tUicu)ii  naiivtttin  inhabits,  in  Florida,  the  southern  keys  from  Key  West  eastward.  It  was 
form  .ly  common  on  Key  West,  where  a  few  old  specimens  with  large  hollowed  trunks  still  exist ;  it 
abounds  on  Upper  iMetacombe  and  Lignum-vitie  Keys,  and  is  less  ('(munon  on  Lower  Metacombe  and 
Umbrella  Keys.  It  grows  also  on  the  Bahama  group,  on  San  Domingo  and  I'orto  !\ico,  and  perlia]is  on 
Hai'badoes.'      Its  coiii|)anions  in  the  forests  of  the  Florida  keys  are  the  Eiigciiias,  the  (riimbo  Limbo, 


'  The  only  Jiiitliority  for  Itarl):u)(ios  ha  a  stution  for  this  trci-  U 
(Irlfllth  Hiiphi's'  llislorii  nf  ihf  ISiirliiiilnis,  |iulihslii'<l  in  17.")().  Ilia 
dvsvriptiuii,  oil  ptige  14-,  uf  "  Liginiin-vitii'  or  liuaiaciitii,"  iitight 


rpfor  tofitluT  of  (lie  Wust  Iiuluiuspucii's  ;  his  li^urt',  however,  vrry 
well  represeuts  G.  miiettim. 


(ii 


W 


i  I 


M 


SILVA    OF  ^•UliTII   AMKIUCA. 


/viiiii'iivi.i.AcKA;. 


the  Pisonias,  the  CitliarGxyhim,  the  Florida  Coccoloha,  the  Drypetes,  the  BunieUa,  the  Anlisia,  and  tlic 
Exosteiiia. 

The  speeiHc  <jfravity  of  the  ahsohitely  thy  wood  of  (iuitinvHin  umiclinii  prodiiet'd  in  Fh)rida  is 
1.14152,  a  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  wciirhiii}--  71. '2-1  pounds.  The  tree  is  not  al)un(hint  enoufrji  within 
the  limits  of  the  Unit-d  States  to  j^^ve  tlie  Florida-jifi'own  wood  any  commercial  importance;  on  the 
naiuuna  Islands  it  is  more  common,  and  is  the  soun'e  of  all  the  Lignum- vit;f  whicii  at  dill'erent  times 
lias  been  exported  in  c(msiderable  (juantitics  from  those  islands. 

Giuttitvitni  .•iinictinii  was  first  distinguished  by  Oviedo,  and  it  was  noticed  and  described  by  several 
of  the  early  autluu's  wiio  wrote  upon  American  plants.'  The  fact  that  it  grew  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States  was  first  establislied  i)y  Dr.  J.  L.  IJlodgett. 

Tlie  whiteness  of  the  bark  of  this  tree,  its  dark  green  lustrous  foliage,  and  the  gracei'ul  habit  of  its 
branches,  make  it  a  striking  and  attractive  object  at  all  seasons  of  the  year ;  its  beauty  in  the  early 
s]>ring,  when  the  delicate  new  foliage  is  unfolding  and  the  branches  are  covered  with  the  bright  idue 
Howers,  is  not  surpassed  by  that  of  any  of  the  plants  which  inhabit  the  Florida  keys. 


'  Del  (runiianim  y  pnlv  mnrtn,  Muimnles,  Hint.  Med.  fitl.  I'J  (od.  (luajacum  foiiis  Lentisci,  Hreyne,  I'rmlr.  ii.  G9. 

Scvilla,  ITtTI).  Kuonifmiutrlflnit,  Occidfiilalis,  (ilnlit  liiutri  /o/jw,  AWj/Vra,  cortict! 

Ouajantm,  prn/wmmlttm  nine  matrirr,  i/uihuaitam  lifjtium  annctttm,  aii  <f('ttinila,/tw(fosn,  VhiVvuvt,  Aim.  /Jo/.  139,  t.  1>I,  f.  4. 
/«//(.<  Itottritcan  .y  MtUUilijiumhitl,  .Tunstuii,  Deruimloffraphittt  4-0.  ilnmtmtmjtore  aeritleo,  jimhritito,  frurUt  tetragouo,  riiiuiiur,  i/ou. 

Gutijarum  pro/temotlum  .vi;i*' ma/riVf,  C.  Itnuhiii,  Pin,  t-lH.  PI.  Am.  Gen.  39. 

Guajarmn  Americanum  alteram, /ructu  Euonymi,  hteync,  Prodr.  Guajamm  foUis  pinnatlitfoliolisobvernc  ovatis  integerrimU,  UoyiiOf 

i.  -.ii  Fl.  Lend.  Prodr.  liOS. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE   I'LATE. 

Plate  XXVIII.    Ouaiacum  .sanctum. 

1.  A  flowtriiif;  brniicli.  nutural  size. 

2.  Diagram  of  a  flower. 

3.  Vertical  section  of  a  flower,  tlic  pistil  entire,  enlargt.i 

4.  Anterior  and  posterior  views  of  a  stamen,  enlarged. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  a  pistil,  enlarged. 
C.  An  ovale,  nnicli  enlarged. 

T.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  u  fruit,  natural  size. 

9.  A  seed,  the  outer  coating  removed,  natural  size. 

10.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  natural  size. 

11.  An  embryo,  much  enlarged. 


IS  L 


H'lIVI.l.ACKiK. 

isiii,  and  the 


in  Florida  is 
iiou<;li  within 
uht;  on  the 
itVeieiit  times 


ii\) 


od  by  si'veial 
limits  of  the 

ul  hahit  of  its 
\l  in  the  early 
le  brifrht  hlue 


i.»,  Kucifem,  corlice 

»1,  f.  4. 

jouo,  Pliimier,  .Toii. 

inlegerrimis,  H  oven, 


/ 


ff 


is 


i^ite 


«•?' 


aiS„***?r 


^i 


%Mtll    I 


Mi: 


i 


i\i 


t    K  /'it.n''-,   .u't 


GUMACUM    SANCTUM 


('V*  .'»   ..t/hn'    >  >'"■:< 


witeiM 


'iiiiiiTiii-^---'^'^' 


'/;;^^afe^**a;f%te;*** 


:•  I 


■•i\ 


« 


RflACl'..*:. 


.s/AT^l    OF  iXOliTlJ  AMEltlCA. 


(i,*) 


Xantboxylum,  LiiiniBUs,  Gen.  eil.  6,  "il'.t.  —  A.  L.  i\v  .liis- 
«ieu.  Gen.  374.  —  Endliclier,  Gen.  1140.  —  Meisiier,  Gen. 
64.  —  Gray,  Gen.  III.  ii.  147.  —  licntlmin  &  Iluuker.  Gen. 
'.'il7.  —  Biiillon,  //;»/.  /v.  iv.  4(18. 

Fagara.  Aduiisoii,  F'lni.  I'l.  ii.  MtU. 

Pterotn,  lirowne,  Sat.  Hist.  Jdni.  18'.t. 

Blackburnia,  Kurstur,  Cliar.  Gen.  t.  G. 


Curtiaia.  Silnelicr,  G'li.  I'.t'.). 
Ochroxylum.  .SchrcbiT,  Gen.  SiCi. 
Pseudopetalon.  U.itiiics(|iii',  Ft.  Lmlneii:  108. 
Langsdorfla.    Liaiidro,  Aet.  Mmne.   ISl'.t.   l.'3'.l  (c".   End- 

i;,l„rG,i,.  1147). 
Tobinia.  Desvaux.  Il'iiiillt'in  I'm,!,:  Fl.  Intl.  Or,:  ,■,(>. 
Fohlana.  Ntea  &  Jlartiiis.  Sue.  .Id.  .Vnt.  Cnr.  ii.  \X't. 


Trees  or  8hriit)a,  with  acrid  aroniiitic  bark  and  pellucid  aromatic-punctate  fruit  and  foliajje.  u.sualh- 
amied  with  stipuiar  prickles.  Leaves  alternate,  usually  unequally  i)innate.  or  rarely  one  to  three  t'olio- 
late,  the  petioles  .sometimes  prickly,  rarely  winjjed  ;  leaflets  fjenerally  oiipositc,  often  olpli(|ue  at  the  base. 
entire  or  crenulate.  Flowers  small,  often  unisexual,  };reenisli  white  or  white,  proiluced  in  a.\illary  or 
termuial,  broad  r  contracted,  pedunculate  cymes.  Disk  small  or  obscure.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals  and  alternate  with  them,  hypof;;ynous ;  ell'ete,  rudimentary  or  wantinj;  in  the  female  flowers; 
filaments  tiliform  or  subulate  ;  anthers  uitror.se,  two-celled,  o|>enin<^  lonjjitudiiially.  Pistils  one  to  five, 
obhque,  rai.sed  on  tiie  summit  of  a  fleshy  <;ynophore,  connivent,  soiiictimes  slinhtly  uniti'd  below  ;  ruili- 
luentary,  simple  or  two  to  Hve-partcd  in  the  sterile  Howers;  ovary  one-celled  ;  styles  slioit  and  slender, 
connivent  or  connate  towards  the  summit;  stigmas  ca))itatc  ;  ovules  two,  collateral,  pendulous  from  the 
inner  angle  of  the  cell,  anatropous ;  the  raphe  ventral.  Follicles  of  fruit  as  many  as  tiie  pistils,  or 
by  abortion  fewer,  broadly  obovate,  sessile  or  stipitate,  ventrally  dehiscent.  Seed  oblong  (U'  globular, 
8U.spended  on  a  slender  funiculus,  often  hanging  from  the  carjiel  at  maturity  ;  testa  thin,  bony  or  crus- 
taceous,  blue  or  black,  shiny,  conspicuously  marked  by  tiu'  broad  hilinn  ;  tcgnien  thick,  crustaceous. 
Embryo  axile,  straight  or  arcuate  ;  cotyledons  oval  or  orbicular,  foliaceous  ;    radicle  short,  superior. 

The  genus  Xanthoxylum  is  widely  distributed  through  tropical  and  extra-tropical  regions.  Eighty 
to  one  hundred  species  are  distinguished,  of  which  a  large  part  inhabit  tropical  America.  The  genus 
is  represented  in  North  America  by  five  species ;  three  attain  the  size  of  small  trees,  the  others  are  tree- 
like shrubs,' 


*  Xanthoxylum  .inwrieanuin,  MiUiT,  Difl.  —  Xanthonjlum  fmiir- 
ginatum.  Swart/,,  Fl.  Ocr.  i.  ~)1'2. 

.V.  .imerifonum  is  coiimioii  in  tho  northern  stiiti's  fruni  ca.-^tern 
Mil.ss.ii'lnjst'tts  U\  Minni'scita,  t'Xti'niUnj;  soutli  to  tlie  tuountain^  of 
Virjfinia,  and  to  fastorn  Kansas.  It  is  a  siuTaUin;;  shrub,  attaiiiin^r 
80ini>tinu'S  in  t'ultivation  tho  hahit  of  a  small  tror.  'I'hf  tlowiTS. 
which  are  prtMliu-fil  Itpforr  the  leaves  in  axillary  elustei-s,  are  desti- 
tute of  sepals.  The  bark,  leaves,  and  fruit  art*  exeeediugly  acrid 
and  aronmtie,  and  are  a  |H,|iidar  remedy  for  toothaehe. 

A',  anarffinntum  is  a  West  Indian  species  with  coriaeeoas  shining 
leaves,  composed  (>f  two  or  four  pairs  of  entire  leallcts,  anil  a  three- 
parted  calyx.     It  is  described  as  a  shrub  or  small  tree.     The  wood 


is  said  by  Haillon  (llUt.  /V.  iv.  4.'tS)  to  be  white,  heavy,  and  aro- 
matic, anti  to  be  one  of  tlie  so-eallcd  rosewoods  exportcil  from  the 
West  Indies.  It  is  described  by  Macfadyen  {Ft.  .htm.  V.H).  who 
makes  no  mention  of  its  eeouomie  properties,  as  a  shrubl)y  tree. 
This  species  was  found  by  Pr.  .\.  I'.  (larlkT,  on  an  island  in  Hay 
Hiscayne  iu  IS77,  j^rowinj;  as  a  small  shi-nb.  It  has  mil  sinci'  been 
seen  in  the  I'uited  States,  althiuij^b  the  shores  of  Hay  Hiscayiu'  have 
been  several  times  carefully  exphu-ed  by  botanists. 

Abndiani  Tascal  (iarber  (1S:W-1SS1),  who  fouiul  this  plant  in 
Khu'itla,  was  a  native  of  C'obnubia.  IVinisylvania,  a  jjrraduate  ()f 
I. a  Kayette  Collcjje,  where  he  aeipiircd  a  taste  for  botany,  and  of 
the  nu-dical  s-  'moI  of  the  I'niversitv  of  IVniisvlvauia.     l*r.  (Jarber 


(       '■/ 


XANTHOXYLUM. 

Fi.owKUs  (litrcious  or  polygaiuoiis ;  culyx  .'{  to  .)-lol)(.'{l,  hypogynoiis,  iiiibricatfil  in 
a'stivation,  rarely  wantiiif?;  petals  ,'{  to  o,  hyi)ogynoiis,  iinbricatid  or  rarely  in(lui)licatc- 
valvate  in  aestivation.     Fruit  coniijost'd  of  1  to  .">  coriaceous  or  fiesliy  1-seedetl  carpels. 


\u 


'.;?i8PgK?. 


■i^mmsmn. 


m 


S/LIA    OF   Xonril   AMHUKA. 


RUTAlEiK. 


k  ■. 


Nuiiu'i'oiis  .s|UM'i«'s  occur  in  the  West  liiclics,'  in  Mexico  mihI  Central  America,'  in  Hrazil''  where 
nearly  titty  sjiecics  arc  rcici^^nizcii.  and  in  t'le  otiier  countries  of  tropical  America.  The  fjenus  lias 
several  re|)reseiitatives  in  tropical  Africa.'  in  India,'''  China,''  and  •lapan,'  in  the  Malay  Archipclaj:;o,  und 
in  Australia,  where  three  species  oecnr.^ 

The  hark  of  Xanthoxylum,  especially  that  of  the  roots,  contains  a  hitter  [irinciplc.'  which  has  heeii 
found  identical  with  ISerberina,"'  an  acrid  resin,  and  a  yellow  coloriii<r  matter.  It  i.s  u  powerful 
stinuilant  ami  tonic,  sometimes  used  in  thu  treatment  of  rheumatism,  to  e.Kcite  sidivatiou  and  to  alle- 
viate toothache.  The  liark  of  several  West  Indian  s|>eiies  is  considered  anti-syphilitic.  The  roots  of 
Xiiiillio.i'iihni)  iiUiilinn  are  deemed  sudorilic  in  China,  and  are  th(iu<;ht  to  furnish  a  valuahle  fehrifuge. 
The  fruit  of  X(iiil/ir).ri//iiiii  iliihini  is  used  in  India  as  a  condinu-nt,  and  the  seeds  to  poison  fish;"  and 
the  leaves  and  fruit  of  this  specii's  are  used  l>y  the  Chinese  as  a  stimulant,  sudorific,  and  anthelmintic; 
and  .silkworms  aro  fed  u])on  the  leaves.'^  The  capsules  of  A'.  jiijiiritiii>i  furnish  the  .Japanese  pejiper 
of  commerce,  and  are  used  medicinally  in  China. '^  The  wood  of  A',  briic/ii/iiciiiil/iinn  of  Australia  is 
used  in  cal)inet-makiiii;."  and  the  wood  of  some  of  the  West  Indian  species  is  cimsidered  valuahle. 

Xanthoxylum,''  derived  from  farOii;  and  ii'/.of.  ai)pears  to  have  heen  first  used  as  the  name  of  a 
plant  hy  IMukeiu't."'  who  ap|ilicd  it  to  a  West  Inilian  tree.  The  nanu-  was  afterwards  used  l)y  ("ateshy, 
and  adopti'd  hy  Linna'us,  who  credited  the  ltcuus  to  Cadwallader  Colden '"  who  had  published  a  descri|)- 
tion  of  the  northern  I'rickly  Ash  with  j^eneric  eharauters.'" 

prai'tii'dl  his  jtrot't'.''.>'iiin  for  a  slun-t  time  in  I'ittslmr^li,  Init  was  ftm'i'd  '*   Tin'  wDrd  was  written  'Attnthojiflntn  l>y  PhikiMit't  and  LinniciiM, 

)iy  ill-lit'allh  tti  seek  a  iniMcr  i-liiiiatc.     Wv  pa.sst'il   fiiiir  winters  in       anil   many  authors  have  tulhtwrd  tliis  fanlty  orthtt^niphy.     It  waH 
HDUthrrn    Kloriila,  where  he  iliseiivereil  many  new  specie.s  »>!"  phint.s       c<irrected,  however,  hy  .MiHer,  whose  spellinf^  of  the  worti  Ii!i.s  Im'CU 
(/iuyniri  (uirwrit  Lititri\  iinrhfri,  liufittmriti  iiiirhcri,  ete.),an(l  de-      mlupteil  hy  sevenil  prominent  Iiotanists.  inclatliug  Asji  (iray  (Prnc. 
ti-rmined  the  presenee  in  Khirida  of  several  \\'est  Indian  Iree.s.    l)r.       Am.  AewL  n.  ser.  xxiii.  'J'J.*i). 
(jarher  made  a  h.itanical  exenrsiun  to  I'orto  Uieo  in  lS.sn,      (iartn- 
riti  of  a  single  spet^ie.s  — a  Florida  Nliruh  with  I.iatris-Uke  liowers  — 
commemorates  I>r.  (iarln'r's  Aerviees  to  Ataerican  hotany. 

'  (;risehaeh,  Fl.  lirit.  II'.  />,</.  lliti. 

-  Ilemsley,  lUil.  Hud.  Am.  Cent.  i.  lliS. 

'^  Kiehler,  .Martiits  Fl.  Ilnisit.  xii.  'J,  I.^l. 

•  <  Hiver.  /•■/.  '/'rfv-.  A/r.  i.  IMH.  —  liaker,  Fl.  .l/r.ur.  ,v  Sei/i-k.  'S'X 
'-  Hooker  f.  /■•/,  Hril.  Iml.  i.  4!)'J. 
"   Korhes  \:  Ilemsley,  Jf)rir.  Linn.  Sor.  xxiii.  105- 
'  Kranehet  A:  Savatier,  Kiiiwi.  Fl.  Jap.  i.  I'l. 

•  Heniham,  Fl.  Ani'lnil.  i.  :t(i'.'. 
^  XanlhniiirriU',  Chevallier  &   Pidletan,  Ann.  Cftrm.  Fhj.  Her.  -, 

xxxiv.  am. 

'■'  Dyson-l'errin.s,  I'lmrm.  Jour.  ser.  "J,  iv.  40;t. 

''  Hnindi-s,  Fore.it  Flor.  Brit.  Intl.  17. 

'■  .Smith,  Conlrib.  .Mnt.Mfl.  Chiuii.SM. 

'•  ,S    ■•h,  /.  ,-. 

"  Maiden,  i'sflnl  Stiiire  I'I.diIs  nf  A'uHrnlin,  (il.'i. 


'"  .Urn.  lint.  ;i!Mi,  t.  -j;!!),  f.  I!. 

'^  Cadwallader  I'oldeu  ( l(>HK-177r.)  ;  a  native  of  Dunse,  .Scotland, 
gratlnated  at  the  medieal  .sehmd  of  Kdinhnr^li  in  177<'j.  Dr.  C'oldi'n 
praetieed  his  professiuu  in  Pennsylvania  from  170H  tu  llVt,  and  in 
171i*  received  the  appointment  of  .surveyor-general  of  New  York, 
and  that  of  lieutenant-governor  of  the  province  in  17('il,  perform- 
ing; the  duties  of  pivrnor  fiir  nmeh  of  the  time  until  177."*,  when 
hi>  retireil  to  l.on;^  l.slaud, where  he  died  in  his  ei<;hty-ninth  year. 
Dr.  (-'olden  wa.s  one  of  the  most  ilistiu^uished  of  the  early  cultivat- 
ors of  acieru'e  in  .Vuu-rica.  lie  hecanie  interested  in  liotany  through 
the  puhlications  of  Linna-us,  with  whom,  and  with  other  European 
men  of  science,  he  carriei'  on  an  active  correspondenc"  during  many 
years.  His  paper  on  the  Plttntir  Colit-nhttmiir,  puhli:ihed  in  the 
Tran.sjietitnis  of  the  Koyal  Society  of  .Science  at  L'psala,  in  174-,  is 
the  earliest  contrihutiun  to  a  knowledge  of  the  hutany  of  the  State 
of  New  York.  It  w:w  considered  an  extraorilinary  performance, 
and  received  the  hi;;hcst  praise  from  Linmens  and  (irouovius. 

i»  /'/.  '  •itlilm.  107. 


i 


CONSPKCTUS  OF  THK   SOKIW   A.MKUICAN   SPECIES, 

Inriorescence  terminal. 
Calyx  lobes  ."». 

Leaves  deciduous,  stems  arnieil 1.   X.  Clava-FIekculis. 

Leaves  persistent,  stems  nnarined 'J.    X.  ruilimisc.M. 

Calyx  lolies .'!. 

I,caves  ever<;reen .'i.   X.  kmakhinatum. 

Inflorescence  axillary. 

Flowers  complete 4.   X.  F.vhak.v. 

Flowers  destitute  of  ealvx        ."i.   X.  A.MKKI'A.NCM. 


vs  ^ 


RUTACEiK. 

azil'  wliere 

fTLMius  lias 

pi'lago,  an<l 

li  has  lifcii 

il    |l()W('l't'ul 

and  to  allt- 
'lic  roots  of 
t<'l)rifiij;i'. 
tisli;"  and 
itlifhiiintic ; 

lIll'SL'    |H'](|lt'r 

Australia  is 
aoie. 

naino  of  a 
l)y  (!ati'sl)y, 
L'd  a  desfrij)- 


ii't  iiiid  MiiiiiPu.H, 
»j;r:iphy.  It  waa 
If  word  hjw  been 
Asii  Gray  (Pnic, 


DuiiHc,  Scotland, 
",.  Dr.  Ciiia.'H 
>H  to  ITI.'i,  mid  in 
nil  <pf  New  York, 
ill  IVdl,  pLTforin- 
iiiitil  I"T.~i,  wla-n 
•iKlity-iiintli  year, 
the  early  eultivat- 
in  botany  tbron^b 
1  other  Kiiropeau 
eiic"  during  many 
publi:ilied  in  the 
I'psabt,  in  171-,  i-s 
itaiiy  of  tlie  State 
lary  jierformanec, 
I  iironoviui}. 


IfA-FlEKC.L'LIS. 
KIWt '.M. 

Kiil.SATl'M. 

AK.\. 

:U1I  ANl'M. 


nLTACK*.  SILVA    or  NOHTJl  AMKltlCA. 


XANTHOXYLUM   CLAVA-HERCULIS. 
Prickly  Ash.     Toothache  Troe. 
Flowkhs  in  terminal  clusters;  sepals  and  petals  5.     Leaves  deciduous. 


07 


Xanthozylum  Clava-Heroulis.  Miuia'us,  .s><f.  'J7n  (c.\el. 
loc.  n.-it.  .Jam.).  —  llartrani.  Tnir.HH.  —  Wilhlcniiir,  .S'/>»r. 
iv.  ''t\,  in  part.  —  Klliott,  Sk.  ii.  ti'JO.  —  I'lanebim  A-  Tri- 
ona,  Ann.  Sci.  Sat.  ser.  .'»,  xiv.  JUT.  —  Sargent,  Foivxt 
Trees  N.  Am.  10/A  Ceimu  U.  S.  \\.  ;«>.  —  Watson  &  Coul- 
ter. (Iriiij's  Mmi.  ed.  6,  10". 

X.  fraxinifolium.  Walter,  Fl.  Cnr.  'J4.'i  (not  Marshall). 

Fagara  fraxinifolia.  l.aniarek.  III.  t.  .'>.'!(. 

X.  Carolinianum,  Laiuarck,  Din.  ii.  ;«•;  ///.  |(i;i,  t.  811. 
f.  1.  — Ga'rtner,  frwl.  i.  lUi,  t.  CiS.  f.  «.  — Torrey  & 
Gr.iy,  Fl.  .V.  Am.  i.  ■.'14.  — Gray,  <i,-n.  III.  ii.  14S,  t.  l."(i, 
f.  l;{,  14.  —  Sclieele.  Knenier  I'lxns.  4;i-.  —  Nuttall,  .S'y/iv/, 
iii.  8,  t.  S,'!.  —  Cliapnian.  Fl.  ('•>>.  —  C'urti.s,  Jirji.  Oeolwj. 
Sun:  N.  Car.  IStJO,  iii.  loa. 


X.  aromatiotun.  Willdenim-.   »"f/<tr.    iv.  ".">   (exel.  syn.). — 

.lai.piiii  f.  A'./..;/,  i.  lo:{.  t.  70. 
X.  tricarpum.  .Miiliaux.   /■'/.    li'n-.-.ini.   ii.   'JH.'i.  —  I'oiret. 

L'im.  D'i!-t.  Sujipl.  ii.  2',M.  —  Aitoii.  Ih>rt.  Knr.  eil. '.'.  v. 

;«;{.  _  I'ursh.  Fl.  Am.  S^j.t.  i.  '-'1(».  —  Do  Camlolle,  I'mUr. 

i.  720.  —  Klliott.  .S7.'.  ii.  IV.K).  —  .V.  do  .lussieu,  .W'/«.  il/'i.t. 

xii.   t.   '.'.">.   f.   ;t.S.  —  .Sprentjel,  Si/.if.  i.  i)4.j.  —  Don,  Gen. 

.S'v.«r.  i.  ,S();!.  —  Spaeli.  Ilht.   IVy.  ii.  Ijl).').  —  Loudon.  Arh. 

ISr'it.  i.  4HS.  _  Dietrieli.  Syn-  ii-  lOOO. 
Kampmania  fraxinifolia.  Itafinesque.  Mi''t.  /I'c//.  v.  '.STt'i. 
Pseudopetolon   glanduloaum.   Katines<iue.    Fl.    Lmlurii: 

Kl.S;   M'J.  I!',t.  ii.  114. 
Pseudopetolon  tricarpnin.  Hai'inesipie.  .M>'l.  lint.  ii.  114. 
X.  Cateabianum.  Ualinesiiuc.  Mnl.  IM.  ii.  114. 


A  rounil-headfd  trw,  tweiity-Kve  or  thirty,  or  L'xt'i'ptioiially  lilty  tVi't  in  hi'ii;ht,  with  a  short  trunk 
twelve  to  t'ifjhteeii  inciius  in  diaiiiL'ter,  and  nnnieroiis  hi-anclies  siireadlnj^  nearly  at  rif;ht  aiif^les ;  or  often 
a  low  shrub.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  of  fully  frrown  trees  is  harely  a  sixteenth  of  an  ineh  thick,  li^rht 
gray,  and  studiled  with  corky  tuhereles  wit!i  ovoid  dilated  bases  sometimes  an  inch  or  more  across,  and 
thick  and  rounded  at  the  ajiex.  The  bark  of  the  branches  is  covered,  when  they  first  appear,  with 
brown  pubescence,  and  is  }j;lal)r(ius  and  lij^lit  {?ray  the  second  season.  It  is  marked  with  small  "glandular 
spots  and  armed  with  stout  straij^ht,  or  sometimes  sliy;htly  curved,  sharp  chestnut-brown  prickles,  half 
an  inch  or  more  lonjj,  with  perpendicularly  tlatteneil,  enlarji^ed  ba.ses.  The  winter-buds  are  short,  obtuse, 
and  dark  brown  or  nearly  black.  The  leaves,  which  remain  upon  the  branches  until  late  in  the  winter, 
or  until  the  tree  bej^ins  to  grow  in  early  spring,  are  live  to  eight  inches  long,  and  are  comi)o.sed  of  three 
to  eight  pair  of  leaflets  borne  on  .stout  pui)escent  or  glabripus  armed  leaf-stalks  teiniinated  by  single  leaf- 
lets. The  leaflets  are  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  slightly  falcate,  usually  olpliijue  at  the  ba.se, 
crenately  serrate,  sessile  or  short-stalked.  They  are  an  inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  f.'i'een  and 
lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  often  somewhat  pubescent  below,  especially  when  they  first 
unfold.  The  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  are  borne  on  diiVereiit  trees.  The  intlore.sei'iice,  which  is  an 
ample  wide-branched  cyme  four  or  five  inches  long  and  two  or  three  inches  broad,  that  of  tiie  fertile 
tree  being  somewhat  contracted,  appears  when  the  leaves  of  the  year  are  about  half  grown.  The  flowers 
are  borne  on  slender  pedicels  a  third  to  a  (piarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  minute  lanceolate  deciduous 
bract  at  their  base.  The  sepals  are  minute,  membranaceous,  persistent,  barely  a  (juarter  of  the  length 
of  the  oval  greenish  white  petals  which  vary  from  an  eighth  to  a  cpiarter  of  an  ineh  in  length.  The  tive 
stamens  with  slender  Hliforni  Hlameiits  are  conspicuously  exserted  from  the  male  flowers,  and  are  rudi- 
mentary or  waiiiing  in  the  female  flowers.  Theu  are  two,  or  most  freipiently  three,  pistils  with  .sessile 
ovaries,  and  short  styles  crowned  by  a  slightly  two-lobed  .stigma.  The  fruit  is  borne  in  dense  often 
nearly  globose  clusters  and  ripens  in  August  and  September.  The  ripe  car|)els  are  obli(|uely  ovoid, 
one-seeded,  chestnut-browni,  a  (piarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  rugose  or  pitted  surface.  The  seeds  are 
black  and  lustrous,  and  hang  at  maturity  outside  the  carpels. 

Xantho.i:i//uiii  CliiL'ti-J/crculi.s  grows  from  the  southern  part  of  the  State  of  Virginia  southward 


I      ■/ 


!C| 


<.\ 


Mi 


iWMiriaii 


*L;«ft;R -■;■:.. L--i:^ 


SJLVA   or  NORTH  AMERICA. 


RUTACE^E. 


near  the  coast  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biseayne  and  Tiimiui  Bay,  Fh)ri(la ;  it  extends  westward  tlirough 
till'  C.iilf  states  to  northwestern  Louisiana  and  southern  Ariiansas,  and  throufjh  Texas  to  tlie  valley  of  the 
Devil's  River,  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  It  is  nowhere  eoninion  in  the  Atlantie  states,  wiiere  it  is 
confined  to  the  inunediate  neighhorhood  of  the  coiist,  growing  in  Uglit  sjindy  soil,  often  (tn  the  low  bluiTs 
of  islands  or  river  banks,  or  occasionally  in  abandoned  fields.  Its  lussociates  here  are  the  Live  Oali, 
the  Water  (Jak,  the  Loblolly  Pine,  the  lied  Bay,  and  the  Dwarf  Palmetto.  It  extends  farther  from  the 
coast  in  the  Gulf  states,  especially  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  it  is  not  unusual  to  find  it  in  south- 
ern and  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  growing  along  the  margins  of  swamps,  in  rich  sandy  soil  with 
Pine.s,  Live  Oaks,  the  Florida  lUicium,  the  Styrax,  the  Syniplocos,  the  Holly,  and  the  Nyssa.  It  is  very 
comuion  in  eastern  Texjvs,  attaining  its  largest  size  on  the  rich  intervale  lands  of  the  streams  flowing 
into  the  Trinity  River.     Farther  west  it  is  greatly  reduced  in  size  and  of  rare  occurrence. 

The  wood  of  Xaiif/ioxt/hoii  C/acd-ILraiHn  is  light,  soft,  and  clo.se-grained,  with  numerous  thin 
medullary  rays  ;  it  is  light  brown,  with  yellow  sapwood,  and  has,  when  absolutely  dry,  a  specific  gravity 
of  O.uOoO,  a  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  weighing  in.y]  pounds. 

The  bark  of  Xiin/li(i.ri/li(ni  Chivd-Ihrculh  contains  the  active  properties  found  in  that  of  the  other 
species  of  the  genus,  and,  as  well  as  the  leaves  and  fruit,  is  used  for  the  same  purpos(^s.'  The  bark  is 
hehl  in  high  esteem  by  the  negroes,  w'lo  'ollect  it  in  large  (juantities,  and  are  fast  exterminating  the 
tree,  especially  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 

The  earliest  account  of  Xiuitlioxiihiin  Clat'd-IIcrctilia  seems  to  have  been  that  of  Ray,''  published 
in  10G^.  It  wa.s  known  to  Plukenet,^  and  described  by  Catesby  in  his  Xatiiral  Jlistori/  nf  Carol hui.* 
It  appears  to  have  bden  introduced  into  England  at  least  tas  early  as  the  beginning  of  i.ie  eighteenth 
century,"  and  was  cultivated  in  ITJiO  by  Philip  Miller  at  Chelsea." 

There  is  a  form '  of  this  tree  in  southern  Florida  and  in  western  Texas  with  short,  sometimes  three- 
foliate,*  more  or  less  pubescent  leaves  with  small  ovate  or  oblong  blunt  and  conspicuously  erenulate 
rather  coriaceous  leaflets.  This  is  the  common  form  of  west  Texsus,  where  it  grows  usually  as  a  low 
shrub,  attaining  sometimes  in  the  region  immediately  adjacent  to  the  coast  the  size  and  habit  of  a  small 
tree. 


II 


*  "  It  is  used  to  curi'  the  Tt)oth-ache,  by  putting  a  Piece  of  the 
Bark  in  the  Moutli,  #hii'li  bi'iiig  very  hot,  ilraws  a  Ithuiiie  from  the 
mouth,  and  causes  muoh  Spittle.'*  (Lawson,  The  History  of  Ciinf 
iitta,  KM).) 

U.  S.  Harton.  Coll.  i.  'JO,  ."il  ;  ii.  3«. 

U.  s.  Xiii.  hisp.  eil.  •_*,  ir>;r». 

"  Arfinr  sjiiunm  Virf/iiiidnti,  rautllce  A'  ramts  Lnnirfertt  spitw^tre 
MahhnricfT  similin  ;  an  Herculis  rlava  J/iw.  Soritt.  lirifkt ?  //w/.  /*/. 
ii.  IHtH). 

*  Arbor  acttleahtt  Caroliniava,  .yiitiit  tfrntultoribuit,  rr>  hrit  tuftcrcuUs 
innasrentihis  ;  cartice  urem,  Aim.  Hoi,  4U. 

Euovymo  mifinis  arnmaticnt  s.  Xnnthortjlum  FloriilnuuTn,  Fnirini 
J'oliiji,  miniu  xyiiHtwum,  Amallh.  Hot.  ~i\. 

*  ZanthoxijUim  spmomm^  Keulisri  loufjiorihu.'i  fnliit  Euouymi  fructn 
capsuUiri  ex  imulu  JttJiuiicen,si,  i.  'JO,  t.  'JO.  —  Unyen,  Fl.  I.ngil.  I'ro'ir. 

5;r». 

ZiinlhoTtflumy  Linnirun,  llort.  Cliff.  187  (excl.  Hyn.  IMukinet). 
The  name  of  Clani-lfercuHs  np])eurs  to  have  been  tlrst  used  by 
Trew  to  fleseribe  tlie  .sjiiiu-y  trunk  of  a  Xanthoxybnn  from  the  snuth- 
ern  part  of  North  Anu'rioa  in  the  nniwnni  of  the  Itoya)  Sneiety  at 
Loudou.     This  i.s  the  plant  described  by  LiunieuH  as  H.  Clava-lier' 


culis  in  the  Sf>ee-t€X  PlanlantfUy  as  ttbown  by  his  reference  to  Catcs- 
by's  excellent  figure.  Misled,  however,  l)y  rate8l)y'a  orroneous 
rcfcrenee  to  Jamaica,  LiiinaMis  mipposed  that  the  Carolina  and  Vir- 
ginia plant  was  a  native  also  of  that  island.  The  error  was  copied 
by  Wilhlenow  ;  Swartz  and  De  CandoUo  suppresLied  the  North 
American  station  entirely,  describing  a  West  Indian  tree  as  A'. 
("liiv(i-HercitlL<t ;  but  that  name  being  preoccupied  for  the  Carolina 
plant,  the  West  Indian  species,  as  shown  by  Triana  &  IManchon 
(Ann.  Sc'.  Ndt.  scr.  5,  11,  319),  becomes  A'.  Caribaum  of  Lamurck 
(/>jW.  ii.  I  Id). 

'''  "  In  Horto  InduKtrii  Hortulani  1).  Darby,  apud  Hoxtoniam,  vi- 
cum  I..ondoni  nostri  suburbanani,  ex  feuiinibus  natum  eonspeximus," 
IMukenct,  ^lma//A.  liot.lii. 

«  Ilort.  Ken',  iii.  '.VM 

'  XaiiifttiTylum  Clnm-Herruli.t,  var. /rij/iVo»um,  (Jray, /V.  Wright. 
i.  'M)  {Smilhs'^'iiiw  Contrih.  iii.)  ;  Proc.  Am.  Aciid.  n.  scr.  xxiii. 
'Jlia,  —  Torrey  &  (Jray,  Ptwifir  Ii.  Ii.  Hep.  ii.  101.  —  Toney,  Bot. 
Mex.  liounti.  Surv.  IIJ.  —  Chapman,  Fl.  00. 

A',  hirsutum,  Ituckley,  Proi\  Phil.  Acad.  1801,  460. 

*  Wutson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  'MiT}. 


vard  through 
}  valley  of  the 
,es,  where  it  is 
the  low  bluffs 
:he  Live  Oak, 
rthcr  from  the 
111  it  in  south- 
iindy  soil  with 
5a.  It  is  very 
reams  flowing 


lumerous 


thin 
ipecific  gravity 

at  of  the  other 
'  The  bark  is 
irminating  the 


lay,'^  published 
/  of  Carolina.* 
t.ie  eighteenth 

nmetimes  three- 
lously  crenulate 
jsually  as  a  low 
habit  of  a  small 


■  reference  to  Cates- 
Ciitosby's  erroneous 
lie  Carolina  anil  Vir- 
rhe  error  was  copied 
ilipresaed  the  North 
it  Inilian  tree  as  A', 
pied  for  the  Carolina 
Triana  &  Planclion 
^aribavm  of  I.amarck 

npud  Iloxtoniain,  vi- 
uatum  conapexiuius," 


urn,  Cray,  /'/.  Wright. 

Aaid.   n.   ser.   xxiii. 

i.  1(11.  — Torrey,  Hot. 


;i,  460. 


i(!) 


1^ 


i  1 


ill 


EXPLANATION   OK    IHK   Pl-ATK. 

Platk  XXIX.     Xantiidxyli'M  Ci.ava-Hekc  i'lis. 

1.  A  staminate  inflorescence,  natural  si/.e. 

2.  A  pistillate  inflorescence,  natural  size. 

3.  A  staniinato  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  Vertical  .section  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 
.I,  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Vertical  .section  of  a  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

9.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

10.  An  eniliryo,  much  cnlargeil. 

11.  Diagram  of  a  staminate  flower. 

12.  Diagram  of  a  pistillate  flower. 

13.  Portion  of  a  young  branch  with  prickles. 


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XANTHOXYl.UM    Cl.AVA     IlKHv-UI.b 


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UL'TACK/K. 


SUVA    OF  NORTH  AMKRIVA. 


71 


XANTHOXYLUM  CRIBROSUM. 
Satinwood. 
Unaumkd.     Flowers  in  terminal  clusters;  sepals  and  petals  5.     Leaves  persistent. 

Xanthozylum  cribrosum.  Sprfngel,  Sijut.  i.  940. —  Die-  X.  CaribEeum.  AViitson,  Imlex,  !.">  (not  Lamarck).  —  Sar- 

tric'li.  Siju.  ii.  1001.  —  Sargent.  Uitrdeii  utiil  Forest,  ii.  tiKi.  gent,  t'nri'sf  Tnes  X.  Am.  lOt/i  Census  ('.  S.  ix.  .'iO. 

X.  Ploridanum.  Xiittall.  Si/Ira,  iii.  11,  t.  85. — Chapman,  X.  Caribaum,  var.  Floridanum,  Gray,  /'/•«<•.  Am.  Antd. 

Fl.  tit).  n.  MT.  xxiii.  2L'."i. 

A  siiiiill  round-headed  tree,  thirty  to  tliirty-five  feet  in  heijrht,  with  a  trunk  twelve  to  ei<i;liteen 
inches  in  diameter.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  a  (jiiarter  of  an  inch  tiiick,  with  a  smooth  liijht  f^ray  .sur- 
face divided  by  shallow  furrows  and  broken  into  numerous  short  appressed  scales.  The  branchlets,  when 
they  iir.st  appear,  are  densely  coated  with  thick  silky  pidiescence  ■  they  are  stout,  very  brittle,  puberulent 
during  their  second  and  third  years,  and  covered  with  light  gray  rugose  bark  conspicuously  marked  with 
hirge  triangidar  leaf-scars.  The  winter-biuis  are  narrowly  acuminate,  half  an  inch  long,  and  coated  with 
.short  thick  pale  tomentum.  The  leaves,  which  appear  in  Florida  during  the  nujnth  of  .lune,  are  usually 
composed  of  four  ])airs  and  a  terminal  leaHet ;  they  are  sometimes  three-foliolate,  and  are  rarely  reduced 
to  a  single  leaHet,  They  vary  usually  from  six  to  nine  inches  in  length,  although  sonu'tunes  much 
shorter,  and  are  borne  on  stout  glandular  petioles  with  enlarged  ba.ses.  The  leaves  are  densely  covere<l 
with  tomentum  when  they  Krst  unfold,  and  retain  at  maturity  a  few  scattered  hairs  on  the  petioles  and 
along  the  midribs  of  the  leaflets.  These  are  ovate-lanceolate,  or  elliptical  anil  obtuse,  often  slightly 
falcate,  regularly  contracted  into  a  stout  petiole,  or  sometimes  distinctly  obliijue  at  the  base.  They  are 
nearly  sessile  or  long-.stalked,  two  to  three  inches  long,  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  broad,  with 
entire  or  slightly  crenidate  margins,  and  are  coriaceous,  pale  yellow-green,  and  conspiciKuisly  marked 
with  large  pellucid  glands.  The  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  are  produced  on  separate  plants,  and 
are  borne  in  wide-.spreading  pidiescent  sessile  cymes,  those  of  the  female  ])lant  being  usually  divided 
at  the  base  into  three  principal  branches.  The  flowers  appear  in  Florida  in  .lune  soon  after  the  trees 
begin  their  annual  growth ;  they  are  borne  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels  a  quarter  of  an  inch  or 
more  long,  the  basal  bract  covered  with  thick  white  tonieutmn.  The  minute  acuminate  calyx-lobes  with 
ciliate  margins  are  barely  an  eighth  of  the  length  of  the  ovate  greenish  white  i)etals,  which  are  reflexed 
when  the  (lowers  are  fully  expanded.  The  staminate  flowers  have  five  stamens  with  slender  lilanients 
nnub  longer  than  the  petals,  and  a  minute  depressed  rudinuMifciry  ovary.  The  fertile  flowers  show  no 
trace  of  stamens,  and  contain  usually  two,  or  sometimes  a  single  pistil  with  a  stipitate  obovate  ovary  and 
a  short  style  with  a  spreading  entire  stigma.  The  fruit  ripens  in  autunui  or  early  winter,  and  may  some- 
times be  f'ouiul  attached  to  the  branches  late  in  the  spring  of  the  following  year.  The  ripe  carpels  are 
oblitpiely  obovate,  shcu't-stalked,  one-seeded,  j>ale  che.stnut-brown  at  maturity,  a  third  of  an  inch  long  or 
less,  the  surface  faintly  marked  with  minute  glaiuls.     The  seeds  are  black  and  lustrous. 

Xiinl/i(i.fi//iini  cribrosinn  now  grows  in  Florida  on  the  Manpiesas  Keys,  and  on  South  Bahia 
Honda  and  Boca  Chica  Keys.'  It  occiu's  in  San  Domingo,-  Porto  Hico,^  the  Bahama  Islands,*  and 
Bermuda.' 

*  Tlipro  is  reason  to  believe  that  this  tree  was  formerly  niuch  '^  Sjtren^i'l,  /,  -•, 

more  eiimmon  nn  the  Kloriiia  keys,  where  it  is  siiu^ht  fiir  its  valualile         ^  P.    .Sintenis,    Plnnltr  Pnrlorii'en.-ii^,    N'o.   ;i7((8,  18SG,  in  fierb. 

w<kh1.     Dr.  Hlo(l^ett,us  (jiioted  hy  Nuttall  (.Vy/r-r,  lii.  1(),  spiike  of  Keu\ 

it  as  a  large  and  coinuiun  tree  on  Key  West,  from  which  it  haa  now  *  liriee,  No.  110,  Kggors,  No.  HU7,  in  Htrh.  AVtiv 

entirely  disappeared.  *  Lefroy,  in  lltrh.  hitv. 


i       '■/ 


'•i«i 


i*' 


^il 


72 


SUVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


RL'TACK*. 


Tlie  wmxl  of  Xdnthoxi/him  vrihrosiim  is  vt-ry  heavy  and  exceedingly  iiard,  altlioiigh  brittle  and 
not  strong;  it  possesses  a  clear  Hrm  grain  and  is  easily  worked,  ad  the  surface  can  ite  made  to  receive 
a  beautiful  polish  ;  it  contains  numerous  thin  conspicuous  medullary  rays  and  is  light  orange-colored, 
the  thin  sapw':od  being  rather  lighter  colored.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is 
0.1)002,  a  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  weighing  .IG.IG  pounds.  It  has,  when  first  cut,  the  odor  of  the 
true  siitlnwood,  a  peculiarity  which  causes  this  tree  to  be  called  Satinwood  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Florida  keys,  by  whom  it  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  various  articles  of  furniture,  the  tiandles  of 
tools,  and  other  objects  ot  domestic  use. 

X(iiit/i().ri//itni  rrlhro^Kni  was  discovered  in  San  Domingo  during  the  first  quarter  of  the  century,' 
and  was  detected  in  Florida  by  Dr.  J.  L.  U'.otlgett. 

'  Spec.'inens  collected  in  San  Uomiiipro  by  Hcrterio,  uiid  coniinu-      hcrburiuin  tif  tin*  Berlin  Botanic  (lanleit.  where  there  are  also  Sau 
nicated  in  \6'H  by  Professor  Bolbis  of  Turin,  are  preserved  in  tlie      l)ominf;u  specimens  from  KuntU's  herbariu'i . 


I 


I 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Pi.ATK  XXX.     Xavtiioxvi.um  cribrosum. 

1.  A  Howerinj;  lirniicli  of  a  staminiite  tree,  natural  si/.e. 

2.  A  Howeriiig  branch  of  a  |iistillate  tree      ;tural  size. 
;i.  A  Hower-bud,  enlarged. 

4.  A  staniinate  flowrr.  cnlargeil. 

fi.  Vertical  section  of  a  slaniinutu  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  A  jjistillnte  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Cross  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 


Platk  XXXI.     Xa.ntho.xvlu.m  cbibkosum. 

1.  A  fruiting  lirani'li,  natural  size. 

2.  The  ripe  fruit,  enlarged. 

3.  Vertical  section  of  a  ripe  carpel,  enlarged. 

4.  Cross  section  of  a  seed,  enla'  ged. 

5.  An  embryo,  much  enlarrji/d. 


RL'TACKA 


gh  brittle  mid 
nade  to  receive 
orange-tolored, 
ly  dry  wood  is 
the  odor  of  the 
ahitants  of  the 
the  Handles  of 


of  the  century,' 


sre  there  are  also  San 


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XANTHOXYLUM    CRIBROG'JM 


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BUTACK^. 


iSJ/A'A    OF  NOliTh   AMEUWA. 


73 


XANTHOXYLUM  FAGARA. 


Wild  Lime. 


Flowers  in  axillary  clusters ;  sepals  and  petals  4.     Leaves  persistent. 


Xanthoxylum  Fagara,  Sargent,  Garden  and  Forest,  iii. 

1X(J. 
SchinuB  Fagara.  Linnieus,  Spec.  389. 
Pterota  subspinosa,  Browne,  Nat.  Hist.  Jam.  14G.  t.  .'>, 

f.  1. 
Fagara  Pterota.  Linnieiia,  Amrpii.  v.  391! :  Mant.  331. — 

Miller,  Diet.  cd.  8.  —  Lamar.-k,  Diet.  ii.  444  ;  ///.  i.  335, 

t.  84.  —  Willdenow,  Spec.  i.  OGO.  —  Lunan,  Hort.  Jam. 

ii.  140.  —  Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  40.  —  Turpin,  Diet. 

Sci.  Nat.  xvi.  107,  t.  127. 
Fagara  tragodes,  .lacquin,  Kniim.  I'l.  Carih.  12:  Stirp. 

Am.  21,  t.  14. 


Fagara  lentisoifolia.  Willdenow.   Eniim.  i.  105.  —  Grise- 

\,m\x.  /v.  Brit.  W.  Ind.  137. 
X.  Pterota.  Humboldt,  lionpland  &  Kuntb,  Nor.  Gm.  et 

•Sjiec.  vi.  3.  —  Kuntli,  Syii.  iii.  325.  —  De  CandoUe.  I'rodr. 

i.  725. —  Don.  Ge».  Si/st,  i.  802.  —  Torrey  &  Gray.  Fl. 

y.  Am.i.  OSO.  —  Macfadyen.   /■'/.  .fam.  100.  —  Dietrich. 

Si/n.  ii.  111(10.— Nuttall.  Si/Ira,  iii.  11.  t.  84.  — Seeman. 

Hot.  Herald.   275.  —  Torrey,    Hot.  Me.r.  Hound.  Sure. 

43.  —  Chapman,  F/.  00.  —  Triana  &  I'lanclion.  Ann.  Sei. 

Nat.  ser.  5,  xiv.  311.  —  Engler.  Jfartius  Ft.  Hrasil.  xii.  2. 

1.54.  —  Henisley,  Hot.  Hiol.  Am.  Cent.  i.  1011.  —  Sargent, 

Fore.1t  Trees  N.  Am.  iW/i  Census  i'.  S.  ix.  31. 


A  tree,  occasionally  reaching  the  height  of  twenty-five  or  thirty  feet,  with  ;i  slender,  often  inclining 
trunk  and  fustiglate  hranehes ;  or  more  frequently  a  tall  or  low  shmh.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  an 
eighth  of  an  inch  thick,  the  smooth  light  gray  surface  covered  with  small  appressed  persistent  scales. 
The  branchlets  are  more  or  less  zigzag,  slender,  covered  with  smooth  dark  gray  hark,  and  armed  with 
sharp  iiouked  stipular  prickles.  The  leiives  are  three  or  four  inilies  long,  with  broadly  winged  jointed 
petioles,  and  are  composed  of  three  or  four  pairs  and  a  terminal  leaflet.  The  leaflets  are  obovate, 
rounded  or  emargin.ate  at  the  apex,  minutely  crenulate-toothed  above  the  middle,  sessile,  half  an  inch 
long  or  less,  eoriacicus,  glandular-punctate,  bright  green  and  lustrous  especially  on  tlie  upjicr  surface, 
and  furnished  with  minute  hooked  deciduous  stipular  prickles.  The  stiuuinate  and  pistiUate  flowers 
are  produced  on  separate  plants.  The  short  axillary  contracteil  cymes  a])pear  singly  or  in  pairs  from 
April  until  June  on  the  branches  of  the  previous  year  from  minute  dark  brown  globular  buds.  The 
flowers  are  small  and  are  borne  on  short  pedicels  from  the  a.xils  of  minute  ovate-obtuse  deciduous 
bracts.  The  sepals  are  mend)ranaceous  and  much  shorter  than  the  ovate  yellow-green  petals.  The 
sterile  flowers  have  four  exserted  stamens  with  slender  filaments  and  a  rudimentary  pistil  crowned  by 
the  incurved  rudimentary  styles.  The  fertile  flowers  are  destitute  of  stamens,  and  have  two  pistils 
with  ovate-sessile  ovaries,  gradually  contracted  into  long  slender  subulate  exserted  styles,  connivent  near 
the  apex  and  crowned  with  obli(piely  spreading  stigmas.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  in  September,  is 
obovate,  rusty  brown,  rugose,  and  le.ss  than  a  <|u;irtor  of  an  inch  long,  and  eont.iins  a  single  seed  coveti'd 
with  a  bright  shining  coat. 

Xuittho-n/hnn  Futjtini  is  widel\  distributed  on  the  coast  and  ishmds  of  Florida  south  of  Mo,s([uit() 
Inlet,  and  latitude  twenty-nine  ninth  on  the  west  coast ;  and  in  Texas  from  Matagorda  Bay  to  the  Rio 
Grande.  It  is  connuon  in  iioith  Mexico,  and  is  widely  distributi'd  through  the  West  Indian  islands, 
southern  Mexico,  and  Central  and  South  America  as  far  south  as  Brazil  and  Peru.  This  species  is  one 
of  the  commonest  of  tl'.e  south  Florida  plants,  where  it  usually  grows  as  a  tall  slender  shrub,  assuming  a 
truly  arborescent  habit  on  the  rich  lunnmock  soil  of  P^liott's  Key  and  the  sliores  of  Bay  Hi.scavne.  In 
Texas  it  is  generally  shrubby,  althi)ugb  occasionally  reaching  tic  ie  proportions  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Matagorda  Hay. 

The  wood  of  Xtiiillin.ri/luiii  Finjoi'd  is  heavy,  hard,  and  vei y  close-grained  ;  it  is  brown  tinged  with 
red,  and  contains  numerous  thin  medidlary  rays.     The  thin  sapwood,  composed  of  ten  or  twelve  layers 


-h   \ 


4.,-j. 


Tf 


II     I 


74 


S!JA\l    OF  NO  urn  AMEBIC  A. 


uutacea:. 


of  nniuiiil  jjrowth,  is  yellow.  The  spetific  {^avity  of  .he  ahsoiiiteiy  dry  wood  is  0.7444,  a  cubic  foot  of 
the  dry  wood  weighing  4().I}0  pounds. 

Paul  IIiTniaiin'  published  in  1(589  the  earliest  account  of  Xanthoxylum  Far/ara  ;  the  first  figure 
is  that  of  I'lukenet,'  pulilished  in  1()!)1.  It  was  discovered  in  Florida  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Blodgett,  and  in 
Texas  on  Matagorda  Bay  in  February,  1S4;'),  by  Mr.  Ferdinand  Lindheinier.^ 

X'ail/iii3-i/h(iii  Fiii/iira*  was  cultivated  in  England  as  early  as  17iS'2  by  Philip  Miller.'' 


I! 


^  **An  Coriaria  Arhor  spinosa  Acacite  foim  if  fncie,  Purnd.  Bat. 
Proiir:* 

^  Jihm  Ohsntiiiirum  similts  leptiphi/lloi^  Trii;fi''ilef,  Americana,  !>iti- 
twsa,  rachi  medio  appetuiicihu.'f  aut'to,  Aim.  }>«t.  .'iI9,  t.  Id",  f.  4. 

Laura  n^finis  Jn,tmitn  jhlio  alato,  ro.tta  media  mfmbrntiulis  utrin- 
que  fTlantihus  alnta,  liiftii  tlurilie  ferro  vix  vrt!rnn,  Sloaiie,  Vat.  PL 
Jam.  l:l7;  Xat.  IIi.st.  Jam.  ii.  2r..  t.  102.  f.  1.  — Kay,  Hist.  PI. 
Dendr.  ili.  SO. 

Schinoideft  petiolis  suhtus  aruleati.i,  LiniiiPiiit,  ifurl.  Cliff.  ISO. 

Schinu.i/tniis  piunaliit  ;  foUoli.'i  (n:~<)hlimffi.-t,  pttiolo  marf/inato  artic- 
ulato  inertiii,  Kiniui'iis,  Mat.  Med.  1H7. 

•  Fenliimnd  KimlliMmer  (1S01-1S70),  a  ruTinan  n-sidi'iit  uf 
Texas,  wliurc  he  was  a  most  OMHiilttuus  and  succt-ssfiil  Itotnuioal  eul- 
lector  aiul  observer  during  a  periwl  uf  mure  tlian  tliirty  years.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  German  colony  at  New  Uraunfels,  where  he 


edited  a  newspaper  and  where  he  died.  He  discovered  a  largo 
niunbcr  of  new  plants,  among  them  Liudhetmera  Texana,  a  well- 
known  garden  annual.  Many  of  his  discoveries  were  published  liy 
Kn^hnann.'iml  (iray  in  the  Journid  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Nat- 
ural History  (Planlte  Lindheimerianat). 

*  Faj^ara  was  early  used  by  the  Arabians  to  designate  an  aro- 
matic plant  of  wliit'h  the  name  is  now  lost  (Wittstein,  Ktymolog,  Bot. 
Hand.).  It  was  afterwards  taken  up  by  C'lusius  and  the  apothO' 
caries  to  designate,  under  the  name  ()f  Fagara  majnres,  tht*  an>- 
matie  fruit  of  some  eastern  tree,  probably  of  Xauthoxijhim  Bhetsa, 
DC,  of  India.  Linnieus,  under  tlie  impression,  perhaps,  that  the 
American  plant  was  identical  with  the  tree  which  produced  tho/^a* 
gara  of  commerce,  gave  it  the  specific  name  Fagara. 

^  Aituu.  Hort.  Kew.  i.  101. 


EXPLANATION   OF  THK   PLATK. 

Plate  XXXII.     Xantiio.xyh^m  Faoara. 

1.  A  riowerini;  branch  of  a  staminnte  treot  natural  size. 

2.  A  flowering  branch  of  a  pistillate  tree,  natural  size. 

3.  A  Btaminate  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  staniinate  flower,  enlarged. 
r».   A  pistillate  flower,  enlai%'ed. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  a  ]iistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Cluster  of  fruit,  natural  size. 

8.  A  ripe  carpel,  enlarged. 

9.  V^ertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 


b  ^ 


RUTACE^. 

cubic  foot  of 

le  first  figure 
dgett,  and  in 


Bcovered  a  large 

I  Teiana,  a  well- 
JCTC  published  by 

II  Society  of  Nat- 

leaignate  an  aro- 
>in,  Kli/molog,  Bol. 
1  and  the  apothe- 

tnajorPH,  the  aro- 
nlhoxi/him  Rhetsa, 
perhaps,  that  the 

produced  the  i'li- 
ira. 


■4 


m 


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« 


I  •■) 


i**) 


'J 


I     1 


XANTHOXYLUM      FAGARA 


Ml 


^iM^mmm^^m^'^j^-  ^^^^^^^ 


I'M 


<l 


KUTACEA. 


SILVA   OF  NOliTlI  AML'lilCA. 


<a 


PTKLKA. 

Floweks  polygamous ;  calyx  4  or  o-ijartod,  the  lohcs*  imbricated  in  aestivation ; 
petals  4  or  o,  imbricated  in  icstivation,  hypogynous.  Fruit,  a  '2  or  !3-cellcd  broadly 
winged,  or  rarely  wingless,  indehiscent  samara.  Leaves  trifoliate,  or  rarely  ])innately 
quinquel'oliate. 


/      7 


H 


Ptelea,  Lii)iia;us.  (iiii.  20.  —  A.  L.  <le  Jussieu,  Gen.  .'i73. —  licntham  &  Ilnoktr.  <;>//.  i.  WU.  —  Buillon.  Jtisl.  I'l.  iv. 

KnJlichcr,  (ri'ii.  1117.  —  Muisuer,  den,  ti,).  —  Giay,  (ien.  -l.S'J. 

III.    ii.   141);    I'roi:    Am.    Acad.    n.    sit.    xxiii.   L".'l. —      Bellucoia,  Ailansoii, /'aw/.  7V.  ii.  :U4. 


Small  unarmed  trees  or  shrubs,  with  smooth  bitter  bark,  slender  terete  braiuiies.  small  depressed 
almost  subpetiolar  buds,  and  thick  Heshy  acrid  roots.  Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  opposite,  destitute  of 
stipules,  long  petiolate,  usually  trifoliate,  the  leaflets  conduplieate  in  vernation,  ovate  or  oblonij,  entire, 
crenate  or  serrulate,  pimctate  vith  pellucid  dots.  P'lo'vers  proiluied  on  slender  br;'.cteolate  pedicels  in 
terminal  cymes  or  compound  corymbs,  greeuisli  white.  Receptacle  convex,  inconspicuous.  Calyx 
parted  nearly  to  the  base,  much  shorter  than  the  petals,  deciduous.  Petals  spreadiiis;',  deciduous,  Sta- 
mens three  or  four,  alternate  with  and  as  long  as  the  petals,  hypogyuous ,  much  shorter  in  the  fertile 
flowers  with  imperfect  or  rudimentary  anthers ;  fllaments  suliulate,  more  or  less  pilose  towards  the  base, 
especial!)'  on  the  inner  surface ;  anthers  ovate  or  corilate,  introrse,  two-celled  ;  the  cells  opening  longi- 
tudinally. Pistil  raised  on  a  short  gynophore ;  abortive  ami  nearly  sessile  in  the  sterile  flowers ;  ovary 
compressed,  two  to  three-celled ;  style  short ;  stigma  two  to  tiiree-lobed ;  ovules  two  in  each  cell, 
inserted  one  above  the  other,  ascending,  aniphitropous,  raphe  ventral,  micropyle  superior,  the  upper 
ovule  only  fertilized.  Fruit  orbicuLir,  surrounded  by  a  broad  reticulate  wing,  or  rarely  nut-like  and 
wingless.  Seed  oblong ;  testa  smooth  or  slightly  wrinkled,  coriaceous ;  albumen  fleshy.  Embryo 
straight ;  cotyledons  ovate-oblong  ;  ratiicle  short,  superior. 

The  genus  Ptelea  is  coniined  to  the  United  States  and  Mexico.  Four  or  flv-  species  are  known. 
Ptelvn  trifulldtd,  a  small  tree,  and  the  only  arborescent  species  of  the  genus,  ranges  from  soutiiern 
Ontario  to  Mexico.  I'tcha  (tixjiiKlijh/iii '  inhabits  the  Atlantic-.', >ast  region  from  South  Carolina  t(» 
Florida,  and  is  common  fron»  Texas  to  California,  extending  north  to  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and 
south  into  northern  Mexico.  One,  and  perhaps  two  species  occur  in  southern  Mexico.-'  and  one  .sjjecies 
in  the  peninsula  of  Lower  Califoriua,' 

The  bark  and  foliage  of  Ptelea  is  bitter  and  strong-scented,  and  possesses  tonic  and  anthelmintic 
properties. 

The  name  Ptelea,  deriveil  from  the  Greek  7tTf?.fa,  a  ohussical  name  of  tlie  Eliu-tiee.  was  transferred 
by  Linmeus  to  this  genus  from  the  resend)lance  of  its  winged  fruit  to  that  of  the  Elm. 


*  Beiitlmm,  Pi.  Ilarhceg  Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  Cal.  i.  97.  '  Pttlta  ajiJcra.  \\ivT\,  l*rw.  liairnport  .4t*(i'/.  Set.  iv.  ,19,  a  low 
{P.  Baldirinii,  Torn-y  &  Gr, , ,  ^'.  .4m.  i.  'J1.5.  —  C'bapiuau,  Fi  aroiiiatii'  sliriili  from  tlie  shores  of  I'ihIos-SuiUos  Biiv,  ilistiiiguisheil 
67.)  b\  its  remarkable  imt-Iike  glanttular  turgiil  fruit,  surrouuded  by  a 

•  Henisley,  liol.  liiol.  .4  m.  CeiU.  i.  171.  narrow  rudiiueutary  wiug,  or  quite  wiuglcss. 


'^^M^^mmmixijsim^' 


n 


V 


w 


SILl'A    OF  XlHiTII   AMKIllLA. 


PTELEA  TRIFOLIATA. 


Hop  Tree.     Wafer  Ash. 


BUTAOK^. 


Fi.owKUs  polyj^anio-mona'oious.     Fruit  broadly  wiiifijctl.     Leaves  usually  trifoliate. 


jl 


Ptelea  trifoliata.  U'lnwiis.  Si'tr.  1 18.  —  SlilliT,  l>iet.  cd. 
S.  —  Mciliiiis,  lint.  Dinharht.  '.'l.').— Marshall,  .l/■/.»^^ 
.l»i.  IM.  — Wall.T.  Fl.  Oic.  8.S. —  Laimirck,  ///.  i.  ;!:!<;. 
t.  .><l.  — Moivich,  M'th.  .">.  —  WilUleuow,  .S/.«v.  i.  CTll; 
Eii<iiii.\.  Itlli. —  yniiriiiK  I>ii/i'imel.  i,  2.">t.  t.  ."i".  —  Mi- 
iluiiix.  /v.  lt„r..Am.  i.  '.I'.l.  —  Schkulir,  Uamll,.  i.  ,S;i,  t. 
'.'.■>.  —  l*i)irct,  L'lm.  Dirt.  v.  "(Ki.  —  I'crsDon,  Si/n.  i. 
1  l."i.  —  Di'st'onlaiiii's.  lliit.  .irii.  ii.  1144.  —  Koliin.  I'ni/n'/f.i. 
iii.  .")ll<).— I'uish.  /'/.  .Im.  .•>,-/,l.  i.  1(17,  —  NiittiiU.  Ilni. 
i.  104.  —  Guiinpel.  Otto  &  Havne.  .■Ubil,/.  llnh..  '.)4.  t. 
74.  —  H.iyiie,  Dt'mh.  Fl.  .S.  —  Klliott.  .Sk.  i.  '.'10.  — 
Koi'iner  &  Scliulti's,  .*>y.<^  iii.  'J'.tl.  —  Torrcy.  Fl.  I',  S. 
18',>;  Fl.  .V.  r.  i.  l;i;i.  _  Oo  Camlollo.  /'n«/r.  ii.  8'.'. — 
Sjirengel,  Synt.  i.  441.  — Turiiin,  Did.  .SV/.  Sat.  xliv.  '2,  t. 


r.'S.  —  A.  lie  Jii.«8ieu,  .Wm.  .M11.1.  xii.  t.  20,  f.  4'J.  —  Don. 
(iin.  Si/sl.  i.  8(10.  —  Siiucli,  /li.it.  I'e;/.  ii.  ;«!».—  l-imlliy, 
Fl.  .Veil.  'J  1."..— Loudon,  Arh.  />ViV.  i,  ISi).  t.  —  Torm 
iV  (iiay,  Fl.  .V.  Am.  i.  L'l").  —  Dii'tiidi,  .Vy«.  i.  41)7. — 
Ciray.  Gfii.  111.  ii.  150,  t.  I."i7.  —  Aganlh,  T/ieor.  et  Si/mI. 
I'l.  I.  10,  f.  7.  8.  —  Cha|.man,  /7.  (iC.  —  Curtis,  HrjK 
Geolni/.  Siirr.  A'.  Car,  18(10,  iii.  107. —  Schnizlein,  Iron. 
t.  '.',-)0.  f.  1. -.-•-•«.— UaiUon,  Hist.  Fl.  iv.  ;«».5,  f.  44.5. 
44(1. —  Kuril.  Di'iiilr.  i.  ,"ill(l.  —  ilcnislcy,  ]lot.  ISiul.  Am. 
Villi,  i.  171.  — Sftr(;ent,  Forest  Trees  S.  Am.  Wlh  Censiin 

r.  .S'.  ix.  ,'11 Wataon  &  CouItiT.  (Jnii/'s  Man.  ed.  (), 

107. 

P.  pentnphylla,  Falirioius.  Fninii.  Fl.  Ilelmst.  Iltl. 

P.  viticifolia,  Salialmry,  Frmlr.  08. 


A  small  roiiiul-lieii(U'il  tree,  rarely  twenty  or  twenty-live  feet  in  lu'i<;lit,  with  a  straijjht  slender  trunk 
six  or  eight  inches  in  ilianieter ;  or,  more  often,  a  low  spreading  slirui).  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  rarely 
more  than  an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick,  with  a  smooth  dark  gray  surface  marked  with  numerous  oblong 
wart-like  excrescences  which  also  appear  on  the  dark  brown  lustrous  bark  of  the  young  branches. 
These  are  conspicuously  marked  during  the  winter  by  the  scars  left  by  the  falling  of  the  leaf-sUdks, 
which  almost  surround  and  cover  the  depressed  nearly  round  buils  which  are  pale  or  almost  white,  and 
covered  "vitli  scattered  silky  hairs.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  or  rarely  opposite,  and  are  borne  on  stout 
petioles  with  thickened  bases,  and  two  and  a  half  to  three  ■•-.ches  long.  When  they  first  appear  they 
are  covep'd,  as  are  the  young  shoots,  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence,  and  the  petioles,  with  short  tine 
pubescence,  and  become  glabrous  at  maturity.  The  leaflets  are  se.ssile,  ovate  or  oblong  and  pointed, 
the  terminal  one  generally  larger  and  more  gradually  contracted  at  the  base  than  the  others ;  they  are 
entire  or  finely  serrate,  rather  coriaceous  at  maturity,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
on  the  lower,  four  to  six  inches  long  by  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  broad,  with  prominent  midribs 
and  primary  veins.  The  flowers  appear  in  the  extrenie  .south  as  early  as  March,  and  in  the  north  dur- 
ing the  early  part  of  the  month  of  .lune.  The  fertile  and  sterile  flowers  are  produced  together  in  com- 
pound terminal  spreading  1  ymes,  the  sterile  flowers  being  usually  less  numerous  ;ind  falling  soon  after 
the  opening  of  their  anther  cells.  Tlif  slender  pedicels,  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  are  thickly 
covered  with  pubescence,  as  are  the  calyx  and  the  ovate-oblong  jietals.  The  ovary  is  puberulent.  The 
fruit  with  its  wing  is  almost  orbicular,  or  sometimes  slightly  obovate,  and  nearly  an  inch  across.  It 
ripens  in  Florida  in  early  summer,  or  at  the  north  late  in  the  autumn,  and  hangs  at  maturity  on  long 
slender  reflexed  ]i('ilicels,  the  remnants  of  which  remain  u[)on  the  branches  until  the  plants  begin  their 
growth  the  following  spring. 

I'oint  Pelee  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Ontario  is  the  point  farthest  north  where  Ptelea  trlfoliatd 
has  been  observed  growing  naturally.'  It  is  found  on  Long  Lsland,  New  York  ;  it  is  common  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  thence  extends  west  to  Minnesota  and  .south  to  northern  Florida  and  through  Texas  and 

'  .1.  W,  Hurjji'ss,  Iltj(.  liazrilf,  vii.  il5. 


h     ^ 


HirrACKiE. 


ly  trifoliate. 

iL't;,  f.  4'.'.  —  Don. 
|.  ;itl'.».— Lindlty. 

■»«!>.  t.  —  rorrev 

k  Sijii.  i.  lit' 

li,  Thenr.  el  Si/sl. 
i'l Curtis,  h'fji. 

Schni/.lein,  /<-uii. 

w.  ;)'.i5,  f.  u'k 

y.  Hot.  lilul.  Am. 

Am.  U)t/i  Cen.sii.s 

rittj's  Man.  ed.  (>, 

I  mat.  lit!. 


it  .sli'iider  trunk 
trunk  is  rarely 
iinvrou.s  oblon}.; 
Dimg  hranehes. 
the  li'iit'-stiilks, 
most  wliitu,  and 
!  borne  on  stout 
rst  appear  tliev 
with  short  Hno 
ig  and  pointed, 
thers ;  they  are 
er  surface,  pale 
minent  midribs 
1  the  north  dur- 
)f^ether  in  coni- 
Uin^  soon  after 
m\r,  are  thickly 
berulent.  The 
iich  across.  It 
iturity  on  long 
iits  begin  their 

'telea  frtfoUato 
innion  in  Pcnn- 
u<r!i  Texas  and 


H! 


HUl'-VCKiE. 


SIJA'A    OF  MJltTil  AMKliK'A. 


77 


New  Mexico  to  the  valley  of  tin-  .Mimi)res  River  and  the  mountains  of  Colorado'  and  northern  Mexico. 
I'll  li  II  Iri/'olliilii  generally  grows  on  rocky  .sloj)es  near  the  borders  of  the  forest,  often  in  the  shade 
of  larger  trees. 

The  wood  of  I'll /ill  Iri/ii/iiilii  is  heavy,  hard,  an<l  close-grained,  with  a  satiny  surface.  The  iiied- 
ullary  rays  are  thin  and  not  iiuiiieroi'.s,  but  the  layers  of  annual  growth  are  clearly  nuirked  by  two  m 
three  rows  of  open  ducts.  The  color  of  the  heartwood  is  yellow-brown,  the  thin  sapwood,  composed  of 
six  to  eight  layers  of  annual  growth,  being  hardly  distinguishable  from  it.  The  specific  gravity  <>(  the 
absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.81}!!),  a  cubic  font  of  the  dry  wood  weighing  .')1.S4  poiuids. 

Herbalists  employ  the  bitter  bark  of  the  roots  of  I'lifni  Iri/uHitln  in  the  form  of  tinctures  and 
Huid  extracts  as  a  tonic  in  the  treatmi'ut  of  dyspejisia  and  debility;"'  and  the  bitter  fruit  is  siiid  to  be 
sometimes  used  domestically  as  a  substitute  for  hops  in  beer-brewing.' 

The  earliest  description  of  I'tilut  Irifolld/n  is  that  of  Plukcnet,  ])ublisiied  in  KIDfl  in  the  Almn- 
iji.flinn  JJutiiiiiiiihi.*  It  was  cultivated  in  England  as  early  as  IT'Jl'  by  Dr.  .lames  Sherard,''  in  his 
garden  at  Eltliam,  and  has  since  been  an  esteemed  plant  in  gardens,  where,  at  dill'ercnt  times,  forms 
with  variegated  or  blotched  foliage  have  appeared. 

I'll  li  II  Irifiilintn  is  i\w.  favorite  food  of  a  Tree-hoj)per  which  punctures  its  branches,'  and  the  larv* 
of  a  Tineid  moth  "  are  known  to  disKgure  the  leaves.'' 

Ptelea  trifo/luta  flourishes  in  rich  rather  moist  soil,  and  may  be  easily  iirojtagated  from  seed 
which,  if  planted  as  soon  as  it  is  ripe,  germinates  the  following  spring. 

There  is  a  shrubby  form  of  this  species,  >!naller  in  all  its  parts  than  that  represented  in  our  figure, 
more  ])ubescent,  and  with  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  often  coated  with  thick  white  tomentum.'"  It 
is  not  rare  in  the  south  Atlantic  states  near  the  coast  and  in  Florida ;  it  is  the  common  form  of  western 
Texas  and  New  Mexico. 


'  Canon  City,  IluokiT  &  Griy  (1S77),  in  llrrh.  Gray. 

'  Am.  Jimr.  I'htirm.  IHIW,  lUS  ;  1807,  .'i;i7.  —  .Va(.  Di.<p.  ed. '-', 
1170. 

^  Tlii.s  statement  »)f  tlie  use  of  tlie  fniit  of  Ptele.i  has  been  re- 
peated in  most  of  the  published  aceounts  of  the  tree.  I  hare  no 
reason  for  supposing  that  it  is  now  used  for  this  purpose. 

*  Frulex  I'iri/iiiiafius  Iri/olim  I'lmi  Samarm  /JaHW'cn,  159.  —  Uil- 
lenius.  Hurl.  EUh.  117,  t.  lli'.',  f.  1  IS.  —  Catesby,  Nal.  Hist.  Car. 
ii.  H;t.  t.  S;i.  —  LinlOTUS,  Unrl.  Cliff.  ;«!. 

Pleleafiiliin  lrmnli.i.  Miller,  /foti.  />irt.  ii.  Ul,  t.  'Jll. 

*  Aiton,  Hnri.  h'eii:  i.  K'lL'. 

'  James  Sher.ird,  M.  1>.  (l(>C(>-17,'i7),  brother  of  the  more  dis- 
tinguished William  Sherard,  who  woa  one  of  tlie  most  eminent  bot- 
anists of  his  ti  ne  and  the  founder  of  the  llotauio  Garden  at  Oxford, 
•lames  Sherard,  a  suecessful  i.undtm  physieian  and  apothecary,  was 
devoted  to  botany  and  horticulture.     Ilis  garden  at  Kltham  in  Kent 


was  one  of  the  rieliest  of  its  time  in  Knpland,  and  was  made  famous 
by  Dillenius  in  iiis  sumptuous  Hnrlus  Klthaineiisi.-<.  publi.shed  in  17.'t'J, 
in  which  he  ligured  many  of  tl»'  plants  eultivuted  by  Dr.  Sherard. 
'  Erhenopa  hiniitiltn,  Say,  FirsI  .1  fiii.  lit  ft.  Suite  Kutuimd.  .V.  }*.  *J87. 

*  Nppticnlii  pipleiTfiUn. 

•  The  foliage  of  Ptelfa  Iri/nlinlii  is  ruined  every  year  during  the 
month  of  August  in  the  ueighborlKKMl  of  Coviiigti)n,  Kentucky,  by 
tlie  larv.'p  of  tliis  species.     (  T.  V.  Chamb>rs,  I'/i/fhr,  iii.  137.) 

^^  Ptt'li^a  tril'tiliittn,  var.  nwlli.<,  Torr;  ,  &  rir-ay,  Fl.  \.  .-Im.  i.  (iSO.  — 
Kngelmaiui  &  (iray,  .fo'ir.  /.'<)<(.  *■.  .Vd'.  //i.«(.  v.  X\  (PL  Liml- 
keim.).  —  Torrey,  Miirci/s  Hep.  'JfiO.  —  tiray,  PL  Wright,  i.  31 
(Smillisonian  Coiilrih.  iii.).  —  Watson,  Proc.  .Im.  Actid.  xvii.  'SK. — 
Siu-gent,  Fure.ll  Tries  .V.  .Im.  llIrA  Cemm  I'.  .S'.  ix.  111. 

P.  mollin,  Curtis,  .Im.  .lour.  .Sri.  ser.  '.',  vii.  IlKi ;  Pep.  Geohij. 
Sure.  S.  Car.  IStX),  iii.  107.  —  Walpers,  .Inn.  ii.  •iTiQ.  —  Chapman, 
Fl.  (•>7. 


i^'^ 


?1  ;>'*»t.^^  *&m%:i^rt'kr 


El' 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE  PLATER. 

Fl.ATE   XXXIII.      I'IKLEA  TRIFOLIATA. 

1.  A  Howering  branrh,  natural  size. 

2.  Diagram  of  a  fertile  flower. 

3.  A  sterile  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  sterile  flower,  enlarged. 

n.  Posterior  an.l  anterior  views  of  a  stamen,  enlarged. 

().  A  fertile  flower,  eidarged. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  a  pistil,  enlarged. 

8.  Cross  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 

Plate  XXXIV.     Ptelea  trikoliata. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  si/.e. 

2.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  natural  size. 
'A.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

5.  An  embryo,  much  enlarged. 


is   i 


J 


o 


(I 


'V. 


•(.) 


! 


PTi^l,KA     TRlFOLiATA 


Ml 


Mi^ 


m 


li; 


1 1 


<( 


'        •-!> 


I  i< 


\\ 


/ 


■  ^J! 


\ 


1     / 

1 
I      / 


I       ^ 


t"^ 


V 


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i>:.,^ 


^f 


PTELFA    TRIFOLIATA, 


t( 


I  ! 


HiTALi:^  SILFA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  79 


HE  LI  ETTA. 

Flowers  regular,  perfect ;  calyx  ;{  to  4-parted,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  icstiva- 
tion ;  petals  ;j  to  4,  imbricated  in  x-stivation,  liypogynous.  Fruit  composed  of  3  to 
4  winged  indehiscent  cocculos.     Leaves  trifoliate,  persistent. 

Helietta.  Tulasiu',  Ann.  .'<i-i.  Xnt.  scr.  '■'>.  vii.  L'80. —  liuiitliam  iV  llookiir,  Gi-ii.  i.  :i(ll.  —  liaillon.  Jli.^t.  I'l.  iv.  477.  — Knyler, 
Martins  FL  IlrasU.  xii.  -,  1H4. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  branches.  Leaves  ojiposite,  lonij-jietioiat  ,  leaflets  sessile,  obo- 
vate-oblonj^,  obtuse,  entire  or  erenate,  subeoriaeeous,  <>laiKlular-iiunctate.  the  teriuii  1  uiueli  lari^er  than 
the  two  lateral.  Flowers  produced  on  slender  biln-acteolate  pedicels  in  terminal  or  axillary  panicles. 
Sepals  .slightly  united  at  the  base,  persistent,  much  shorter  than  the  oblonjj;  concave  glandulai--punctate 
petals  rctlexed  at  maturity.  Stamens  inserted  under  the  disk  ;  filaments  shorter  than  the  jietals.  sliglitly 
flattened,  glabrous  ;  anthers  ovate,  sligiitly  cordate  at  the  base,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle, 
intror.se,  two-eelled,  tiie  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Disk  free,  cu]i-shaped.  erect,  subcorrugated,with 
a  sinuate  margin,  entire  or  fonr-loi)ed,  the  lobes  entire  or  cri'nate  and  (tpposite  the  petals.  Ovary 
minute,  sessile,  depressed,  three  to  four-lobed,  glan<lular-verrucose  or  minutely  pilose,  the  lateral  lobes 
slightly  compressed  ;  styles  united  into  a  single  slender  column,  crowned  liy  the  globose  three  to  four- 
lobed  stigma  ;  ovides  two  in  each  cell,  collateral,  anatropous.  Fruit  obeonieal,  composed  of  three  to 
four  dry  woody  carpels  with  prominent  horizontal  wings,  separating  at  maturity  into  three  to  four  one- 
seeded  indehiscent  coccules.  Seed  linear,  oblong,  inclosed  in  a  cartilaginous  indehiscent  endocarp  ;  testa 
erustaceous,  fragile,  black.  Embryo  axile,  surrounded  by  thin  tlesiiy  albmnen  ;  cotyledons  straight, 
obtuse ;  radicle  terete,  superior. 

The  genus  Helietta  is  widely  distributed  from  the  valley  of  the  Kio  Grande  in  Texas  to  Brazil  and 
Paraguay.  Four  species  are  now  recognized  by  i)otanists.  ILI'dltn  /i(irri/<ili<i  is  peculiar  to  northeast- 
ern Mexico  and  the  adjacent  portions  of  Texas.  Uelicttn  Plannn,^  the  type  of  the  genus,  is  a  native  of 
Colombia.  Ildli^tta  mnltijhini  ■  is  Brazilian,  and  IL/icitd  (iplfiilutu,^  described  as  a  small  tree,  is  found 
in  Piiraguay. 

The  genus  Helietta  was  named  by  Tulasne  in  honor  of  Louis  Theodore  Ilelie.'  a  distinguished 
French  physician  who  studied  the  poisonous  properties  of  the  Uue." 


IN 


'  Tuliisnc,  .'Inn.  AVi.  Xdl.  ser.  ',i,  vii.  281. 

■'  EngliT,  .Marliun  Fl.  flnml.  xii.  2,  1«3,  t.  ,'iO. 

'  Beiitliiuii,  Hfink.  Icon.  xiv.  (17. 

'  I.oiiis  Tlu'ddorn  Hdlie  (l.S(H-18(i7)  ;  born  in  Nantes,  graduated 
in  medicine  at  Paris  in  18'J7,  and  professor  of  anatomy  and  pliysi- 
oloj;y  in  the  school  of  medicine  of  his  native  cit;      n  which  he 


founded  a  museum  nf  anatomy.  He  contributed  numerous  articles 
to  mediciil  journals,  ;'.nd  at  the  time  of  his  dealb  was  an  oflicer  of 
the  I.e(;ion  of  Honor,  and  a  member  of  many  learned  societies. 

'  "  Oe  Taction  vi'ni'neuse  dc  la  Kue,  et  ile  son  influence  sur  la 
grossesse."     (.innates  tl'Hygirie  PubtitjuCt  Paris,  1838,  ix.  180.) 


i  i 


/ 


RUTACKjE. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


81 


HELIETTA  PARVIFOLIA. 


M 


Baretta. 


Sepals  and  petals  4  ;  disk  l-lobtd. 


Helietta  parvifolia.   licntham.  //'<"X-.  /•»«•  xiv.  iltl.  —  V.      Ptelea   parvifolia.   Hemsloy  (ex.  char.  A.  Gray  in  Ihrh. 
Ilavaril.  /'/■-"■.  ('.  S.  \.it.  .Uii.i.  viii.   No.   'JH.  I7:i.  — Sar-  Keir.}.  ll,i>.  Hint.  Am.  Ci'/it.  i.  170. 

gent.  G'tnfi'ii  'tin/  F"ir.^t.  ii.  .'J.'ili. 

A  slender  tree,  twenty  or  twenty-five  feet  in  iieif^lit.  witii  a  trunii  five  or  six  inches  in  diameter, 
and  rather  erect  liranciies  t'ormin<^  a  small  irregular  head  ;  or  a  low  shruh.  The  hark  of  the  trunk 
is  an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick,  the  surface  covered  with  dark  brown  closely  ajipressed  scales  which  sepa- 
rate in  large  irregidar  patches,  leaving  when  they  fall  a  smooth  pale  yellow  surface.  The  hark  of  the 
hranchlets  is  pale,  covered  with  minute  wart-like  excrescences ;  it  is  uunutely  puberulous  when  they  first 
api)ear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  and  is  marked  during  the  second  year  with  small  inconspicuous  leaf- 
scars.  The  leaves  remain  on  the  branches  until  March  or  April,  when  the  new  growth  begins.  They 
are  borne  on  stout  slightly  club-shaped  petioles,  which  are  at  first  puberulent,  and  become  glabrous  at 
maturity.  The  leaflets  are  oblong  or  narrowly  obovate,  rounded  or  sometimes  slightly  emarginate  at 
the  apex,  and  gracbially  and  regularly  contracted  at  the  base ;  they  are  entire  or  slightly  and  remotely 
crenulate-serrate.  vellow-green  .ind  lustr-ius  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  below,  and  (•onspiciU)Usly  marked 
with  black  glandular  dots;  the  terminal  leaflet,  which  is  sometimes  wanting,  i.s  half  an  inch  to  an  inch 
and  a  half  long,  sometimes  half  an  inch  broad,  and  nearly  double  the  size  of  the  two  lateral  leaflets. 
The  lb)wers,  which  open  in  April  and  May,  are  produced  in  dichotomously-branched  sidisessile  panicles 
on  the  shoots  of  the  season  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  above  which  they  hardly  appear.  The 
flower-buds  are  round,  obtusely-flattened,  and  covered  with  pubescence.  The  bracts  of  the  pedicels  are 
minute,  acuminate,  and  early-deciduous,  and,  like  the  petioles  and  calyx,  are  covere<l  at  first  with  short 
den.se  pubescence.  The  petals  are  white,  ovate,  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long  or  nearly  so.  with  se;i\ered 
hairs  on  the  outer  surface,  and  thin  scabrous  margins,  and  are  four  or  five  times  longer  than  the  caly.x- 
lobes.  The  disk  is  four-lobed  with  entire  margins,  and,  like  the  four-lobed  ovary  and  slender  style,  is 
minutely  glandular-puncfcite.  The  fruit,  of  which  only  two  or  three  specimens  appear  to  mature  from  a 
panicle,  ripens  in  ()ctol)er ;  it  is  oblong,  a  quarter  to  a  third  of  an  inch  long,  and  produced  into  a  rigid 
broadly  ovate,  sometimes  slightly  falcate  wing,  rounded  at  the  apex,  half  an  inch  long,  and  conspicu- 
ously reticulate-veined. 

//(/!,  lilt  pt in- [fill in  forms  thickets  of  o(msiderable  extent  near  Rio  Grande  City  in  Texas,  where  it 
is  a  common  shrub.     It  was  first  noticed  there  by  Dr.  Valery  Ilavard '  in  1SS;J,  and  is  not  known  else- 
where within  the  limits  of  the  United  States.      Helietta  is  rather  common  on  the  mesas  south  of  the 
lower   Uio  (irande,  where  it  is  found  with  the  Acacias,  Huckthorns.  Yuccas  and  Cacti,  the  Texas  Pei 
simmon,  and  the  I'arkinsonias,  which  form  the  characteristic  features  of  the  flora  of  that  region,  and 


\\ 


i      ) 


'  Vali'ry  llavani  was  ljo:-n  near  Ciiiiiiiii')'!"'  i"  Franci' in  ISKi, 
ami  was  I'diKated  at  Hoauvoia,  wliiTi'  In'  fulUiwi'il  assiducaisly  in 
thf  .\(;rii'ultunil  Institute  courses  in  botany  ami  in  utlu'r  di'part- 
nicnts  of  Natural  History.  Ilavard  emiKratod  in  Mv'iC,  lo  tlie 
Initi'il  States,  and  obtained  tlie  appointinint  of  iirofcsaor  in  Man- 
hattan C'olli-Ki'.  Sew  Y.pik.  Four  years  later  be  );railuati>d  in  ined- 
ieine  from  the  Iniveisity  Medieal  t'ollejte  of  New  York,  and  in 
lS7t  reeeived  the  app  untnient  of  assistant  surgeon  in  tlie  I'nited 
States  army.     Dr.  llivard's  knowledge  of  botany  has  enabled  biiu 


to  make  many  interesting  and  important  discoveries  in  connection 
witli  bis  iilliiial  iluties  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  especially  in 
Ilakota,  M<uitana,  ami  western  Texas.  His  description  of  the  nat- 
ural feature.,  of  western  and  southern  Texas,  published  in  tlu'  I'ro- 
eerili'iiis  o;  thr  Vnileii  .S(ii(c.«  .Viiioiki/  Mmrmn  for  l.sS.-i,  gives  a 
detailed  account  of  the  distributioi  of  the  plants  of  this  interesting 
region,  ami  of  their  economic  prop'rties  and  uses,  ami  is  an  impor- 
tant botanical  paper  containing  mi  eb  iutonnation  which  had  not 
previously  been  nuule  known. 


i« 


/ 


.S2 


>7Ar.l    OF  NORTH   AMElilCA. 


KUTACK.t. 


ii'iulu's  the  Kiwer  slojics  of  tlii'  Sit'rni  Madrc,  uloiiif  wliich  it  cxti'iids  soiithwiinl  tln'(m}r|i  tlii^  State  of 
Niit'vo  I.iMHi,  tloiirishinj^  on  limestone  li'(l<jes  where  it  iittaiiis  its  laijjest  size  and  tree-like  hiii>it  in  the 
fertile  soil  and  comparatively  humid  atniosiihere  of  that  retjioii. 

The  wood  of  //i/iiltii  /mrrifn/id  is  hard,  verv  heavy  and  elose-i^raitied  ;  it  contains  numerous  thin 
medullary  rays,  the  layers  of  annual  ijrowtli  heint;  marked  l>y  several  rows  of  minute  open  duets.  It  is 
lijjht  oranifi-hrown.  the  sapw(Mid.  wliieli  is  not  otherwise  distin<ruishal>le,  lieinif  rather  liijiiter  colored. 
Tile  s|ie(ilie  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.STS.*).  a  cubic  foot  wciifhinjr  .")4.7.')  pounds,  it  i^ 
proiialilv  used  for  fuel  only. 

JI( /litlit  parrijolid  was  discovered  mar  .Montere\  by  .Mr.  .1.  L.  iJcrlandier  '  in  liSliS. 


'  .loan  I.imis  Hi>rl:iniliiT.  a  iiativi'  uf  Mt'I;;iiini.  was  a  pupil  nf  I>f 
Clntiulle,  lilldor  whose  auspu-os  he  piililislii'il  at  (teiievit.  in  IH'JS.  a 
Mtmnire  unr  la  Famille  tifx  Urnss'tlnrit'^,  also  elalioratin;;  these 
plants  for  the  I'nulrnmnf  of  lie  C'anilulle  (iii.  177-lS,'!).  Iterlamlier 
left  Kurope  probably  in  18'J7  ur  IS'.'.S,  ami  established  himself  as  an 
npotlieeary  at  .Matamoro^  in  Mexieo.  I!e  *.vas  the  first  botanist  to 
explore  Nnevo  Leon,  where  he  made  lar^e  eolleetions  and  many 
diseovi-ries,  as  ne  did  later  in  western  Texas  also.  .\t  the  breakin;^ 
out  of  tlu'  .var  between  the  I'nited  States  and  Mexieo.  Herlamlier 
espoused   .ho  eausu  of  the  former,  and  u:ui  present  as  };uide  at  the 


battle  of  Kesaea  ib>  la  I'ahiia  and  at  some  of  the  otlier  ecmibals 
wliii-ji  took  plaee  at  the  be^innini;  of  the  war  north  of  the  Uio 
(irandi*.  He  was  drowm-d  in  IHol  in  attempting  to  eros.s  on  horse- 
baek  one  uf  thi'  Hjn.ill  streams  whieli  ttuw  into  the  (iiilf  of  Mexieu 
south  of  the  Hioiirando.  The  inanuseripts  of  llerlandier's  pidv 
lisht'd  papers,  the  notes  of  some  of  his  Mexican  jiturni'vs,  and  a 
nuudH>r  of  his  unpoblishi'd  paintiui;s  of  .Mexiean  plants,  ai-e  pre- 
served in  the  herbarium  of  H.trvard  l'ni\ersily.  The  pniis  /.'- r- 
liiu'liini,  dedii-ated  tu  hiui  by  Of  CandoUe,  eominemorates  his 
Berviees  to  botanv. 


KX1'I..\.\.VTI()N    (IK    II11-;    I'L.UE. 


I'|..\TK     XXXV.        llKI.IKri  A     lAHVIKIil.l.V. 

1  A  flowering'  brancli.  natural  si/.e. 

-.  I>ia;;raiii  of  .1  llower. 

.'i.  A  tbiwer.  enlai'^etl. 

•I.  Verlie.al  seetion  of  a  tlower,  enlarged. 

."1.  A  tlow-i'r.  the  ealyx  and  petals  removed,  cnlar^'ed, 

(>.  .\ii  ovule,  iiiui  h  iiia','nilied. 

7.  A  fruiting;  braneli.  natural  size. 

H.  Vertieal  section  of  a  earpel.  enlarged. 

'.I.  A  seed,  enlar^eil. 

lU.  An  embryo,  much  ma(;nitied. 


rutacka; 

h  the  State  of 
m  hul>it  in  the 

immerous  thin 
1  ducts.  It  IS 
Iflitcr  loloi'i'd. 
)oiinil>.      It    IS 


■  till'  iitiicl-  fiiliil);its 
!■  iicirlh  of  thf  Hill 
^  to  cross  oil  horsf- 

lu-  dull'  of  Mi'sifu 
f  lii'rlaiulicr's  \m\t- 
liii  journeys,  uiid  a 
an  plants,  iin*  pn-- 
,'.     'I'lii-  j^rniis   I'"  r- 

uoniuii-'niorates  lii.s 


•'' 


!(. ) : 


^  ?Tf 


IM 

nil  I 


>Hllli  %' 


•€. 


■^ 


Vr  !}#  4^ 


HI 


of 
be 


III 

.1. 

is 


of 
he 

ill 

is 
,1. 


-K :  A^^ 


i  ?  I 


v__^ 


fek 


4h ' 


i 


HKIIETTA    PARVIFOI.IA 


1 


I  I 


f 


UUTACE^. 


aiLVA    OF  NOnril  AMERICA. 


AMYRIS, 


83 


Flowkus  horiuiiphrodite  or  polygiiinous ;  ciilyx  iiamosL-palous,  4-toothcd ;  petals  4, 
imbricatfd  in  icstivation,  hypogynous.  Fruit,  a  1-seocled  drupe.  Lfavus  1  to  3-1'oliute 
or  unequally  pinnate. 


Amyris.  LiniKi'Us,  6Vh.  wl.  ll,  IS.S.  — A.  L.  dr  .lussieu.  den. 
;i7l  (in  part).  —  KiullicluT,  '.''•".  ll.i'J.  —  MeisiuT.  'rV'f. 
74.  _  Uuntliam  &  Hooker,  Gen.  i.  '.'d.  —  Iriaiia  A:    I'lan- 


clioii,  .!/'«.   Si-i.   y.it.  s( 
tl.  iv.  4,S:i.  —  Grav.  /'/■. 


.  5.  xiv.  .12(1.  —  liaillon,    His 

.  Am.  Acii'l.  n.  ser.  xxiii.  .-0. 


'T 


!   .' 


Glabrous  <;hniilii!iu-piiiK'tate  trees  or  slu-ubs,  with  balsainie  ivsinous  juice.  Leaves  ojiposite,  or 
rarely  opposite  and  alternate,  destitute  of  stii)ules,  piTsistent,  the  (letioles  often  winded  ;  leaflets  oppo- 
site, petiohilate,  entire  or  erenate.  Flowers  white,  minute,  produced  neueially  in  three-flowered  corymbs 
in  terminal  or  axillary  bianclied  panicles.  bil)iacteolate  at  the  base  of  tlie  l)ran(hes.  Pedicels  slender, 
bibracteolate.  Petals  niueh  longer  than  tlie  minute  calyx,  spieailino-  at  maturity.  Di.-k  of  the  stami- 
iiate  flowers  inconspicuous  ;  that  of  the  pistillate  and  perfect  flowers  tiiickeiied  and  pidv'/uite.  Stamens 
eight,  hypogynmis,  oi)posite  and  alternate  with  tlie  petals;  lilaments  tiliform,  exsert'd  ;  anthers  ovate, 
attached  on  the  back  iielow  the  middle,  introrse,  two-celled,  the  contiguous  ee!l„  i.pening  longitudinally. 
Ovary  elliiisoidal  or  ovoid,  one-celled,  rudimentary  or  sterile  in  the  staminate  flowers;  style  short, 
terminal,  or  wanting ;  stigma  capitate;  ovules  two,  collateral,  suspended  near  the  apex  of  the  ovary, 
anatropous;  micropvle  Miperior.  Drupe  gK)bose  or  ovoid,  aromatic  ;  putanicu  one-seeded  by  abortion, 
ehartaceous.  Seed  pendulous,  exalbuminous ;  testa  meiidiranaceous.  EnduTo  minute;  cotyledons 
plano-convex,  fleshy,  glandular-punctate  ;  radicle  very  short,  superior. 

The  "enus  Amyris'  is  tro|>ical  American  and  north  Mexican.  Twelve  or  fourteen  species'-  are 
distinouished,  two  extending  into  the  territory  of  the  United  States;  (me  of  these,  .1.  niiiri/imu,  a  small 
West  Indian  tree,  is  common  on  the  shores  of  south  Florida.  Aiiii/rl.-<  jmrri/nl !'(,■'  a  shrub  of  the  Sierra 
Madre  of  Mexico,  has  lieen  noticed  in  Texas  near  tiie  moutii  of  the  Kio  Grande. 

The  plants  of  tiiis  genus  are  fragrant  and  yield  a  balsamic  resin  which,  in  Am'/ri.-^  ni/lfnl'icK.'  is 
aronmtie  and  stinudant.  Aiiii/rix  bitlxuhilfi  ra''  of  the  same  region  is  reputed  poisonous.  The  brandies 
of  this  tree  produce  in  burning  an  agreeable  odor,  recalling  that  of  roses,  and  lires  are  made  with  them 
to  perfume  dwellings.''  The  wood  of  Amyris  is  iieavy,  hard,  and  close-grained.  It  fiiniishes  valuable 
fuel,  and  is  sometimes  emiiloyed  in  cabinet-making.  According  to  naillon,  the  Lcinoii-wood  '  of  com- 
imrcc  is  produceil  liy  Aiiii/ri.'<  si/lrdtiva. 

The  name  Amyris,  derived  from  uv()f-a,  relates  to  the  balsamic  properties  of  tlie  plants  of  tliis  genus. 


1  Amyris  was  formerly  unit,,!  with  /;'.™™,w.     1  looker,  in  the  Mlrnwne,   \.,l.    Ili<i.    .I;,,,     'JdS.  -  .laoqnin,  .Wr/..  .■!'".  H>7.— 

(;,,i,n,  I'laiK.imm.  althouyli  lie  retained  ilie  pMms  at  the  end  of      llundM.ldl,  ISooplimd  &  Kuiith,  .V..i'.  f,', ...  ,/  .V;»v.  vii.  ;t7,  t.  lUO.— 
that  family,  sn^fKestei.  that  it  niijjhl  he  united  nmiv  properly  with 


.liiriiiid'f.p  in  Uulnrnr.  Triana  vS:  IManelion  (.Inn.  Sci.  A'.ir.  ser.  ■"), 
xiv.  a'iti)  adopted  tins  view,  pointing  out  that  the  tlower  ami  fruit 
of  .\niyriii  and  (ilyeosmis  are  so  similar  that  these  two  types  ean- 
lu.t  he  separated,  ami  that  if  (llycosmis,  in  spite  of  its  short  |»'raisl- 
ent  style,  is  to  renuiin  in  lluliiirir,  it  is  necessary  to  place  Amyris 
with  it.  The  Kemis  is,  however,  wiilely  separated  (jeoKraphieally 
from  the  other  .1  iinmlirce  which  arc  eoulined  to  the  ( lid  World,  and 
ar.>  destituti',  nmreover,  of  the  resinous  ^'uni  peculiar  to  Amyris. 


DeCaudolle.  I'rf.lr.  ii.  SI.  —  Walpcrs, /I'./i.  i.  .")IUI ;  ii.  8;il  ;  v.  VM  ; 
,1  Nil.  vii.  .ML'.  —  .Macfadyen,  I'l.  ./iim.  '.'DO.  —  ( i risehach,  /"'.  Uril.  W. 
1,1,1,  171,  — Triana  &  I'lanehon,  .Inn.  S,-i.  Xiil.  ser.  5,  xiv.  ;)'Jl. — 
Karsteii,  /•■/.  Columh.  t.  1,-|.S.  —  Ilemsley,  /W.  liiol.  .Ira.  Cm.  i.  ISO. 

'  (Jray.  I'm,:  .\m.  .{onl.  n.  ser.  xxiii.  ;!'J(1. 

*  ,hu'i|uin.  .s/ir/',  .!»..  ll'7. 

"  l.iiinaMis,  .N'/i..-.  ed.  'J,  l',K!  (A.  toii/era,  Willd.  Spec.  ii.  a;ili). 

'   Triana  &  I'lanehon,  (.  c. 

'  lli.<l.ri.  iv.  lis. 


'I 


H 

r » ' 

ll 

I  * 

! 

f  ? 

', 

f 

i 

r 

ii 


ui:r.\t'K.i;. 


SUA' A    OF  XORTII   AMERICA. 


AMYRIS  MARITIMA. 


Torch  Wood. 


So 


Flowkus  perfect.     Leuvth  y-fbliolute. 


Amyris  maritima,  Jaccmiii.   Knum.  I'l.  C'iril>."'A-  Slii-/i.  Iiach.  Ft.  lirit.   IV.  Iml.Vii  (in  part).  —  Sargent. /•orf.\7 

Am.  Iu7.  —  I.inniuus,   .S>'.'.  cil.  •_'.  4'.t('..  —  I)e  C'.iiidoUf.  Tm-s  X.  .Am.  lOt/i  Ceii!<iiii  f.  5.  i.x.  3;i. 

yVw/c.  ii.  HI.  —  .MarfadytMi.  i't.  ■Imii.'l'M. —  Hiohard. /'/.  A.  dyatripa.   Sprengel,  yviie  Eiitt.Wx.Mi. —  I)c  CaniloUe. 

Cut). .'!!)'.',  —  Gii.sL.l.a<li.  /'/.  ISrit.  U".  In,l.  174  (in  part  i.  —  /'/•'„/,•.  i|.  XI. 


Plunchun  &  Tiiann,  .i'l"".  >S''('.  ..V"'.  sor.  ."i.  xiv.  ;i'J4. — 
Baillon,  UUt.  PI.  iv.  3'.)7,  f.  447-1.")  1  ;  Du-l.  i.  l.V.t.  f.  — 
Gray.  I'ror.  Am.  Aeml.  n.  ser.  xxiii.  liLHi. 

A.  Elemifera,  Linnajns.  S/iec.  cil.  -,  4".(."i. 

A.  sylvatioa,  l)e  CumloUe.  PmUr.ii.  SI  (in  part).  —  Grisc- 


A.  Floridana.  Nuttall.  Am.  Jmn:  &•/'.  v.  U'H4 :    Si/lni,  ii. 

114.  t.  7.S.  —  I )i'  C'anduUe,  /'/-<./;•.  ii.  SI .  —  Torrey  &  Gray. 

/■'/.  .V.  Am.  i.  'JL'l.  —  Lijudun.  .//■/..  Ilrit.  ii.  otil.  —  C'liap- 

niiin.  /v.  (J.H. 
A.  maritima.  var.  angustifolia.  Gray.  Prar.  Am.  Acud.  n. 

ber.  x.\iii.  --'tJ. 


'/  ! 


A  small  slender  tree,  torty  or  fifty  feet  in  lieifjlit,  with  a  trunk  sometimes,  iilthoiigh  rarely,  a  foot  in 
diameter,  covered  with  thin  i^ray-hrown  hark  slii;litly  furrowed  and  hroken  into  short  ajipressed  sfale.>i. 
The  hranehes  are  slender,  terete,  covered  with  wart-like  excrescences ;  they  are  lij;ht  hrown  at  first  and 
hi."ome  pay  durin<^  their  second  season.  The  winter-hnds  are  acute,  flattened,  an  eijihth  of  an  inch 
lonjr,  with  hroadly  ohovate  scales  slij^htly  keeled  on  the  hack.  The  leaves  are  home  on  slender  petioles, 
an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  in  lenj^th,  sli<;htly  thickened  towards  the  hase.  The  leaflets  are  hroadly 
ovate  or  roundish,  ohtuse,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  a|)ex,  distinctly  wedne-shaped  at  the  ba.se,  or  some- 
times ovate-lanceolate  or  rhond)ic-laneeolate.'  They  are  entiie  or  remotely  crenulate,  coriaceou.s,  lustrous 
on  both  surfaces,  dark  yellow-fjfreen,  eonsi)ieilously  reticidate-veined,  anil  covered  on  the  lower  surface 
with  minute  i)hick  {j;landidar  dots.  They  are  an  inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches  lonj>'.  and  are  borne  on 
slender  petioles,  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  beinj;'  often  twice  the  leiij;lh  of  tliose  of  the  lateral  leaflets. 
and  often  an  inch  or  nun'o  lonf^.  The  panicles  of  flowers  are  terminal,  pedunculate  or  nearly  sessile, 
and  appear  in  Florida  from  Aufiiist  to  I)ecend)er.  The  filaments  of  the  four  stamens  which  are  opposite 
the  sepals  are  .sometimes  a  little  loiiirer  than  those  which  alternate  with  tiiem.-  The  fruit  ripens  in  tile 
sprinf"';  it  is  ovoid,  nearly  half  an  inch  lony;  or  sometimes  much  snt.iller.  The  flesliy  outfr  eoverint;'  is 
black,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  when  fidly  ripe,  and  po.s.ses.ses  an  aromatic  oily  rather  ai;reeal)le 
flavor. 

Aiiii/rls  iiinritiiii'i  is  found  in  Floriila  from  Mosipiito  lulct  on  liie  east  coast  to  the  southern  keys, 
where  it  is  a  conniion  plant,  f^rowinf;'  in  different  situations,  from  tlie  imnu'diate  nei<;hborhood  of  tiu' 
shore  to  the  rich  Innnmocks  of  tiie  interior.  It  ^rows  also  on  tiie  Hahama  Islands,  on  St.  Thomas, 
(Juba,  Jamaica,  and  no  doubt  on  several  of  the  other  West  Indian  islands.  In  Florida  it  attains  its 
ffreutest  size  on  Umbrella  Key,  where  trees  fifty  feet  in  hei<;ht  are  not  inuommon. 

The  wood  of  Aiiii/rl.i  miii'lllntu  is  heavy,  excee(lini.;ly  hanl,  stronn.  and  close-i>iiiined  ;  it  is  very 
resinous,  extremely  durable,  and  can  be  made  to  take  a  bcautilul   |ioli-.h.     The  medullary  rays  are  thin 

'  In  tin*  viirii'ty  (intitistifhliit,  which  dues  ni)t  iippi-ar  tit  ditViT  itth-  thi-  t'lmr  stariu'iis  itpposiio  the  petals  as  ftdly  a  third  shtirti-r  tliaii 

iTwisc  fniiu  Ihi'  iniiri'  niliust  fnrni«  I'xwpl  in  tin-  fi'rliliT  giowlh  lh.i«i' whi.  h  altcrnati' with  Ihi'ni.    4'hi'iT  is.  hiiwi'vcr,  luisiuUililliT- 

aiid  llu'  snialliT  fnliagc  anil  fruit  dui'  lii  thr  pnor  snil  and  I'xpiiscd  I'lu'c  in  llic  li'iijjih  «t  the  lilunu'iita  in  any  of  the  I'lorida  spi'dnifiis 

Hitualiiin  nil  thi'  liDi-diTs  iif  si'a-lii'mln's  wliiTi'  it   is  found.     'I'hi'  I  haM' ixaiiiiiuii.     In  a  spcriini'ii  ( No.  ITS)  I'nlli'i'li'd  liy  Uaron  Kg- 

rMrrnii'  forms,  rharinliri/rd  liy  (!ray   (/.  •■).  puss  iini'  into  llii'  ({its  un  St.  Tlionms  in  1SS7,  ihc  staini'iis  sliow  a  gri'ati'r  inrliiiiition 

itlliiT  as  siirroundin^js  and  cnnditions  nf  growth  an'  inori'  or  less  to  vary  in  h'tigth.     This  spi'cinirn  was  t'olli'rti'd  in  full  tlowrr  in 

fiivonihli'.  .\pril.  showing  that  tho  liowfriiig  period  of  this  Iwv  varies  nni^id 

''  Ihiillun,  in  his  llgiiri'  of  this  spfi'ii-.s,  represents  the  lllanients  of  eraht\  in  ditVerent  latitude^ 


^ 


ii 


86 


SILl'A    OF  NOKTIl   AMERICA. 


IIUTACE.E. 


and  oliseiire.  It  is  lij;lit  orange-colored  with  a  thin,  rather  lighter  colored  sapwood  composed  of  twelve 
or  fifteen  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  ahsolutely  dry  wood  is  1.0459,  a  cuhic 
foot  weighing  (i/i.lS  pounds.  It  furnishes  excellent  fuel,  and  is  used  for  this  purpose  hy  the  iuhahit- 
ants  of  the  Florida  ki'vs.  The  hardness,  strength,  aiul  durahility  of  this  wood  wouUl  make  it  valuable 
in  the  arts  if  it  could  he  ohtained  in  large  (piautities. 

The  earlii'st  account  of  Ahii/ri.i  iiitirilliiin  appears  to  he  that  of  ('ateshy,  who  published  in  his 
yntiii-itl  lUstiinj  (if  Curolliiit  a  very  good  figure  of  the  suiall-leaved  littoral  variety.'  It  was  first 
noticed  in  P'lorida  on  the  east  coast  in  18'J1  by  Mr.  N.  A.  Ware,''  and  was  collected  later  on  Key  West 
l.v  Dr.  .1.  L.  Blodjiett. 


Ml) 


'  Frnfex  tri/oHits  rc^inosu"-  .    tiarihus  ietra-p*  talis  albi.*  rucctnosis^  ii. 

■x\,  t.  ;u. 

f^lfmi/ero /olii.<  trrmtlis,  Liniia'us,  Uorl.  ('lifl'.  IH(i. 

Amiiris  ;  fruticusHS  minor, /olils  nrliirnhitis  miosis,  pitinatit'ttrnittis  ,■ 
ritrtmts  Urmindtririhus,  Hrowiu*,  Xnt.  lUst.  Jam.  'JOl^. 

-  N*;illi:iiii(.'l  A.  Wiirc  (silnmt  ITSlMHrdt)  ;  ii  imtivc  uf  Miissacliii- 
sotts,  and  a  tt-ai-lier  ami  l.iwycr  in  Smith  Carolina  and  thi-n  at 
Ntttclii'Z.  Mississippi,  wbere  lie  bfcauic  a  major  of  militia  ami  the 


seeri'tary  of  the  tt'rritorial  governinent,  and  wIm  re  ho  ncijuired  a 
*-  ^e  f(jrtuiie  hy  the  pnrcha.si'  of  laiuls.  IIo  travelc<l  extensively  in 
I't  southern  states,  and  wx-?  knuwn  for  his  attainments  in  geogra- 
pli\  and  the  natural  seienees,  and  as  the  author  of  works  jn  the 
IVstalo/./ian  system  of  ediioation,  on  the  federal  eonstitution,  and 
tin  politieal  eei>tiomy.  His  services  to  science  are  commemorated 
in  the  geims  Warea  established  by  Nuttall  in  his  honor 


KXI'LANATION   OK  THK   PLATE. 

I'latr  XXXVI.     Amyuis  makitima. 
1.  A  Hnwerin^'  liraneh.  natural  size. 
'J.   I^inj;ram  of  a  flower. 
.*i.   A  Ihiwcr,  enlar^'ed. 

4.   Verlieal  section  of  a  flower  rut  transversely,  enlarjjcd. 
r».  A  flower,  the  petals  and  Ktanienfl  removed,  enlari;ed, 
(i.   A  fniitih)^  hrandi.  natural  si/e. 
7.   Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 
H.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 
9.   Kmbryo,  much  ma^nitietl. 


b  «j 


KUTACE.E. 

id  of  twt'ls-e 
159,  a  cubic 
the  inhiibit- 
B  it  valuable 

ished  in  his 
It  was  Hrst 
n  Key  West 


E!  he  acquired  a 
L'd  extensively  in 
mcnts  in  peogra- 
jf  works  jn  tlie 
cunstitution,  mid 
commemoratetl 
.onor. 


f 


■■> 


r*j 


,  u 


If 


>! 


I 


I 


AMYRiS    MAKITIMA, 


tMi^m.  j^^Mfummmmm^ 


III 


1( 


KUTACEiB. 


SILVA   OF  NO  It  Til  AMhlilCA. 


rAX(>TIA 


87 


Fi.owKKs   perft'Ct ;  calyx   iVlobcd,   imhricatfd   in  iotivation,  persistent ;    petals  5, 
iinbricated  in  lestivation,  hypogyuous.     Fruit,  a  woody  ")-telled  eaj)suk'. 


Canotia.  Turrey.  P'ti-ilii'   A'.   //.   Jt'r/'.   iv.  ti«.  —  lii'iilli:iiii  iV 
Iluoker.  den.  i.  010.  —  HuiUoii.  .Uhiiianiiin.  x.  l.S;    ll'ii'l. 


l'l.\\.  VI:   li'cl.   i.   I'lrj,  —  (ir.iv.    I'nie.   Am.  A'-ml.    xii. 
I'i'J.  —  Muxiiiiowic/.  A'i.  Il'irt.  St.  I't-ti'i'shiiitfj.  vi.  ■.">♦>. 


A  pflahroiis  leaHt'ss  trt'e,  witli  iij'lit  brown  (Ift'iily  fiiirowt'd  haik.  Hraiiche.s  stoat,  ti-rcto.  alti'iiiatc, 
ti'i'iiiiiiati'il  in  rlifiil  spines,  |ia!e  i^rccn,  striate',  their  liases  and  tluise  of  tile  |ie(luncles  sinroundetl  witli 
blaeii  trianj^ular  jiersisteiit  ciisliion-bke  [noeesses,  with  a  minutely  papillose  smt'ace  iiavinn'  the  appear- 
ance of  uppressed  scales.  Flowers  three  to  seven  to<;'etlier  in  siiort-steinnied  fascicles  or  eorviabs  near 
tile  extreniiiies  of  the  brandies,  from  the  axils  of  minute  ovate  suliiilate  iiiacts.  I'edicels  sh^nder,  sprcad- 
ini^,  jointed  below  tiie  middle.  Calyx  niiniite,  the  lobes  much  shorter  tliaii  tile  oiilonj;-  obtuse  sessile 
white  [letals  retUxed  at  maturity  above  the  middle,  deciduous.  Stamens  live,  liypoijynous.  opposite  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx  ;  filaments  awl-shaped,  rather  shorter  than  tlie  petals,  persistent  on  tlie  fruit ;  anthers 
olilontr,  conhite,  introrse,  niinutelv  a|)iciilate,  attached  below  tlie  middle,  grooved  on  the  back,  two-celled, 
the  Cells  opeiiiiifj;  longitudinally.  Ovary  raised  upon  and  conllueiit  with  a  tlcsliy  slightly  ten-aiinled 
gynoplion>,  |iapillose-<>laiidular  on  the  surface,  live-celle<l,  the  ecll^^  t  _  ^losite  tlie  jietals.  tcrniinateil  in  a 
fleshy  elonirated  style  ;  stij;'ma  slif^htly  (ive-lobed  ;  ovules  six  in  each  cell,  inserted  in  two  ranks  on  its 
inner  anj>'le,  sub-horizontal;  the  micropyle  inferioi'.  Capsule  terete,  obloni;-,  taperiiijf  at  each  end, 
crowned  with  a  subuhite  persistent  style,  live-celled,  scpticidaily  iive-valved,  the  valves  two-lobed  at  the 
apex;  epicarp  thin,  Heshy  ;  elidocarp  woody.  Seed  solitary  or  in  pairs,  asceiidiiii'-,  subovate.  tlatteiied  ; 
testa  subcoriaccoiis,  papillate,  produced  lielow  into  a  broad  subfaicate  nieiiibranaceous  wini>'.  Kinhryo 
Rurrounded  by  thin  llesliy  albiinu'ii.  erect  ;  cotvledons  oval,  compressed  ;  tlie  raclicle  very  short,  inferior. 

The  wood  of  Canotia  is  lieavv,  hard,  and  cl()se-i;raiiied,  with  nuiiierous  thin  rather  obscure  medul- 
lary rays.  It  is  lii:;lit  brown  with  thick  lii;hter  colored  sajiwood.  Tlie  s|)ecitic  gravity  of  the  abNoJuIeiy 
dry  wood  is  U.tiHSili,  a  cuiiic  foot  wiMnhinj;'  \'1.\)\  pounds. 

The  <i;eneric  name  Canotia,'  sjiveu  to  this  tree  by  Torrey,  is  the  name  liy  which  it  was  known  to  the 
Mexicans  of  Arizona  at  the  time  of  its  discovery.     The  treiius  is  reiireseiited  liy  a  siuu'le  species. 


'  t\iiu)tia  was  ('uni{Kiri'i)  Iiy  Torroy,  wlio  know  tlit*  fruit  mily  with  firny,  rrlyiiis;  nn  tlu'  struoturt'  uf  the  jxyiioltasf  ami  tlit-  faint  tract's 

it.-,  iH'l^^istt'lit  i-alyx  .ami  tii.aiiH'lits,  to  Kiu'hryphia.  wiiirh    Liiidlfy,  uf  Hutaot'oiis  oil-i^laluls  in  tin' lirai-ts  <tf  tlif  ititinresL't'lli'o.  tin' sfpals 

fullowinj;  Clujisy,  liatl  ri'ft'rrcil  to //'//»  ricaoT.  Ht'titliain  ^:  Ilouki'r,  ninl  petals,  plai't'd  it  ill  iinlact'ti  in  spiti'  of   the  iiifi'rior  railii'li'. 

to  whom  the  liowers  wi'i-i'  also  luikiuiwii,  plaoi-d  it  with  Kui'lirypliia  (/'rot*,  .t'fi.  .Ictvl.  xii.  ItjU.) 
in  liiKiaceiF.     IhiiUuii  referred  the  genus  to  Ctiaiitniceir.  and  liiially 


88  S//.VA    OF  XOliTIl   AMt'li'ICA.  ki  tacic.k 


CANOTIA  HOLACANTHA. 

Canotia  holnoantha,  Torroy,  J'acijic  A'.  A',  h',/,.  iv.  (iS.  —  L't.  Ml,  t.  i.  —  Uusliy.  Hull.  Tnrrfij  Hot.  Club.  \x.  lOfi. — 

finiv,  Ivis'  li'if.  l."i;   J'nir.  Am.  .Irml.  xii.  Kill.  —  Itriwcr  Sarijint,  l-'orint  Tnvs  S.  Am.  HUli  Ceiiaus  I'.  S.  ix.  'S'2. 

\  Wataoii.  /!nl.  c\il.  I  llHl.  —  Uotliiiick.   U'/iirlfr'.H  li'iji.     Koeberlima  {:),  b'.ngvlmaiin,  Jimory'ii  J{e/i.  iri8,  f.  \4. 

CkhiiIiii  IiiiIiiciiiiI/ki  is  a  small  sliiuli-likc  tit'c,  sonu'timi's  twenty  to  thirty  feet  liijjli,  with  a  short 
stout  trunk  rarely  a  toot  in  (liauictcr.  or  ot'tcii  a  low  spruadini^  shruli.  It  f^rows  on  tlu'  dry  {gravelly 
mesas  of  the  Arizona  foothills,  from  the  White-mountain  region  to  the  valley  of  Hill  Williams  Fork  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  the  territory,  and  on  I'rovidi'nee  Mountain  in  southern  California.' 

Ciiiiotla  holiwiintlui  was  diseovered  in  .lanuary,  \S'A,  on  the  hills  ahove  White  CliiV  Creek,  a  small 
tril)utarv  of  Hill  Williams  Fork,  hy  Dr.  .1.  M.  Hif^elow.-  hutanist  of  the  exjie'Iition  under  Lieutenant  A. 
W.  Whipjile,  I'nited  States  army,  to  exjilore  a  route  for  a  railroad  from  the  .'Hssissippi  Kiver  to  the 
I'aeilie  Oeean  near  the  thirty-lift li  jiarallel. 


*  Itifwrr  &  Wiit.foii,  Hot.  Col..  1.  r. 

■  Julni  Mill. Ill  lllj^i'liiw  (ItilM  1S7S)  nus  Imrii  in  Mi.lilli'liiiry, 
\'iT]ii<)iit.  His  fiiliitly  iiiiivril  to  <  Miiti  ill  IHl'i,  ami  in  ls:t-j  tlio  snii 
(fniilii.-.'cil  fniin  tlw  .M.'ilii'al  C'..lli');c  of  ( lliio.  Hf  .'slalilishfil 
iiiiu.^clf  in  tlio  jtrai'tiri'  of  Inn  proft'ssion  in  I.aiii'nster,  Oliio.  and 
rt'i'i'iM-il  ill  IsriO  till'  a[iiioiiitiiifiit  of  siir^'i-on  of  the  Mrxit-aii 
Hoiiiitlary  (\iiiiliii>siuii,  anil  thrci'  yrars  latiT,  on  tlio  roinplftinii  of 
till'  liouiiilary  survey,  tliat  of  snrj;i'on  and  tiotanist  of  tlit»  povcni- 
iiiiMit  I'ViM-dition  orjjanizfd  to  exitlore.  under  enniiiianit  of  l.ienti'ii- 
ant  ^VlliIll.!^',  a  route  nlon^;  tlie  tliirty-tiftli  parallel  for  a  railroad 
from  the  .Mixsissippi  River  to  the  I'atilic  (leean.  In  IStKI  Dr. 
Rigt'low  made  his  home  in  Detroit,  where  later  he  was  appointed 


siir<;eoii  of  the  .Marini-  Hospital,  and  I'rofessor  of  Medieal  Itotany 
anil  Materia  Mediea  in  the  .Medieal  Colle^i'.  The  list  of  Dr.  Itif;- 
elow's  hotanieal  eoiitrihiitions  ineliides  a  paper  on  the  medieal 
plants  of  Ohio,  piiKI'shed  in  tSl'.l;  iiii]>ortaiit  papers  on  the  ho- 
tanieal eharaeter  of  the  eoiintry  traversed  hy  Lieutenant  Whip- 
ple's expedition,  ami  a  ileseriptitin  of  its  forest  trees  ami  of  soilio 
of  the  valiialile  and  reinaikahle  trees  of  California,  piihlished  ill 
the  fourth  volume  of  the  I'lifirir  Itnilnmil  Ue/uirlf  ;  a  iiunihi'r  of 
papers  on  the  inedieiiial  properties  of  plants,  written  during  the  hut 
years  of  his  life,  and  puhlislieil  ill  the  Iktroit  Journal  /  .Mttlicine 
awl  Pharviary. 


KXri.ANATION   UK  TIIK    PLATK. 


Pi..vTi:    XXXX'II.     C'.VNoTr.v  holacantim. 

A  tlowcriiij;  hraneli,  natural  siz.c. 

Diaf;'"''!"'  "f  ■'  ll"»('v. 

A  llower.  enlarfjeil. 

Vertical  section  of  a  tlowcr,  enlartjed. 

Anterior  and  posterior  views  of  a  stamen,  eiilarfjjed. 

A  fruiting'  liraneli,  natural  si/.c. 

Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  natural  size. 

A  seeil,  enlari,'ed. 

N'crtical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

An  cmhiyo,  inueli  enlar(;ed. 


KlTACE.i;. 


Club.  ix.  KH").— 
a  U.  S.  ix.  3L'. 
1.-8,  f.  14. 

,  with  ;i  short 
'  (h'y  f^riivelly 
liiiuis  Fork  in 

1 

I. 

tliei'k,  a  small 

Lieutenant  A. 

River  to  the 


of  Mwlkiil  Botiiny 
riu'  list  of  Dr.  Kg- 
iiT  nil  till'  im'ilic:ll 
n.'lju-rs  oil  tlu'  hi*- 
Lii'iitfiiiint  Whip- 
tri'i's  mill  of  .soiiip 
loniiil,  iiulili»lieil  ill 
'ftorLt  ;  11  liiliiiln'i'  "^ 
ittcii  iliiriiiK  till'  lii.it 
foumal   f  Medintie 


(  •/ 


i  « 1 


i 


1< 


''     I 


f^joMiMmiAy 


1i 


*'    t 


Oj  G  ^^ 


■^ 


(' 


Y' 


CANOTIA    HOLACAMTllA 


'■IMIIJ 


fM^P 


'    I 


is  ^1 


SIMAUUUEiK. 


aiLVA   OF  NOHTII  AMEltlCA. 


81) 


Flowers  dioecious ;  calyx  5-l()bccl,  imbricated  in  a;stivation ;  petals  5,  imbricated 
in  a}stivation,  hypogynous.  Fruit  composed  of  1  to  5  drupes.  Leaves  alternate, 
abruptly  pinnate. 


Simaruba,  Aublet,  PI.  Ou'uin.  ii.  859.  —  Meisner,  Gen.  6") 
Haillon,  Hint.  I'l.  iv.  490. 


•  EnJlielier,  Gex.  114;{.  —  Hentham  &  Houker,   Gen.  i.  309.  — 


'  Aubli't,  /•;.  (luitm.  ii.  H(!0,  t.  Ml,  •.V.Vl.  —  .\.  dc  ,Iu»siiMi,  Mem.  '  I'lhnri,  .Uihrlmch  K.miij.  Dm.  (Itirl.  lirrlm,  iv,  'IXb. 

Ii,    /■'/.  IWil.  \V.  Imi.   V.V.y  —  <  .\ulil.t,  /'/.  Iluuvt.  ii.  80(1.—  l.iliJl.'V,  /■•'.  .1/../.  '.MI.S, 


Mm.  xii.  TAX,  t.  -JT,  f.  II.  —  (Irisi'hai'l 
IIlmusIov,  Hot.  Ifiol.  Am.  Cent.  i.  17M 

■^  .St.  Ililiiiri*, /v. /■'.■(uW/cj* /^rd.'ii/.  I,  t.  ■'» ;  /■'/.  />Vu.v.  .UenV.  i.  7(t.   -  ■  .^miv  iv  itiut.>4riii  t^tii.  insf»n;..  vw.  -, 

KiibKt,  Miirlim  Fl.   llrmil.  xii.  Ii,  'Jlifl.  —  Hoiuslny,  /io(.  Iliol.  .[in.       Drug.  m\.  7,  iii.  ri70. 
Cent.  i.  17.).  '  Miufadyi'ii,  Fl.  J,im.  108.  —  Stilli'  &  XI 


<■  WiHulvilli',  .Mai.  r,ol.  ii.  i;U,  t.7ll. 

•  Stilli!  N:  Miii.<i'li,  A'lir  nupiw.  vi\.  •-',  lU'.l 


..(iuiboiirt,  liiat. 


MAch,  I. 


1( 


•/ 


SIMARUBA. 


/       !  ■ 


Trees,  with  bitter  resinous  juice  and  tonic  properties.  Leaves  persistent,  long-petioled,  destitute 
of  stipules,  abruptly  pinnate ;  leaflets  usually  alternate,  conduplicate  in  vernation,  entire,  coriaceous, 
glabrous  or  slightly  puljerulous  on  the  lower  surface,  feather-veined.  Flowers  subcyniose  in  elongated 
widely  branched  axillary  and  terminal  panicles.  Disk  cup-shaped,  depressed  in  the  sterile  Hower,  pubes- 
cent. Stamens  ten,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk,  as  long  as  the  petals ;  reduced  in  the  fertile  Hower 
to  minute  scales ;  filaments  free,  filiform,  thickened  towards  the  base,  inserted  on  the  back  of  a  minute 
ciliate  scale ;  anthers  oblong,  .slightly  eniarginate,  introrse,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  two- 
celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  se.s.sile  on  the  disk,  deeply  tive-lobed,  the  lobes  opposite 
the  petals,  five-celled  ;  rudimentary,  lobulate,  minute  or  wanting  in  the  sterile  flower  ;  styles  united  into 
a  short  column  crowned  by  a  three  to  five-lobed  spreading  stiguia  ;  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells,  suspended 
from  fheir  inner  angle  towards  the  apex,  anatropous ;  raphe  ventral ;  mii'ropyle  superior.  Drupes 
sessile,  spreading ;  sareocarp  thin,  fleshy ;  putamen  erustaceous.  8eeil  inverse,  exalbuminous  ;  testa 
membranaceous ;  cotyledons  plano-convex,  fleshy ;  the  radicle  very  short,  partly  included  between  the 
cotyledons,  superior. 

The  genus  Simaruba,  of  which  four  species  are  known,  is  confined  to  tropical  Americ.i.  •Sltituntbo 
tjlititcd,  a  widely  distributed  tree  in  the  West  Indies,  and  in  Central  and  South  America,  extends  to  the 
coast  of  southern  Florida,  the  mo.st  northern  station  of  the  genus.  iSiiiifirnbii  (utiarti,^  the  type  of  the 
genus,  is  a  native  of  Guiana  and  the  islands  of  the  Caribbean  Sea.  Shintruhn  cir.iivulor'  inhaiiits 
Brazil  and  Guatemala,  and  Siniiiritlxi  TuUr  '  the  island  of  Porto  Kieo. 

Simaruba,  in  common  with  several  other  genera  of  its  family,  contains  a  small  amount  of  resin,  a 
volatile  oil,  and  an  exceedingly  bitter  principle',  qua.ssin,  which  give  it  tonic  [jroperties  and  make  it 
digestible.  The  bark  of  the  roots  is  most  active,  although  that  of  the  trunk  and  branches,  like  the  wood 
of  all  the  species,  is  bitter,  aromatic,  and  tonic.  The  bark  of  the  root  of  >'.  iDimrn  furnishes  a  valuable 
tonic ;  it  is  j)urgative  and  emetic,  and  is  used  in  Guiana  in  the  treatment  of  fevers  and  diarrhiea.' 
Simaruba  bark  w;us  fir.st  .sent  to  Europe  in  171I{,°  where  it  was  at  one  time  used  in  considerable  (juanti- 
ties,  and  is  still  occasionally  met  with  in  commerce  in  the  form  of  long  narrow  tpiills."  The  bark  of  tiie 
root  of  »S'.  tjltmrn  pos.ses.ses  the  .same  properties,  and  is  occ;isionally  u.sed  for  the  same  purposes.'     The 


1 


I    ( 


Mil 


mbt 


SILVA    OF  XOIiTIl  AMERICA. 


SIMAUlIiK.K 

90 

,,,,!<  of  >■  <v  r.Uol.r  is  valued  bv  th.  Brazilians  f.,r  the  treatment  ..f  fevers,  and  a.  a  remedy  for  snake 
l,ites.     The  wood  of  this  speeies  is  reputed  to  he  so  hitter  that  insects  Nvdl  not  attack  it. 

The  generic  name  sLruha  is  formed  from  .S;..<ro»6<,,  the  Carib  name  ot  the  spectes  descr.hed 

hy  Auhlet.' 

fi„t  ,„o.l  bv  Linnaeus  in  the  Mnlrria  ite.Uca  (188)  to  .losisimtc  a 

,„;„,,,; .-^. _  i,.  S,„,„n,ui,-  n ;  iV..  «m,r.     Lo.  Mar.lK.i.,  r,»,«,v.»      Liumfau  .pclUug  of  tl.o  word. 
.-1  Guime  d  U  Caytwie.  ii.  IZi)     Simaruba  appears  to  have  beeu 


IS    'I 


SIMAULUEjK, 

ly  for  snake 
us  described 


)  to  (U'si^jnate  a 
U'  Sptriis  /V(ifj- 
the  liiirsora  of 

vu  followed  tlio 


II 


siMAKUUE/K.  aiLVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  1)1 


SIMARUBA  GLAUCA. 

Paradise  Tree. 
Li:ai'Li;ts  glabrous,  obtuse  or  luinutt'ly  luufroiiiitu.     Pctiils  fleshy. 

Simaruba  glauca.  Do  Candulli',  y<i,M,  .Ihh.  J/«.v.  xvii.  ,SL'.'! ;  tiii.-<  Fl.  lifisil.  xii. '_'. '_'L'.S.  —  Ilt'iusloy.   I'fl.  Jll'il.  .Im. 

I'l'i'ili:  i.  T.l.i.  —  lluinliolJl,  lioiipliuul  i  Kiuitli.  .V"c.  (Ifii.  ('.  //^  i.  173.  —  Sai-geiil.  J-'uffst  I'ru.i  X  Am.  int/i  C'l'iisi's 

I't  S/,i'-:  vi.  ll!.  —  Di'scoiirtilz.   /'V.  ,Vc(/.  Aiitll.  i.  (!il.  i.  T.  .S',  is.  .'>'.'. 

II.  —  riiiiiclion.    J.oii'l.   Jour.    lilt.    V.    ."iflT.  —  Nutliill.  S.  officinalis,  Macliulyin.  7-'/.  .A(w.  1  OH  (not  Do  C':inclullii. 

Si//f'i,  iii.  'JO,  t.  87.  — Walpera.  .Inn.  i.  104.  —  (irisubach.  S.  mediciniilis,   KiuUiclni'.  .lA'/-.  /;/'.  ."iL'."i.  —  Itcig.  //■iiii/li. 
Fl.  lirit.   W.  Ind.  Kill.  — C'lia|iiiiaii.    Fl.  07.  —  rianclimi  i.  ;i7;i.  —  liei'i;  A.  Sclnniill.  O;/'.    Urn.  ii.  1.  1.!. 

&  'I'riaiia.  .inn. , Sri,  Xnt.  scr.  .">,  xv.  .'v)7.  —  Kiiylor.  .Mm- 

A  low  r()un(l-luM(U'(l  tree,  ^I'owiiiir  oecasioimlly  in  Florida  to  the  lieif>lit  of  fifty  feet,  with  a  straii;ht 
trunk  eii;liteen  or  twenty  inche.s  in  diameter,  and  slender  s[ireadini>'  hranehes.  The  hark  of  the  trunk 
is  a  half  to  three  (juarters  of  an  inch  thiek,  its  li<rlit  red-hrown  surface  broken  into  broad  thick  aiipressed 
scales.  The  hark  of  the  stout  i)ranehlets  is  |)ale  areen  and  j;hibrims  wjien  tliev  lir.st  aiipear  ;  it  turns 
lifrht  brown  befiue  the  end  of  the  sunniier,  and  is  rui;ose  ami  conspicuously  marked  durinLf  thi'  seciuid 
season  with  the  larj^e  oval  scars  left  by  the  fallini''  of  tiie  leaves.  The  leaves  are  six  to  ten  inches  huii;, 
on  stout  petioles  two  or  three  inches  in  length  and  dilated  at  the  base,  and  are  i;'enerally  com)iosed  of 
six  i)airs  of  leaflets.  The.se  are  op|)osite  or  alternate,  ovate,  obovate  or  oval,  two  to  three  inches  in 
leue'th,  and  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  with  revolute  niar<;'ins.  a  prominent  nudrib,  and  remote 
n.irrow  eons|)icnous  primary  veins ;  they  are  rounded  or  slin'htly  nuieronate  at  the  apex,  and  are  often 
olili(lue  at  the  base,  which  is  contracted  into  a  short  stout  petiolule  a  (juarter  to  a  third  of  an  inch  in 
lenifth  ;  they  are  thin,  mend)ranaeeous  and  dark  red  when  they  lirst  uid'old.  hut  soon  become  coria- 
eeous,  dark  jijreen  and  very  lustrous  aliove.  and  pale  ami  glaucous  (Ui  the  lower  surface.  The  |ianicles 
of  (lowers  are  twelve  to  ei<;hteen  inches  htUff  and  eif>hteen  to  twenty-four  inches  broad,  with  stout  pale 
f^laueons  stems,  and  spreadinij  branches  from  the  axils  of  small  acute  searious  ileeiduous  bracts.  The 
inllorescence  of  the  pistillate  plant  is  often  hir<][er  and  less  compact  than  that  oi  the  staniinate  plant. 
The  panicles  appear  in  Florida  early  in  April  or  at  the  time  the  trees  bet;in  their  annual  j^rowth.  the 
flowers  openini)'  irrej^ularly,  a  few  at  a  time,  and  continnin<>'  to  appear  durinji'  several  weeks.  They  are 
borne  on  short  stout  chd)-shape(l  <>;laueous  pedicels,  and  are  an  eiijhth  to  a  <piarter  of  an  inch  loiiii'. 
Tile  oval  or  often  acute  pale  yellow  petals  are  four  or  five  times  longer  than  the  alaucons  calyx.  The 
fertilized  ovaries  j^row  rapidly,  and  the  fruit  is  almost  fully  thrown  by  the  end  of  .Vpiil.  when  it  is  brit;hi 
.scarlet,  nearly  an  inch  lon^',  ovate  or  sonu'times  falcate,  and  slightly  anijleil  on  the  ventral  suture. 
.\ecordini;'  to  .Macfadyen  it  is  dark  pur|)le  when  fully  ri]ie.  The  outer  eoatinj;'  of  the  seed  is  papillosi' 
and  oranj(e-l)rown. 

Sliiiiiri(h(i  ij/inira  prows  in  Florida  from  Cape  Canaveral  on  the  west  coast  to  the  southern  keys 
and  the  neiifhborhood  of  iJay  UiscayiH>.  It  has  been  found  in  Cuba  and  tfamaica.  in  Nicaragua.'  and  in 
iSrazil.  in  Florida,  where  it  is  nowhere  eonnnon.  it  reaches  its  best  development  on  the  rich  iuuumock 
lands  near  the  shores  of  Hay  Hi.seayne. 

The  wood  of  Siiimnilid  (/Imird  is  light,  soft,  and  close-grained,  jiossessing  little  strenglh  or  value. 
It  contains  many  large  scattered  open  ducts,  and  thin  remote  meilull  iry  rays.  The  thick  sapwnod  is 
rather  darker  colored  than  the  light  brown  heartwood.  The  specilir  gravity  of  thi'  alisolnfi'ly  dry  woml 
is  (l.lllKi.  a  cubic  foot  weighing  'J.~>.7S  jiounds. 

'  My  I'liiirli'.s  Wiifjht,  un  ihi'  N'mtli  I'.irilh'  l!s|il>irinL;  l'.x|ii'ililiiin. 


02 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


BIMARUBEi£. 


Shncmiha  ./lauca  was  Hrst  distinguishcl  by  IlumboUU,  who  found  it  near  the  port  of  La  Tnn.dad 
on  tho  island  of  Cuba.     It  was  discovered  in  Florida  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Blodgett. 

The  Paradise-tree,  as  Simnruha  >,lanca,  perhaps  on  aec.unt  of  its  beauty,  .s  sometimes  ealled  by 
tlu.  inhabitants  of  Key  West,  is  the  handsomest  of  the  tropical  trees  found  in  southern  Flori.la  It  is  a 
desirable  ornanientaftree  to  cultivate  in  the  gardens  of  the  tropics  for  its  excellent  halnt,  brilliant  and 
ample  foliage,  and  bright-colored  fruit. 


KXPLANATION   OF  THE   PLATES. 

PlaTK.    XXXVIII.      SiMABUIlA    (ILAUCA. 
1.  A  staminiite  inflorescence,  natural  si/.e. 
'.'.  A  staminate  flower,  cnlargeil. 
;i.  Vertieal  section  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 
4.  Anterior  and  jiosterior  views  of  a  stamen,  enlarged. 


I    i 


Plate  XXXIX.     Simabuha  ulauca. 
1.  A  pistillate  inflorescence,  natural  si/.e. 
•J.   Diaijram  of  a  jiistillale  flower. 
:(.  Vertical  section  of  a  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 
4.  An  ovary,  enlarged. 
't.  A  panicle  of  fruit,  niitural  size. 
G.  Vertical  Motion  of  a  fvuit.  enlarged. 

7.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

8.  An  embryo,  much  enlarged. 


SIMARUBEJG. 

ja  Trinidad 


es  called  by 
ida.  It  is  a 
jrilliant  and 


i^ 


I 


.  ' 


*>*«Ss»»-.. 


till 


■'  ^^^^rw^'.'^i 


Wf^^d^ 


mkmm:' 


L<t    Tn'-ii  i-ii1 


>|( 


(  ' 


Ill 


■mmm^ 


!  i 


.  i   . 


11 
1^ 


'i\ 


I 


i    i  ) 


V 


SIMARUBA    r-i.AUCA 


\ 


(:! 


i  <i 


< 


J' 


f 


WlMmmm^ 


iMA  .mUWMMMtaMX'. 


'     i 


f       ': 


t 

hi: 


h 
n 


SI.MAKUUKi£. 


SUVA  or  Noitni  ameiuva. 


V.i 


KOEBEIILINIA. 

Floweus  perfect;  sepals  \,  iml)rieated  in  icstivation,  deciduous;  petals  4,  convo- 
lute in  icstivation,  hypogynous;  disk  0.  Fruit,  a  2-celled  berry.  Leaves  bruet-like, 
minute,  early-deciduous. 


Koeberlinia.  Ziiceurini,  I'l.  llnrt.  it  /Ifrh.  Mumu:  i.  .'i")8 
{Miiiidiiier  Iiriiks'hrift,  18:!'.').  —  Meisner,  (jni.  GO. — 
Kndlicher,  Gen.  1084.  —Gray.  /'/.  Wri'jht.  i.  30  (Smith- 


.I'iniiiii   Ciiiitrili.  ill.  tlli).  —  lientliam  &  Hooker,  Geii.  i. 
31.").—  liiiiUuh,  ///,^^  /'/.  iv.  r,WX 


An  intricately  branclit'd,  alnuist  leafless  tree  or  slirul),  with  thin  red-hrown  scaly  bark.  Branches 
stout,  alternate,  ijlahrous,  covered  with  pale  fi;reen  bark,  and  terniinatinfr  in  sharp  ri<j;i(l  straifjht  or 
sliirhtly  curved  spines.  Leaves  minute,  alternate,  narrowly  obovate,  rounded  at  the  ai)e-:.  deciduous. 
Fh)wer8  minute,  in  short  unibel-liko  lateral  racemes  prctdueed  below  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Pedicels, 
from  the  axils  of  minute  scarious  deciduous  i)racts,  slender,  club-shaped,  puberulous.  Calyx  coni]iosed 
of  three  or  four  minute  sepals  with  scarious  marjifins,  nuich  shorter  than  the  obovate-oblonjr  subunf,fuic- 
ulate  white  petals.  Stanu-ns  eit^ht,  free,  hyjioj^ynous,  as  lonij;  as  the  petals  ;  tilaments  thickened  in  the 
middle,  subulate  at  the  two  extremities  ;  anthers  oval,  attached  on  the  back  near  the  base,  two-celled, 
the  cells  openinij  loufjitudinally.  Ovary  ovoid,  two-celled,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  stalk,  and 
above  into  a  short  sini[)le  subulate  style  ;  stij^na  terminal,  obtuse,  sli<rhtly  emarfjinate  ;  ovules  numerous, 
adnate  in  several  series  to  the  llesby  placenta,  horizontal  or  dc])endent,  anatropous.  Fruit  black  at 
maturity,  subjjlobose,  tipped  with  the  renuiants  of  the  pointe<l  style,  two-celled  ;  sarcocarp  thin  and 
fleshy  ;  the  cells  one  to  two-seeded  by  abortion.  Seed  vertical,  eircinate-cochleate  ;  testa  crustiiceous, 
slifrhtly  rugose,  striate ;  albumen  thin.  Embryo  annular,  tilling  the  tumid  inner  seed-coat ;  cotyledons 
semi-terete  ;  the  radicle  ascending. 

The  wood  of  Koeberlinia  is  very  hard,  heavy,  and  close-grained  ;  it  contains  numerous  small  ducts 
in  narrow  lines  faintly  marking  the  layers  of  annual  growth,  and  many  thin  medullary  rays.  It  is  dark 
brown,  somewhat  streaked  with  orange,  turning  almost  l)lack  with  exposure,  with  thin  pale  yellow  or 
nearly  white  siipwood  composcil  of  twelve  to  Hfteeii  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  specitic  gravity  of 
the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  1.1201,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  o!).S0  pounds. 

The  genus  Koeberhnia  was  named  by  Zuccarini  in  honor  of  C.  L.  Koebcrlin.'  It  is  represented  by 
a  single  species. 


I 


'     1  * 


KOEBERLINIA  SPINOSA. 


Koeberlinia  apinoaa,  Zticcarini,  PI.  Unrt.  et  llerh.  Mavar. 
i.  :C)'.»  (Miiiicliner  Deiik.ti-lirift.  ISIiL').  —  Hcntli.im,  PI. 
llartireij.  35.  —  Wi-ilpcrs.  h'l/i.  i.  2.")8.  —  Kiiijclm.inn,  Jf'i.i- 
lizftuiit  He/t.  20;   Kmonfs  h'e/i.  I."i8.  f.  1.'!.  —  Oniy.  /'/. 


Wi'i'lht.  i.  30;  ii.  lili  {Smiths'niMii  Contrili.  iii.  v.). — 
Torrcy.  />V>^  Mej:  liounil.  Sun-.  11.'.  —  Hemsley.  Bot. 
Iliiil.  Am.  Cent.  i.  17.">.  — .Sargent.  Garden  and  Forest,  ii. 
.TvL'. 


Koeber/iiiid  spiiiosa  is  a  small  shrub-like  tree,  rarely  twenty  or  twenty-five  feet  in  height,  with  a 
short  stout  trunk  sometimes  six  or  eight  feet  long  and  a  foot  in  diameter ;  or  more  often  a  low  branch- 
ing shrub  forming  impenetrable  thickets,  often  of  considerable  extent.      It  grows  on  dry  gravelly  mesas 

'  ■*  Diximus  hoc  jjpiuis  in  lionorem  L.  K(H'l>erlin.  iiiiiici  caiitiidissiuti,  biJtnnici  itideffssi.  do  [tatria  tlora  uptime  lueriti,"  Zuccarini,  /.  c.  ;i."J9. 


-r  ^  .f: 


tiAiammi' 


f  I 


P4 


>7Ar.l    0/^  NOliTll  AMKIUCA. 


SIMAKUItE.I::. 


t'nun  the  vallov  of  the  lower  l\io  Grande  in  Texas  southward  throiiijh  nortltern  Mexico  to  the  neiuhbor- 
hood  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  to  the  i)huns  near  tlio  Altar  River  in  Sonora.' 

Kthhu'/iNiif  sjiin(is(t  \\-df>  diseoveretl  in  Mexico  by  Karwiusky,' a  Bavarian  naturahst*  about  1830, 
and  in  Texas  by  Mr.  Charles  Wri';ht  '  in  1848. 


-  Willielin  Krt'ilicrr  K;ir\viiisk_v  vixi  Karwiii  (I77S-1S,M)  vis- 
it-J  Mfxico  ill  1SJ(),  ri'iitiiiiiiiij;  for  tive  vt'iir>  ia  l\w  pi'i'vinct'  of 
Oiixnc:'-.  lUiu  i\}rii\n  in  is  10.  lU-  miuU'  many  intcrL'stin^  ilisiHivcrirs, 
ami  .ritrn  laced  iu:iny  pl:uits,  ciju-fiiillv  of  tin-  I'lu-tas  family,  into 
Kuropcan  ;;  'nleas.  Ktinriuskia,  w  genus  of  H/uiintifiCtii,  cstnlilislifd 
In  /iai'L-aiini.  anil  ropri'scnti'il  liy  half  a  ilozcn  slirabs  of  Mt'\iio, 
Texas,  anil  C'alilt)rnia,  iirescrvi's  Ins  memory. 

'  Cluules  Wri-jht  (ISll-lSSfi)  ;  horn  at  Wothersfichl,  ronuctti- 
eat,  a  gnulnate  of  Yale  C'o'lep'  in  ISiTi,  ami  one  of  the  most  assid- 
:.  tiiv  intlastrions.  and  sauces  if  al  botanical  eollectors.  Wri^jht 
Viovt'd  to  Texas  in  l.s;t7,  ostahlishinf;  h-nisflf  tliero  as  a  land-.sar- 
veyorand  srhool-teaehcr.  hut  devotiajj  miu'li  time  to  hotanieal  study 
and  e-llfetin<;.  Me  visited  the  Uio  drande  in  1H17.  ami  in  ISIK 
accoiiipaniud  u  small  body  of  L'uited  States  troups  on  au  expedition 


from  San  Antonio  to  Kl  Paso.  The  discoveries  he  made  on  this 
journey  were  published  by  (i ray  in  his  Plautit  Wr'njhtiaufr.  Two 
years  later  lie  wiu*  attached  as  hotamst  to  one  of  the  parties  of  the 
I'nitcd  States  and  Mexican  Houadary  Survey.  In  IS.Vi  lie  wast 
appnitited  lH>tanist  of  the  North  I'aeitic  Kxphuini;  Kxp4>dition,  the 
iluties  iif  this  position  eagagiuj;  hint  duriuL;  nearly  three  years  ; 
while  from  \iy'A\  to  IHti,")  he  was  actively  employed  in  the  botanical 
exjiloration  i)f  the  t.»land  of  t'uba.  In  1S7I  he  aadcrtook  his  last 
long  journey,  gwinj;  to  San  Uomingo  as  a  member  of  a  government 
exploring  party.  Wright  discovered  large  numbers  of  new  plants 
in  the  ditVerent  parts  of  the  world  whieh  he  visited,  and  none  of  his 
eontcniporario.s  did  nua'c  to  make  kiuiwn  the  pecaliar  Hora  of  the 
region  along  the  southern  boamlary  of  the  I'nitcd  States.  Curio- 
wrli/hlifit  an  Acanthaceous  genas  of  his  discovery  established  by 
(irav,  commcmurates  his  services  to  science. 


KXPKANA'nON   OK  TlIK   IM.ATK. 


I*I.ATK    XL.        KoKHKHI.IVl.V    SI'INHS,\. 

A  branch  showing  the  new  growth  and  leaves,  natural  size. 

A  (lowering  branch,  natural  size. 

A  leaf,  enlarged. 

Diagram  of  .1  Hower. 

A  flower,  enlarged. 

Vertieal  section  of  a  Ihiwer,  enlarged. 

A  fruiting  branch,  natural  si/o. 

Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  showing  the  seed,  enlarged-. 

Cross  si'etion  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

An  embryo,  much  enlarged. 


1 


SIMAUL'llE.E. 

the  iH'i<;hlj<>i- 
t,  about  1830, 


1  hi'  uiailc  1111  tliis 
W'riijhiiana:     Two 
t  the  ]iiirtios  of  the 
In   1S."j2  hi'  was 
"g  Kxiii'ilitiii".  ''"= 
cavly  thrc'i'  years  ; 
■cc\  ill  thu  hntaiiieal 
.'  unilertook  his  last 
itT  of  a  gaveriimi'iit 
iiliers  of  new  (ihiiits 
toil,  ami  none  of  his 
[loi'iiliar  llora  of  tlie 
itcil  States.     Ctirh- 
vory  I'stablishi'il  by 


(1 


w 


I 


i^M^'^SMmsm^kmi 


i 


1: 


li 


|r 


/>. 


,^^ 


KOEbEHLlNlA    ;:P!NOr,A, 


W 

i 
i 

i  ■ 

«'■ ' 

I 

■      i  i 

M 


i! 


I 


^' 


llLUfti;iiACE.«. 


SILVA    OF  NOIITII  AMEUICa. 


o.-j 


i? 


BURSERA. 

Flowkrs  polygamous;  calyx  4  or  o-partcd,  the  lohcs  imbri.  .itu  iii  scstiviition  ; 
petals  4  or  5,  imbricated  in  aestivation.  Fruit,  a  drupe  witii  valvate  cpicarp.  Leaves 
(•onij)ound,  alternate. 


!! 


Bursera.  .lao(|iiin.  Stli-p.  Am.  ',14. —  Liiinmis.   Gni.  kA.  (i,  (e\c\.  Pf>tUim.  Muri'in'iii.  ;mA  Ii'ic").  —  P^nfjlor, /'i' ('"«- 

174.  —  A.  L.  (le  Jussii'U,  di'ii.  .'iT'J.  —  JUmsiilt,  (leii.  77.  —  ilulh'  Minrnif.  I'hdner.  iv.  30. 

KmlluliLT,  (leu.  ll.'it!. —  liiMilliiuii  iV:  Honker.  Gi'ii.  i.  3-4  Blaphrium,  .laiciuiii.  .V/r//.  Am.  i.   105,  t.  71.  —  Meisner, 

(txcl.  Mnriijnin  and  Icirn.). —  IJailloii,  y/i'.sY.  /V.  v.  30',l  Gfii.'T.  —  Kiiilliclier.  (jfii.  ll.'id. 

Trees,  with  l);ilsiimie  re.siiious  juices.  Leiive.s  destitute  of  stipules,  membrunafuous,  often  confined 
to  tlie  ends  of  the  branches,  unequally  jiinnate,  or  three  or  rarely  one-folinhite ;  the  rhaehis  terete,  some- 
times winf;x-d  ;  leaflets  ()|)posite,  jietioluliite,  entire  or  sub.scrrate.  Flowers  small  the  pedicels  fascicled 
or  rarely  solitary,  in  short  cl()n<;ate(l  lateral  sim]ile  or  branched  panicles.  Calyx  minute,  membranaceous, 
tlie  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  ovate-oiilon<>'  petals  in.serted  on  the  base  of  the  annular  crenate  disk, 
and  reflexcd  at  maturity  aiiove  the  middle.  Stamens  eii;ht  to  ten,  inserted  on  the  l>ase  of  the  disk; 
filaments  free,  subulate  ;  anthers  oblong',  attached  on  tiu'  liack  above  the  ba.se,  introrse.  two-celled,  the 
cells  opening;  loni;itudinally  ;  usually  effete  in  the  iiistillate  (lower.  Ovary  free,  sessile,  ovoid,  three- 
celled ;  rudimentary  in  tlie  staminate  (lower.  Style  siiort ;  stif;-ma  capitate,  obtuse,  thrc-lolnMl ;  ovules 
two  in  each  cell,  suspended  below  the  apex  from  th;'  central  anu'lc,  collateral,  aiiatrop.ius  ;  micropyle 
superior;  raphe  ventral.  Drupe  jjlobose  or  obl('ii<>-(ibli(jue,  indistinctly  threc-;!i\L;leii  ;  cpicarp  coriaceo- 
earnosc,  two  or  three-valvcd ;  nutlets  one  to  three,  usually  solitary,  or  wlua  "iiire  than  one,  closely 
uniteil,  adnate  to  a  [icrsisteut  tleshy  axis,  one-celled,  oni-seedcd,  covered  with  i  ihin  mcmijianaceous 
coat.  Seed  ovoid,  destitute  of  all)umen  ;  te^iia  mendiranaceous ;  liilum  ventral,  l)elow  the  apex.  Em- 
bryo straight ;  cotyledons   foliace(ais,  contortuplicate  ;  radicle  shot      snjierioi'. 

Bursera  is  Mexican,  Central  and  South  .\merican,  and  West  In;!'  n  wi!',  ,.  siiif;le  sjiecies  reaching; 
the  siiores  of  southern  Florida.  About  forty  species'  are  desciiiie.l  >  i.  wind  more  tiian  half  b.lonir  to 
the  warmer  rcjiions  of  Mexico.'  Four  or  live  species  .-row  in  •  \\'est  Iiiiiies,'  and  eif^lit  or  nine  are 
.scattcre(l  over  Central'  and  South  America  from  (Suatemala  to  rfiM'/.uela.''  Hrazil,'  and  I'eiii.'  T!ie 
plants  of  tills  nt'inis  have  few  properties  useful  toman.  It  wu^  :  •!  dili.^-licd  by  .lacipii..,  and  named  in 
Inmor  (d'  .loachlm  Hurser,"  a  German  botanist  an<l  physician  of  the  sevm;  'cii^li  century. 


^  I)e  C'liiHluUe,  /V"(/r.  ii.  78.  —  KiiRlcr,  /V  f  'aiiJ'hle  .lAitim/r. 
I'haner.  iv.  'M. 

•  IliiiiiliDhtt.  Hniiplnnil  &  Kuiith,  Xoi'.  fie.ti.  et  Siter.  vii.  'JO,  t. 
(Ill,  lir.'.  —  Si'hlcilili'iiJal,  l.iiiiiiKi,  xvi.  ,V.';i  I  xvii.  2K,  tiil. — 
Hontliitiii,  r»>t.  Siilpfi'ir,  ii.  t.  8.  —  iJniy,  Prtic.  Am.  .{I'nit.  v.  l."i."» ; 
xvii.  JIIO,  —  lli'insli'V,  /(()/.  /(ill/.  Am.  I'nil.  i.  177.  —  Wiasuii,  I'nu: 
.Im.  Aiitil.  iii.  4lil  ;  xxii.  40'.',  |ii!l ;  xxiv.  I '.  —  Itriiudipc,  I'n'c. 
Cal.  A  nut.  ser.  '.',  ii.  IIW. 

I  UielLiiril,  Fl.  Cull.  IWll.  —  (irisi'lwull,  /■■/.  lint.  \'\  Iml.  17a  ; 
Cixl.  I'l.  Cii/i.  Ii."). 

*  'rriiuia  it  IMiiiH'lion,  .-11111.  .Sri.  .Vu/,  scr.  .~»,  xiv,  ;10'J. 
''  Eiijxk'r.  Itr  i'lViituiU'  Mnni'fjr.  Phurttr.  11. 


"  l-:iiKli'r,  .l/.irf.i..,  l-'l.  I!rii.iu.  xii.  L',  'Sil. 

'   rriiiiiii  \  I'hiiiclioii,  /.  1     ma. 

'  .liKU'liiiii  MIT  (l."i\i:t-HilH)  1  11  iKitivo  lif  Camoiilz  in  r|i|iop 
Liisiitiit,  a  tli'^ciplc  of  Kiis{)itr  Ilaiiliiu,  titt-  butatii.st  ui  B.iscI,  ami 
iiiinst'lf  a  (listint^uiHlied  [iliysii-'iait  ami  liiitani.st,  aiitl  prulessor  vi 
jihysii' aiul  iiu-ili^-iiit'  in  tin'  aciuU'my  I'f  Sunio  in  lU'timark.  I'l.t' 
I'ataliK'UiMif  lii.i  Ih'rliai'iiiii],  ^atliercil  in  ituiiicr'ius  jom-iivys,  t  spe- 
cially ill  till'  Alps  aii'l  Tyri'iu'i'S,  ami  presiTvi'd  in  the  liiiveisily  of 
I'psaia,  \\i\A  pn-paffil  dy  IVter  Martin,  ami  pntili.slied  in  17'J1  in 
tlu'  Transaetions  nt  llu'  .\fadi'niy  uf  L'psala,  under  the  title  uf  Ccir- 
oloijiut  Phiularum  .Viiiviru"!  .foachini  Bursm. 


."'5''^' 


F 

p 

i 

r.f 


^i 


BUUSEUACli^K. 


aiLi'j  OF  sonrn  ameiuca. 


BURSERA  SIMARUBA. 

Gumbo  Limbo.     West  Indian  Birch. 

Ski'ai,;^  and  petals  5.     Fruit  1  to  2-seeclecl.     LcaHets  green  on  both  surfaces,  prom- 
inently reticulate-veined  below. 


Bvirsera  Simaruba.  Sart,'L'nt.  (inrtli'ii  nml  J'orest.  iii.  2G0. 

Piatacia  Simaruba,  l.innaju'i.  S/ifr.  lO'JO. 

Bursera  gummifera.  .lacqiiin,  Stir/i.  A,n.  'M.  t.  O.'i.  —  Lin- 

iiiiHis.  S/iec.   ed.    2,    471.  —  Lamarck,     ///.    ii.    "tlT,  t. 

'J.")('>.  —  Willilcnow.  S/iir.  iv.   IIIU. — Talnrd,  Jforf.  Jint. 

Am.  U)~,  —  I)c  CaiuloUe.  I'mdr.  ii.  7.S.  —  Deacourtilz.  Fl. 

Mi'it.  Aiitll.  ii.  117,  t.  97.  —  Spaih.  llUt.  (V;/.  ii.  '.'.'J'.t.  — 

Macfadyei),  FL  Jam.    '.'!.';).— Nuttall,  Sijlca.  ii.   117,  t. 


70.  —  Kichanl.  Fl.  CI,.  ,T.M».  —  Ciis.Wli.  Fl.  Hi-lt.  W. 
I  ml.  17.!.  —  t'liapman.  Fl.  08.  —  Maicliaml.  Or'j'ni.  liur- 
si'niree.f,  l.'j.  —  'I'liana  A:  I'laiichoii.  Ann.  Si-I.  y,il.  scr. 
f>.  XV.  ;tO'J.  — IK.maley.  Hot.  1S,:1.  Am.  Cent.  i.  177. — 
Englor.  !>'•  Vmnlnlli'  Mnimr/i'.  IVtinief.  iv.  39.  ^  Sai-geiit. 
F>,;-<t  Tr.rs  .V.  Am.  In//,  r,.«,s-,-.<  r.  S.  \\.[V1. 
Elaphrium  integerrimum,  TulaMio,  Ann.  Sci.  Xnt.  ser.  ;i. 
vi.  ;i(i'.l. 


A  ffliilirous  true,  fifty  or  sixty  feet  in  heififht,  with  a  trunk  two  and  a  Iialf  to  three  feet  in  diameter, 
and  stout  massive  primary  liranches  spreading  nearly  at  rij^lit  an!i;les.  Tlie  bark  of  tlio  trunk  and 
principal  l)rani'ii('s  is  an  inch  thick,  marked  witli  <;landular  dots,  and  seiiaratini;'  freely  into  thin  papery 
scales  which  are  lirij>ht  red-hrown,  while  the  surface,  whicii  is  exposed  when  they  fall,  is  dark  brown  or 
{;ray.  The  hranchlets  are  stout,  terete,  lifjht  gray  during  their  liist  season,  becoming  reddish  brown 
during  the  second  year,  covered  with  lenticular  spots,  and  conspicuously  marked  with  yellow  leaf-scars. 
The  winter-buds  are  short,  round,  <ibtuse,  an<I  l)>ve  broadly  ovate  daik-red  scales  with  slightly  scarious 
margins.  The  leaves  are  confined  to  the  ends  ot  the  hranchlets,  and  are  usually  com|)osc(l  of  five  leaf- 
lets, although  they  sometimes  have  three  or  seven  ;  they  are  six  to  eight  inches  in  length  and  four  to 
eight  inches  broad,  with  a  long  slender  petiole;  thev  fall  in  the  earlv  winter,  or  occasionallv  remain  on 
the  branches  until  the  beginning  of  the  new  growth  in  the  spring.  The  leaflets,  which  are  slightly 
coriaceous  at  maturity,  are  oblong,  ovate,  obliipie  at  the  base,  and  contracted  at  the  apex  into  a  long  or 
short  point ;  they  are  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  in  length,  and  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  broad, 
and  are  borne  on  stout  petiolules,  often  half  an  inch  long.  The  flowers  appear  before  the  leaves  or 
while  they  are  unfolding.  They  are  jiroduced  in  slender  raceme-like  panicles,  those  of  the  sterile  plants 
heing  four  or  five  inches  long,  or  nearly  twice  the  length  of  those  of  the  fertile  pL'uts.  The  slender 
pedicels,  wiiich  appear  two  to  five  together  in  lateral  fascicles,  are  a  third  to  half  an  inch  long,  and 
two  or  thret^  times  longer  than  the  flower-buds.  The  petals  are  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  with  revohite 
margins,  and  are  four  times  as  long  as  the  slender  acute  lobes  of  the  calyx.  Tiie  stamens  of  the  sterile 
flowers  are  as  long  as  the  petals,  and  in  the  pistillate  flowers  not  more  than  half  as  long  with  smaller. 
often  effete  anthers.  Tlie  fruit,  which  is  produced  in  short  raceme-like  clusters,  is  a  (piarter  to  a  third 
of  an  inch  long,  thre(i-angled,  with  a  thick  dark  red  leathery  outer  coating  separating  readily  into  three 
hroad  ovate  valves.  It  contains  one  or  rarely  two  bony  triangular  nutlets  rounded  at  the  base,  pointed 
at  the  other  end,  ami  I'overtul  with  a  thin  membraiiaceous  light  jiink  coat  which  separates  from  them 
easily  when  tlu'  fruit  is  ripe. 

Jtiir.:i  ni  Sliiiiiriiliii  grows  in  Florida  from  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  and  on  the  west 
coast  on  the  Caloosa  River  and  the  shores  of  Caximbas  Hav.  It  is  foiuid  on  most  of  the  \Vc-.t  Indian 
islands,  in  tropical  Mexico,  in  Guatemala,  New  (ircnada,  and  W'nezucla.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  common  of  the  south  Florida  trei's,  and  the  only  one  that  sheds  its  foliage  during  the  autunui  and 
winter. 

The  wood  of   Ihir.ti  rn   .^'Diiiiriilin   is  spongy,  very  light.  i'\cccdingly  soft  and    W(>ali.  and   contains 


!1 


08 


SfLVA    OF  XOltTIl   AM  Kill  V  A. 


nUUSEHACK.K 


(   i   ' 


:,l 


many  numerous  open  duets  and  thin  medullary  rays.  It  is  liiflit  brown  with  a  thick  sapwood  of  the 
same  color,  and  soon  becomes  discolored  by  decay.  The  specific  pruvity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is 
O.IJOCXJ,  a  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  weiifhing  18.71  pounds.  The  wood  of  only  three  other  North 
American  trees  is  lijjliter  than  that  of  liiirsi  ni  Sinmnilxi,  which  decays  .so  rapidly  that  it  is  useless 
in  the  arts  and  even  for  fuel.'  I'ieies  of  the  trunk  or  the  larj^e  branches  cut  and  set  in  the  j^round 
(piickly  develop  roots  and  j^row  rapidly  into  large  trees,  a  peculiarity  which  renders  it  valuable  in  niak- 
inn'  hedges  or  fences.'-  The  aromatic  resin  obtained  from  incisions  cut  in  the  triuik  of  this  tree  was 
tormerly  used  under  the  name  of  t'aranna  in  the  treatment  of  gout/  and  in  the  West  Indies  it  is  man- 
ufactured into  varnish.     An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  sometimes  used  in  Florida  as  a  substitute  for  tea. 

lii'mcra  Simnniba  was  one  of  the  first  American  trees  which  attracted  the  attention  of  Europe- 
ans, and  many  of  the  early  autiiors  mention  it.  It  was  noticed  by  Oviedo  y  Valdes ; '  I'aul  llerniaini° 
descriiied  it  in  KkSil ;  and  it  was  iirst  Jigured  by  Plukenet.'' 

JJitrsd-d  Siiiiiifuhit,  according  to  Aiton,  was  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  Hampton  Court  palace, 
near  London,  in  10110." 


^  "  Kruiii.ipo  lU'  ilotlaiul  :i  -ausc  ([uc  son  1)ols  pst  le  plus  tomlre 
tU'  tout  li's  liois  <|ui  soifiit  <!:ius  les  isli-s,"  I)u  TiTtrc,  I{istoirt'  (tfin- 
ralf  '/f.*  IMpit  tie  St.  Chri»tnphe,  etc.  --0. 

-  "Tlie  Hmnclies  of  this  Tree  being  stiikiMl  into  the  Earth,  will 
grow  ;  anil,  I  have  known  a  Branch  of  it,  tlu>'  stripped  of  its  Leaves, 
and  exposed  to  Wind  and  Weather  (as  Part  of  an  Arbour  for  a 
(.Jrape-vine),  wliieli,  in  this  Situation,  budded  alul  put  forth  younj; 
Shoots,  ,S:  Leaves."  (GriJiith  llnghes,  .V(ff(j;vi/  Ilisltir;/  a/  Iht'  lifir- 
Imlois,  nr,.) 

"  Henry  \\'atts.  Diet.  Chemtstri/,  i.  749.  —  Gnibourt,  Hist.  Drog. 
ed.  7,  iii.  iJl^O,  f.  74'J. 


•  IVist.  Gen.  .\at.  Iml.  lib.  9,  cap.  10. 

'  Tfrthiitthu.'!  .lincric.  piilii/ihi/lhi,  I'alamalatta  dicta,  Parail.  tint. 
Pmlr.  ;!7il.  —  Plnkenet,  Phyt.  t.  'J'JS,  f .  0. 

•■'  /ittttitt  ar'tnr  Americnna,  seminibiis  Litbonpermi  frumentacci  a;mu- 
lit.     liirch-trie  Iittrhtitleimhu.t  dicta,  Pfti/t.  t.  1.>1,  f.  1. 

TiTthiiitfnt.<  major,  hettdir  cnrtire,  friictu  triatti/'dnri,  .^loane,  Cat. 
Jam.  1(17  ;  Hint.  Jam.  ii.  S'J,  t.  '  M,  f.  1,  1!.  — Catesby,  .Vu/.  Hi.it. 
Car.  i.  [VI,  t.  ;«). 

TcrthiuthuA  f,diin  cordattt-wati.t  pinnatin,  cortict'  Ifivi  ru/egcunte ^fiori' 
htts  inasetditiig  sptcatin,  Browne,  iV«/.  Hist.  Jam.  ',Hrt. 

'  Hort.  Keic.  i.  470. 


EXPLANATION   OK  TIIIC   I'LATES. 


Plati;  XLL     Buii-sKKA  .Simauuba. 

1.  A  floweriiig  branch  of  stnminntc  flowers,  natural  size. 

1'.  A  tlowerinf;  branch  of  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size, 

ii.  A  tlower-bud.  enlarged. 

I.  A  staininatc  flower,  enlarged, 

."p.  Vertical  section  of  a  staininate  flower,  enlarged. 

Ci.  Anterior  und  posti'rior  views  of  a  stanien.  enlarged. 

7.  A  pistillate  (lower,  enlarged. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  a  pistillate  tlower,  enlarged. 

9.  Diagram  (jf  n  pistillate  flower. 


Pi. ATI;  XI. II.     HiH.sKUA  SniAuunA. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  siy.e, 

2.  A  fruit,  the  valves  partly  open,  natural  size. 
•i.  \'ertieal  section  of  ,i  drupe,  enlarged. 

4.  A  nutlet,  enlarged. 

.').  Vertical  section  of  a  .'Utlet.  enlarged. 

(j.  An  einbrytt,  much  ei.larged. 

7.  An  embryo,  the  cotyledons  displayed,  much  enlarged. 


l\     ^1 


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SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


99 


SWIETEXIA. 

Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  5-lobecl,  the  lobes  contorted  in  rostivation ;  petals  5,  con- 
volute in  aDstivation ;  filaments  united  into  an  uru-shaped  tube.  Fruit,  a  5-eelled 
capsule.     Leaves  alternate,  abruptly  i)innate. 

Swietenia,  Jacquin,  Stirp.  Am.  127.  —  Linnaeiis,  Gen.  ed.      Mahagoni.  Adanson,  Fam.  PI.  ii.  343  (excl.  syn.  Guitlonia, 
6,2011.  —  A.  L.  de  Jussieu.  Gen.  2C6. — Meisiier.  Gen.  I'lumier). 

47.  —  Eiidlielier.   Gen.  i.   10.')3.  —  lienttiain   iSc    Hookur, 
Gen.  i.  338.  —  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  v.  504. 

Noble  trees,  with  heavy  dark  red  wood.  Leaves  glabrous,  destitute  of  stipules,  long  -  petioled ; 
leaflets  opposite,  petiolulate,  usually  oblique  at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  in  axillary  or  subterminal  pani- 
cles produced  near  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Pedicels  slender,  bibracteolate  near  the  middle.  Calyx 
minute,  much  shorter  than  the  spreading  petals.  Staminal  tube  connate  with  the  petals,  ten-lobed,  the 
lobes  convolute  in  iestivation ;  anthers  ten,  fixed  by  the  back  below  the  sinuses  of  the  stiiminal  tube, 
included,  introrse,  twoKielled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  free,  sessile  on  the  annular  disk, 
ovoid,  five-celled,  the  cells  opposite  the  petals ;  style  erect,  exserted  from  the  tube  of  stamens,  dilated 
into  a  discoid  five-rayed  stigma.  Ovules  many  in  esvch  cell,  suspended  from  the  central  axis,  semi-anat- 
ropous ;  raphe  ventral ;  micropyle  superior.  Capsule  five-valved,  septicidally  dehiscent  from  the  base. 
the  valves  bilamellate,  separating  from  a  persistent  five-angled  axis  thickened  towards  the  a])ex  and 
five-winged  towards  the  base.  Seeds  susiKJuded  from  near  the  summit  of  the  axis,  imbricate  in  two 
ranks,  compressed,  emarginate,  produced  above  into  a  long  membranaceous  wing  with  the  hilum  in  its 
apex  and  transversed  by  the  raphe ;  chalaza  lateral.  Embryo  transverse ;  cotyledons  conferruminatc 
with  each  other  and  with  the  thin  fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  short.  papilUeform,  opposite  the  chalaza. 

Swietenia,  of  which  three  species  are  recognized,  is  tropical  American  and  west-tropical  African. 
Swietenia  MalnKjoui,  the  type  of  the  genus  and  one  of  the  most  valuable'  timber  trees  known,  is  distrib- 
uted from  south  Florida,  the  most  northern  station  of  the  genus,  to  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  Peru. 
Swietenia  humilis,^  perhaps  a  form  of  the  last  species,  is  found  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  Mexico.  .S«'/<  - 
tenia  Aiifjolensis,^  a  large  deciduous  tree,  inhabits  the  mountain  forests  of  central  Quitta  in  west- 
tropical  Africa.' 

The  genus  was  named  by  Jacquin  in  honor  of  Baron  von  Swieten,  a  distinguished  physician  of  the 
eighteenth  century.* 


'  Znccaiini,  PI.  llort.  el  Herb,  .Monac.  ii.  355,  t.  7  (.^fiine^lner 
JJetihchri/'t).  —  C  de  CandoUe.  Monoijr.  Vhiimr.  i.  7'J3.  —  Uemsley, 
liul.  lliol.  .im.  Cent.l  1S3. 

"  Wehvitscli,  "  Apoiit.  .Inn.  do  Connlh.  CCl."  — C.  do  C'audollc, 
Monogr.  Phaner.  i.  ~'1\. 

•  A  fuurtli  -HpGcios,  Steietenia  macwpht/Ua,  King  (Ifooker  Icon. 
xvi.  t.  15")0),  i.s  described.  It  was  rui.sod  sevcrnl  years  ago  in  the 
Calcutta  Hutanie  Gardeu  from  seeds  said  to  tiuve  been  sent  from 
Central  America.     Tbc  leallets  anil  tbe  fruit  are  nmeli  larger  tLan 


tliose  of  ordinary  forms  of  SieieUiiiti  ^faha(|oni.  from  whicb,  bow- 
ever,  it  does  not  ajuicar  to  ditTer  in  any  otlier  respect. 

*  (lerard  von  .Swieten  (17»M)-177-)  ;  a  native  of  '.eyden,  where 
be  became  a  protVssoi  of  medicine  in  tbe  Universi'v,  and  ■•  disciple 
of  liocrbaave.  Ucing  a  Uoman  Catholic,  .Swieten  was  obliged  to 
resign  bis  professorsliip  in  tbe  Protestant  University  of  I.eyden  ; 
but  Maria  Theresa  invited  him  to  Vienna,  where  lie  reformed  the 
study  of  mcdiciiu'  in  the  t'niversity,  induced  tbe  empress  to  estab. 
lisb  tbe  hotanie  (iarden,  and  laid  the  foundation  for  tbe  celebrated 
medical  .si-liool. 


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61  LI' A    OF  JSOUTU  AMEltWA. 


SWIETENIA  MAHAQONI. 


HELIACB^. 


Mahogany. 
Leaves  persistent ;  leaflets  ovate-lanccolute,  falcate,  unequally  narrowed  at  the  base. 


Swietenia  Mahagoni.  Jncqtiin.  Enum.  PI.  Carib.  20 ;  Stirp. 
Am.  IL'7.  —  Liiiim>u:<.  S/'ve.  cj.  'J,  oi^\  Mant.  37'.l. — 
Cavanilli's,  Dins.  ii.  ;i(i.">.  t.  2(t0.  —  Gitrtiier,  Friiel.  ii.  8'.), 
t.  DC).  —  Lamarck.  Diet.  iii.  liTiS.  —  W  ilKlonow.  Siier.  ii. 
557. —  Tiiforil  Uort.  liol.  Am.  04. —  Descotirtilz,  Ft. 
Meil.  Antil.  ii.  125,  t.  9'.».  —  Do  Caiulollo.  I'mlr.  i.  (125.  — 
Turpin,  Diet.  Sri.  Xat.  Atlas,  t.  170.  — Tussik",  f'l.  Aittil. 
iv.  (),">,  t.  2:i.  —  llayne.  Arsii.  i.  t.  19. — A.  dc  Jussieu, 
JiVw.  Mils.  xix.  248.  t.  11.  —  Don.  Gen.  Syst.  i.  (>87,  f. 
116.  —  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iii.  164,  t.  21.  -  Macfailjen,  Fl. 
Jam.  175.  —  Torruy  &  Gray,  Fl.  X -Im.  i.  242.  —  Wal- 


pci-s,  J{ep.  i.  436 —  Nuttall,  Si/h-a.  ii.  98,  t.  75.  —  Ricli- 
ard,  Fl.  Cub.  ;J04.  —  Sehnizlein.  Icon.  t.  220,  f.  1.  — 
Chaiiniaii,  Fl.  02.  —  Gri.seba<li.  Fl.  Ilrit.  H'.  /«</.  131.  — 
UaiUon,  Hist.  Fl.  v.  478,  f.  472-470.  —  Tippel  &  Hollc- 
var,  Au.4iinil.  Cult.  Pft.  Atlas,  i.  t.  2,  f.  1.  —  Hrandis, 
Forest  Fl.  I. ,  it.  Iml.  70.  —  C.  do  Candolle,  Alonoyr. 
I'lianer.  i.  723.  —  Henisley,  Bot,  Biol.  Am.  Cent.  i. 
183 — Sargent,  Forest  Trees  X.  Am.  10th  Census  U.  S. 
i.\.  33. 

CedruB  Mahogoni,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  2. 

S.  macropbylla.  King,  Hooker  Icon.  xvi.  t.  1550. 


A  tree,  with  a  trunk  forty  or  fifty  feet  in  height  and  six  or  eight  feet  in  diameter  above  the  swell 
of  the  {Treat  l)iittres.sos  wiiicli  sometimes  expand  ten  or  twelve  feet  from  the  trunk,  and  with  massive 
sjireading  brandies.  In  Florida  the  Mahogany-tree  is  nit  now  found  more  than  forty  or  fifty  feet  in 
heinht.  or  with  a  trimk  exceeding  two  feet  in  diameter,  and  is  desatute  of  the  buttresses  which  are 
developed  on  large  individuals  in  regions  more  favei-able  for  it:i  growth.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  of  the 
Florida  trees  is  only  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  thick,  with  a  dark  red-brown  surface  broken  into 
short  broad  and  rather  thick  scales  Tiie  branchlets  during  their  first  season  are  glabrous,  angled,  and 
covered  with  pale  red-bt  )wn  bark,  becoming  lighter,  or  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red,  and  thickly  covered 
with  lenticels  during  the  .second  year.  The  winter-buds  are  very  siuu't,  with  broadly  ovafo  minutely 
apicidate  light  red  .scales.  The  leaves  are  four  to  si.^c  inches  long,  with  slender  glabrous  peti)les  thick- 
ened at  t!ie  base,  and  are  composed  of  three  or  four  pairs  of  leallets.  These  iire  ovate-1  mceolate, 
rotiiuled  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  and  narrowly  wedge-shaped  or  nearly  straight  on  the  lower ; 
they  are  entire,  couac*>ous,  pale  yellow-green  or  slightly  rufous  on  the  undi-r  surface,  three  or  four 
inelies  h)ng  and  an  .nch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  broad,  with  stout  grooved  petiohdes  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
long,  prominent  reddish  brown  midribs,  aiul  conspicuous  reticulate  veins.  The  flowers  appear  in  ,Fuly 
and  August,  and  are  jiroduced  oiu'  or  two  together  at  the  etuis  of  the  branchcj  of  the  slender  panicles 
which  are  developed  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year.  The  flower-biids  are  ovate,  an  eighth  of 
an  inch  long,  or  half  the  length  of  the  slender  pnbertdous  pedicels  which  bear  near  the  middle  a  pair  of 
minute  acute  membranaceous  bracts.  The  calyx  is  glabrous,  eup-shaped,  and  much  shorter  than  the 
ovate  elliptical  white  pet^ils  v/hich  are  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long  and  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex. 
The  staminal  tube,  with  its  acute  lobes,  is  glabrous,  as  are  the  ovary  and  the  fleshy  disk  ;  the  anthers 
are  elliptical  and  slightly  ei.iarginate  at  the  apex.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  in  the  autumn  or  (Ntrly 
winter,  is  long-stalked,  four  or  five  inches  in  length  and  two  and  a  half  inches  broad  with  thick  dark 
brown  valves  rugose  and  pitted  on  the  stirface.  The  axis  of  the  fruit  is  three  or  four  inches  long  and 
an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  thick,  dark  red-brown,  and  marked  near  the  a[)ex  with  the  small  scars  left 
by  the  falling  of  the  seeds.  These  are  three  iiuarters  of  an  inch  long,  almost  stjitare,  thickened  at 
the  base,  and  nearly  a  (piarter  tb.e  length  of  the  thick  ovate  rugose  red- brown  wing  which  is  rounded  or 
trtuicate  at  the  apex  and  gradually  contracted  below. 


I    I 


MKLIACO^. 


at  the  base. 

8,  t.  75.  —  Uidi- 

1.'20,  f.  1. — 

if.  Iml.  VAX.  — 

Ti|i)iel  &  HoUe- 

f.  1.  —  Krandis, 

indolle,    Monoijr. 

Am.    Cent.    i. 

)th  Ceruma  U.  S. 


1550. 

hove  the  swell 
1  with  massive 
ar  fifty  feet  in 
sses  wliich  are 
le  trunk  of  the 
ce  broken  into 
IS,  unified,  and 
tiiickly  covered 
)vafo  minutely 
petides  tliii'k- 
vate-1  mceolate, 
on  the  lower ; 
,  three  or  four 
rter  of  an  inidi 
appear  in  July 
lender  panicles 
e,  an  eighth  of 
liddlo  a  ])air  of 
Drter  than  the 
.te  at  the  apes. 
k  ;  the  anthers 
tumn  or  early 
vith  thick  dark 
iiches  long  and 
small  scars  left 
I,  thickened  at 
I  is  rounded  or 


MSLIAIE.K 


aiLVA    OF  XORTH  AMERICA. 


101 


Swieti'iii'i  Mitluujoni  grows  in  Florida  on  Key  Largo  and  on  Elliott's  Key.'  It  is  found  on  the 
Bahama  and  West  India  islands ;  it  is  widely  distributed  in  tropical  Mexico  and  Central  America,  and 
occurs  in  I'eru." 

The  wood  of  Swiettuhi  MaluKjoni,  the  mahogany  of  commerce,'  is  heavy,  exceedingly  hard  and 
strong,  close-granied  and  very  durable.  It  contains  runierous  obscure  medullary  rays,  and  possesses  a 
rich  red-b''  vvn  color  which  beconii's  darker  with  age  and  exposure.  The  yellow  sapw-jod  consists,  in  the 
Floritla  trees,  of  about  twenty  layers  of  annual  growth,  and  is  not  more  than  an  inch  thick.  The 
specitic  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  grown  in  Florida  is  0.7282,  a  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood 
weighing  45.38  pounds.*  Mahogany  is  probably  the  most  esteemed  of  all  woods  in  cabinet-making,'  and 
is  also  largely  used  in  the  interior  finish  of  buildings  and  railroad  cars ;  formerly  it  was  employed  in 
ship  and  boat  building,  for  which  purpose  it  was  particularly  adapted  by  its  combination  of  streng'^ 
and  lightness  and  its  power  to  resist  decay." 

The  bark  of  Sirii/ailii  MdlKKionl  Is  bitter  and  astringent,  and  although  not  admitted  into  the 
Materia  Medica,  is  sometunes  used  with  iju'nine  in  the  treatment  of  interni'ttent  fevers." 

The  Mahogany-tree  did  not  attract  the  atten'ion  of  early  Europeai  iiavelers  in  Ameri.'a.  They 
were  seeking  spices  and  plants  possessed  of  modiciial  virtues,  and  had  little  interest  in  trees  principally 
valuable  for  their  timber.  Sloane,  who  carefully  explorid  the  forests  of  Jamaica,  overlooked  Swietenia 
entirely,  and  it  was  Mark  Catesby  who,  having  discovered  it  in  the  Bahama  IsLinds,  first  described  this 
tree  in  his  Natural  Ilistori/  of  Carolina,  published  in  1734.'  The  earliest  mention  of  the  Mahogany- 
tree  it';  an  inhabitant  of  Florida  appeared  in  William  Stork's  Di.svrijitiuii  af  tJa.tf  Fhirlda:' 

Sic'ntvnia  Manaijoiii  was  probably  first  sent  to  Europe  by  Catesby.  It  was  cultivated  in  the  Chelsea 
Phjiiic  Garden  neir  London  in  1739,'°  and  was  planted  in  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Calcutta  m  17'J5." 


*  It  is  prolmble  that  the  Mahognny-tree  w.is  once  more  common 
on  tlie  Florid.i  knys  tliun  it  is  at  present,  as  thirty  or  forty  years 
a|^o,  or  even  earlier,  eonsideralde  quantities  of  the  wood  were  eut 
and  sent  to  the  Itahania  Islands  fur  export  to  ^Uirope,  and  all  the 
large  trees  were  destroyed. 

^  Kniz,  in  Ilrrli.  liirM.fde  C.  do  Candollc,  /.  r. 

*  The  wootl  of  other  trees  sometimes  appears  in  commerce  under 
the  nanio  of  mahogany,  although  very  inferior  to  that  of  Swietenia. 
Madeira  mahogany  is  the  wood  of  I'rrnca  Inilica,  Spr^ .  Khatjti 
SinefialeuKitt  A.  .luss.,  a  large  tree  of  west-tropical  Africa,  supplies 
the  so-called  African  mahogany,  and  >*()'/'«"/«  /ehri/iif/a,  A.  .luss., 
the  Indian  wood  sold  in  Kngland  as  mahogany.  The  H<utard  ma- 
hogany of  the  West  Indies  is  the  wo.k!  of  Ceilnda  otlorata,  I... 

*  The  Mahigany-tree  grows  rapidly  under  favorable  conditions 
in  Central  \\  lerica,  sometimes  attaining  in  two  hundred  years  a 
trunk  dianiet  t  of  four  feet.  In  Florida  it  grows  much  more 
slowly.  The  two  Florida  logs  in  the  ,1  '"p  collection  of  Xorth 
American  wowls  in  the  American  .Muse'.m  of  Natural  History  in 
New  York  measure  respectively  twen'y-two  and  a  half  and  eigh- 
teen and  a  quarter  inches  in  diameter  ;  the  tlrst  has  two  hundred 
ami  four  layers  of  annual  growth,  and  the  second  two  hundred  and 

IOUkt"en. 

*  Labat,  Nowtaxi  Voyage  tt<ix  hliit  df  l\-^m>'riqne,  v.  IDli  ;  vi.  IWVt 
(ITT'J).  —  (iivelt,  EnryrloptTilia  of  .irchilecturr,  'Ml.  —  M'CuUough, 
DiftiDtuiri/.  Prtu'tica^,  Thenr^lit'tll  iind  /iitt'iirh-a!,  of  Commercp  untl 
Ciimmi'miil  Xariijalii  i.  —  Honori  Havard,  Didionnaire  </c  I'ameuble- 
ment  et  tie  devoration,  1. 

*  Laslett,  Timh.rc'id  Timber  Treest  170. 

Several  grades  of  mahogany  are  recognized  by  timber  merchants. 
They  are  distinguished  by  the  weight,  the  character  of  the  grain, 
and  the  color  of  the  wood,  which  are  alTectcd  by  the  soil  and  situa- 
tion in  which  the  trees  have  grown.     Trees  in  high  rocky  situations 


on  mountain  slopes,  especially  on  limestiuie  soil,  *»roduce  the  most 
vaiuable  wood,  while  the  poorer  (pialities  come  from  trees  grown  in 
the  forests  which  border  the  rivers  ncr  the  coast  of  Central  .\mer- 
ica.  The  Hnest  mahi'gany  came  originally  from  San  Domingo, 
Cuba,  and  .famaica,  where  the  supjily  i;i  now  practically  exliausted. 
The  best  now  grows  on  the  lower  slnpfs  of  the  mountains  of  south- 
ern Me:^ico,  British  Honduras,  and  ffuatcniala. 

The  methods  employed  in  cutting  the  Mahogany-tree  and  in  get- 
ting the  logs  to  the  coast  are  described  in  the  article  on  Swit'lenia 
Mnhagoni  in  Hooker's  litttanival  Mi  dlimy,  i.  -1.  Descriptions  of 
the  tree  and  of  the  modes  of  cutting  it  will  also  be  found  in  Wells' 
EiplnrationAWid  .idvetUuren  in  H'Hi'tuni^,  'M\'t,  in  Morris's  Colony  nj 
Briti.'ih  IlowiuraHf  and  in  Urigham's  O'latemata,  the  Land  ot  the 
Guet:al. 

'  Woodville,  .^fed.  Bnl.  cd.  H,  iii.  O'JO,  t.  -I-IO.  —  U.  S.  Dispens.  cd. 
14,  17tJ8.  —  Guibourt,  Hist.  Ihoij.  cd.  7,  iii.  .".it."). 

^  Arbor  foiiis  pinnatin,  .-Ham  claudente,  nulto  impttri:  nervo  ad 
iatun  unum  excnrretite,  etc.,  ii.  81,  t.  81. 

Cedrela  foliii  /itnnafi^,  Jioribtu  sparxi-tt  ligno  grafiori,  Browne, 
\al.  Hill.  Jam.  l."<8. 

^  "  Mahogany  grows  only  in  the  southern  and  interior  parts  of  the 
peninsula  ;  it  is  in  size  and  quality  inferior  to  the  Jamaica,  but  good 
enough  to  become  an  article  of  trade.  The  wooilcutters  from  the 
province  eomo  to  east  Kloritla  N)  eut  Mahi<gany  and  carry  it  otf 
clandestinely."  The  first  edition  of  this  book  is  not  dated.  The 
third  edition,  which  appeared  ])robably  oidy  a  few  years  later,  was 
published  in  17G9. 

'"'  Alton,  Horl.  Kew.  ii.  50. 

"  The  trees  in  Calcutta  had  attained  a  large  size  in  1804,  when 
they  were  blown  down  by  the  hurricane  which  devastated  the  gar- 
den. In  IStj."*  efforts  were  made  to  introduce  the  Mahogany-tree 
into  India  on  a  large  scale.     They  were  only  partially  successful. 


I    I 
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n 


1 1 


i  ! 


?   ! 


;     I 


102  ISILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  mfxiacea. 

Mahagoni,'  first  used  by  Jaoiiuiii  as  tlie  specitii'  name  of  this  tree,  is  of  aboriginal  derivation. 


but  Af  rx'ing  continued  in  both  Ilcngftl  and  Itiirmah  with  sci'ds  ob- 
taint'd  from  America,  luid  it  is  now  bclii'vid  tluit  the  Indian  furesta 
will  eieiituiilly  produce  nmhogiinv  in  lurge  quantities  und  of  eicel- 
lent  ((uality.  ((ianible,  Man.  Jiiil.  T.mlicrs,  H.  —  Iiep.  Forest  Dipl. 
1ml.  lass-Ad,  M.) 


^  The  change  in  •Iac<iiiin's  specific  name  from  Mahagoni  to  Maho- 
goni  waH  ii"Mle  by  MilU'r  in  the  eighth  edition  of  his  dictionary; 
and  Maier's  orthography  was  afterwards  adopted  by  Ue  Can- 
dolle. 


EXPLANATION  OK  THE  PLATES. 

Pl,ATF.   XLIIL      SwiETEN'IA   SLlHAOOVI. 

1.  A  flowering  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  Diagram  of  a  flower. 

;{.  A  tiowcr  buil,  enlarged. 

4.   A  flower,  e'llargeil. 

r>.   Vertical  section  of  a  flower,  enlarged. 

C.  A  jiistil.  with  the  staminiil  tube  displayed,  enlarged. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged. 

Pl.\te  XLIV.    S\vikte\i,\  Maha(ion'i. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  A  fruit,  with  one  of  the  valves  and  the  outer  lamella  of 

another  removed,  natural  size. 

3.  The  axis  of  a  fniit,  natural  size. 

4.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

.'i.  Cross  section  of  a  seed,  natural  size. 
0.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  natural  size. 
7.  An  embryo,  much  enlarged. 


MELlACEiK. 

ivation. 

fahngoni  to  Maho- 
)f  Ilia  ilictioiiary  ; 
ited   by   Ve  Cnii- 


•.  I 


;  ii 


•  f  ; 

1  '<  - 


\i 


t 


v 


SWIETENIA    MAHAGONI    Jarq 


Ji 


:3n?%fi*r..5S=r 


■ 


.     5    * 

^r 

\ 

': 
i":    '   • 

!U  r 


li ' 


\,^  'I 


!l 


Mf 


! 

,:■ 

^'^ 

L 

1 

'f 


% 


Ji 


5 


\'\    ^ 


SWIETF.NIA   MAHAGONl 


>ii 


If 


ii.insE^. 


SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


103 


ILEX. 

Flowers  usually  polygamo-dioDcious ;  calyx  4  to  6-l()bcd,  imbricated  in  aestivation, 
persistent ;  petals  4  to  6,  free  or  united  at  the  base,  imbricated  in  a;stivation,  hypogy- 
nous.     Fruit,  a  berry-like  drupe. 


Ilex,   Linnieus,  Gen.  .'53.  —  A.  L.  de  JuBsieu,  Gen.  379,  —     Ageria.  Adanson,  Fnm.  PI.  ii.  IGG  (in  part). 


Endlicher,  Gen.  1092.  —  Meisner,  Gen.  252.  —  lieiitham 

&  Hooker,  Gen.  i.  356. 
Prinos,  Linnieus,  Cor.  Gen.  (i :  Gen.  ed.  2,  952.  —  A.  L.  de 

Jussieu,  Gen.  379.  —  Endlicher,  Gen.  1092.  —  Meisner, 

Gen.  252. 
Aquifolium,  Adanson,  Fam.  PL  ii.  166. 


Macoucoua,  Aublet,  PI.  Guian.  i.  88,  t.  34. 
Paltoria,  Uuiz  &  Pavon.  F/.  Periir.  i.  54,  t.  84,  f.  b. 
Cbomellia.  Vello/.o,  /•'/.  Fliim.  i.  t.  IOC. 
Pileobtegia.  Turczaninow.  lin//.  MuKf.  xxxii.,  i.  276. 
Pseudehretia,  Turczaninow,  Ball.  Moac.  xxxvi.,  i.  607. 


Trees  and  shrubs,  with  watery  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  persistent  or  deciduous,  often 
nitidous,  entire,  dentate  or  spinescent,  stipules  minute,  deltoid  or  sul)ulate,  cliartaceous,  or  filifoim  and 
membranaceous,  deciduous.  Flowers  minute,  in  axillary  cyiui's,  fascicles,  or  unibcUules.  Calyx  minute, 
four  or  six-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  roUite ;  petals  oval  or  ohlonj^,  obtuse,  free  or  united  at  the  base, 
white  or  greenish  white,  deciduous.  Stiimens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  as  many  as  and  alter- 
nate with  its  divisions ;  filaments  subulate,  exserted  in  the  sterile,  much  shorter  in  the  fertile  flower ; 
anthers  attached  on  the  back,  oblong,  introrse,  two-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally ;  effete  or 
rudimentary  in  the  fertile  flower.  Ovary  free,  sessile,  subcylindrieal,  two  to  twelve-celled  ;  rudimentary 
in  the  sterile  flower ;  style  short  or  wanting ;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary,  distinct  or  eon- 
fluent  ;  ovules  one  or  two  in  each  cell,  suspended  from  near  their  apex,  collateral,  anatropous ;  raphe 
dorsal  or  rarely  lateral ;  the  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  drupaceous,  subglobose,  crowned  with  the  rem- 
nants of  the  stigma;  sarcocarp  fleshy;  nutlets  usually  four  to  eight,  ijouy  or  crustaceous,  one-seeded. 
Seeds  suspended ;  testa  membranaceous.  Embryo  minute,  in  the  apex  of  the  copious  fleshy  albumen, 
subglobose,  two-lobed  ;  the  radicle  superior.' 

The  genus  Ilex  is  widely  <listribiited  over  the  tropical  and  temperate  parts  of  the  world  with  the 
exception  of  western  North  America,  Austraha,  New  Zealand,  Tasmania,  and  New  Guinea.     About  one 


*  Tlie  gonus  Ilex  was  Hcpnrated  by  Ana  (iray  {Man.  Bot.  N. 
Stfilra,  cd.  ,5)  into  the  following  HOL'tiuns  ;  — 

t.  AqriFOLii'M.  Parts  of  the  tlower  usually  in  fours,  sonio- 
tinies  in  flves  or  sixes  ;  dnipe  red,  nutlets  ribbed,  veiny  or  one- 
grooved  on  the  baek  ;  leaves  coriaceous,  persistent. 

2,  Pkinoioes.  Parts  of  the  tlower  in  fours  or  fives,  or  rarely  in 
sixes  ;  drupe  red  or  purple,  nutlets  striate,  many  ribbed  on  the 
brteic  :  leaves  deciduous. 

X  >*RIN(i8,  Parts  of  the  staniinate  tlower  commonly  in  fours, 
fives,  (;r  sixes  ;  parts  of  the  pistillate  liowers  commonly  in  sixes,  or 
rarely  in  fives,  sevcns,or  eights  ;  nutlets  smooth. 

Maiimowicz  (.Vi'm.  Acail.  Sci.  Si.  I'  ''rslumrii,  set,  7,  xiix. 'JO) 
proposes  the  ftdlowing  scctit)U8  fur  the  ^'I'uus  :  — 

1,  PA:.ruHlA.     Parts  of  the  llower  in  fours  of  very  rarely  in 


fives  ;  pedicels  prodiiced  from  the  shoots  of  the  year.  Intricately 
brani'hed  evergreen  shrubs  or  snudi  trees,  with  small  coriaceous 
often  punctate  leaves  destitute  of  spiny  teeth. 

U.  Ilkx.  Parts  of  the  tlower  generally  more  than  four  ;  pedicels 
prmluced  with  the  young  leaves  from  the  shoot.^  nf  the  year.  Trees 
or  rarely  tall  shrubs,  with  ample  persistent  coiiaccoua  or  cliarta- 
ceous entire  or  serrate  leaves,  never  spinescent,  even  when  young. 

',\.  AijfiKoi.ifM.  Parts  of  the  tlower  generally  in  fours.  Trees 
or  usually  tall  slirui)s,  with  ample  persistent  or  rarely  cliartaceous 
and  usually  spino-sernite  leaves  ;  cyuu's  age*  iitcd  from  the  old 
wood  or  iH'casi<»nalIy  Military  from  shoots  of  .oe  year. 

•I,  PuiNos.  Parts  *if  the  tlower  usually  in  fives  ;  pedicels  pro- 
duced from  shouts  of  the  year.  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  deciduous 
membranaceous  leaves  and  succulent  drupes. 


^J 


fl 

■    I 


104 


;SILVA    OF  NOliTll  AMERICA. 


ILICINKiB. 


huiulred  ami  sevcntv-five  species  are  now  recojjiiized,'  the  liead(jiiarters  of  the  fjenus.  as  represented  hj 
the  largest  number  of  species,  hei/ig  in  Brazil  and  Guiana,"  where  sixty-seven  are  known.  The  moun- 
tain regions  of  western  South  America  contain  at  least  ten  species;'  seven  have  been  distinguished  in 
southern  Mexico  and  Central  America,*  and  ten  in  tlie  West  Indies;"  while  in  eastern  North  Ar.ierica 
there  are  thirteen  or  perhaps  fourteen  species"  of  which  four  are  small  trees.  The  genus  is,  theref-'-e, 
nearly  two  thirds  Anicncau.  The  flora  of  Europe  contains  a  single  species  of  Ilex  ;  the  Canary  Island.i 
and  Madeira  possess  three  species ; '  one  is  south  African,"  and  ont  is  found  on  the  island  of  Madagas- 
car." Twenty-four  species  grow  in  India ; '"  twenty-eight  or  thirty  are  already  known  in  China  and 
Japan ; "  three  species  have  been  found  in  the  islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago,'-  and  two  in  Poly- 
nesia." 

In  the  early  Tertiary  period  Ilex  existed  in  the  Arctic  regions  "  with  several  forms,  among  them  Ilex 
sjj'uwiici'iiti,  in  which  Saporta  finds  the  probable  remote  ancestor  of  the  existing  European  species  and  of 
the  spiny-leaved  Holly  of  North  America,"  and  I/cx  xtt  iiojthi/lla,^'''  which  is  reproduced  in  Ihw  CassDie 
of  the  southern  United  Sbites.  The  genus  had  several  representatives  at  this  period  in  westeri*.  North 
America,  whence  it  has  now  disapi)eared." 

Ilex  contains  a  bitter  principle,  Ilicine,  combined  with  glutinous  matter  and  an  aromatic  resin,  and 
possesses  tonic,  and  sometimes  diuretic,  diaphoretic,  and  emetic  properties.  lUx  Paraguariensis,^^  a  tree 
widely  distributed  from  Brazil  to  Paraguay,  furnishes  the  mate  or  Paraguay  tea  of  the  South  Ameri- 
cans, and  is  the  most  useful  s])ecies  to  man.  The  leaves  of  the  European  Holly  were  formerly  sometimes 
used  as  a  febrifuge ; "  the  fvuit  is  purgative  and  emetic  ;  bird-lime  is  prepared  from  the  inner  bark,-'"  and 
the  hard  close-graiu'd  white  wood  is  used  in  turnery  and  cabinet-making.  The  European  Holly  has  been 
a  favorite  garden  i)lant  for  centuries,  and  innumerable  varieties,  with  variously  shaped  and  curiously 
variegated  leaves  and  with  abnormally  colored  fruit,  have  been  produced  and  are  esteemed  by  European 
gardeners.-'  ?  he  Holly  is  also  a  favorite  hedge  plant."-  Branches  of  Holly  were  sent  by  the  Romans  to 
their  friends  i  s  emblems  of  good-will  at  the  festival  of  the  Saturnalia.  The  early  Christians  of  Rome 
used  them  to  d. 'corate  their  places  of  worship,-^  and  this  custom  still  pre  ails  in  Europe  and  in  America, 
where  bunches  i)f  the  native  Hollies  are  now  in  great  demand  for  Christmas  decoration.     The  shrubby 


I   ' 


'  Maxiniowicz,  ^f<  m.  Acad.  Sci.  Si.  Pitershourg,  set.  7,  xxix.  18. 

'  Keissuk,  Mardhi  Fl.  limsil.  xi.  1,  39,  t.  l:i-l!l.  —  Maximuwicz, 
;.  c.  25. 

'  Humboldt,  Bonpland  &  Kuntli,  Sov.  Spe..  el  Gen.  vii.  70. 

•  ilt'in.sley,  Hot.  Biol.  Am.  Cent.  i.  18(i. 

'  Grisi'ljatli,  Ft.  liril.  W.  Ind.  14ti.  —  Maximuwicz,  I.  c.  27. 

"  Trelt'iise,  Triinn.  St.  Louin  Afail.  Sri.  v,  '.Via. 

'  liarktr-Webb  &  U.Ttbc!ot,  Phytoijr.  Canar.  ii.  Vio,  t.  68,  09. 

■*  Harvey  &  Sunder,  Fl.  Cop  \  \TA. 

"  Tiila.1110,  Ann.  Set.  Nal.  viii.  111. 

'0  Hooker  f.  Fl.  Ilril.  Ini'.  i.  ."i98.-  -Maxiniowicz,  /.  c.  24. 

"  FrantlH't  &  Savaticr,  Enum.  PI.  ^ap.  i.  70.  —  Maxiniowicz, 
/.  c.  3'-'.  —  Forbes  &  Hemslev,  Jour.  Linn.  Soe.  xxiii.  ll.j. 

'•■  Miciui-l,  Fl.  Ind.  Hat.  li.  .V.U. 

"  (liay,  Hut.  N.  Pacific  Explor.  Eiped.  i.  295,  t.  25.  —  Maxinio- 
wicz, /.  e.  23. 

"  Ileer,  Fl.  Foss.  /irct.  vi.  ;  Fl.  d.  Ataneschicht.  97,  t.  27,  f.  1,  a  ; 
Gr„nland.  15,  t.  0,  f.  0. 

'*  Oriijine  Pati'ontolotjique  de.^  Arhre.t,  289. 

*^  .Snpurta.  /.  c. 

"  I,esi|ut'reiix,  C(,nlrih.  Fms.  Fl.  West.  Territ.  ii.  Tertiary,  270,  t. 
.jO,  f.  l-'.l  (Hoyden'.-  /(,/..  vii.  1H78). 

"  St.  .Hilnire,  .1/.  m.  .Win.  ii.  IVil.  — I).  Ittm,  Lamlirrt  f  m.  ii. 
Appx.  t.  4.  —  UuiiML'k,  .Martius  Fl.  liraail.  xi.  1,  1U2,  t.  13,  f.  .5  ;  t. 
l!l,  20. 


The  leaves  of  Ilex  Paraguariensis,  which  contain  a  principle 
identical  with  the  caffeine  of  tea  and  coffee,  arc  stripped  from  the 
trees  once  in  every  two  or  three  years  during  the  summer  months, 
tliat  is,  from  December  to  August.  As  fast  as  gathered  they  are 
dried  over  slow  fires,  and  are  then  reduced  to  powder  a»(t  jarefully 
protected  from  moisture  during  the  seasoning  period,  wl.ieh  some- 
times lasts  for  several  inontlis.  The  powder  is  then  packed  in  sacks 
and  is  re&dy  for  use.  It  has  a  bitter  taste  and  a  balsamic  odor,  and 
is  used  in  the  form  of  an  infusion,  which  lias  a  pleasant  stimulating 
effect  on  the  human  stomach.  Matd  has  wuuderful  power  in  in- 
creasing the  ability  of  the  human  frame  to  endure  sustained  phys- 
ical effort ;  but  the  habit  of  using  it  being  unco  acquired  is  not 
easily  given  up,  anil  taken  in  excess  iiiati'  produces  the  same  pnys- 
ical  and  mental  derangemcuts  whieb  follow  the  excessive  use  of  alco- 
hol. (Hooker,  London  Jour  Hot.  i.  IV),  I.  1-.').  —  hiudlcy,  Treasury 
of  liotany,  ii.  (118.  —  Wittstein,  Vierttljahnwehrijt,  xvi.  107.  —  (Jui- 
bouct,  nut.  Drag.  ed.  7,  iii.  51-1.  —  U.  S.  Dispens.  cd.  14,  107O.  — 
Nauilin,  Manuel  de  VAcctimoleur^  315.) 

'»  IJndley,  Fl.  Med.  3y3.  — (iuibourt.  Hist.  Drog.  ed.  7,  iii.  543. 
—  U.  S.  Dispent.  ed.  14,  070. 

*  Kvelyn,  Silra,  I'd.  Hunter,  i.  208. 

•'  I>ouilon,  Artj.  Hrii.  ii.  .500.  —  Nicholson,  Did.  Gard. 

«>  l,oi.(liin,  /.  V.  Mi, 

'"  London,  I.  c,  511. 


ILlClNEiB. 

jpresented  hj 
The  niouii- 
itinguisheil  in 
loith  Ar.ierica 
s  is,  theref'ce, 
^a-.uiry  Islands 
I  of  Miidagas- 
iii  China  and 
two  in  Poly- 

long  them  Ilex 
species  and  of 
1  Ilex  CassDie 
westerp.  North 

latic  resin,  and 
'/t';(.s(«,"  a  tree 
!  Soutli  Anieri- 
lerly  sometimes 
iner  bark,-'"  and 
Holly  has  been 
1  and  curiously 
d  by  European 
the  Romans  to 
stians  of  Rome 
nd  in  America, 
The  shrubby 


contain  n  principle 
;  strijiped  from  the 
he  summer  months, 
8  gatbercii  they  are 
mwder  ant'  jarcfuUy 
period,  wLioh  some- 
tlicn  paiked  in  sucka 
a  balsamic  odor,  and 
pleasant  stimulating 
iderful  power  in  iu- 
lure  sustained  phys- 
uuce  aciiuired  is  not 
luces  the  same  pnys- 
excessivc  use  of  alco- 
—  Lindley,  Treasury 
\rijt,  xvi.  107. —  (iui- 
petis.  ed.  14,  1070.  — 

Drag.  ed.  7,  iii.  543. 


Did.  Card. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


lor, 

ILIClNEiE. 

North  American  species  of  the  section  Prinos  are  cultivated  for  their  showy  persistent  fniit,  and  some  of 
the  Asiatic  species  are  also  occasionally  seen  in  gardens. 

The  name  of  the  genus  was  bestowed  upon  it  by  Linna-us.  who  discarded  Tournetoit  s  gener... 
name,  AquifoUum,'  .-nd  adopted  the  classical  name  of  the  Evergreen  Oak  of  southern  Europe,  Ilex,  on 
account  of  the  resemblance  .f  its  leaves  to  those  of  the  European  Holly. 

'  Iml.  WW,  t.  ;)71. 


CONSPFXTUS  OF  THE   NORTH   AMERICAN   ARBORESCENT   SPECIES. 

Aquifolium.     Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours;  pedicels  bracted  at  the  base;  nutlet,  prominently  few-ribbed  on  the  back  and 
sides ;  leaves  evergreen. 

Leaves  armed  with  spiny  teeth. 

Young  shoots  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent 

Leaves  serrate  or  entire. 

Young  shoots  pubescent ;  calyx-lobes  acuminate       

Young  shoots  puberulous :  calyx-lobes  obtuse 

PrinOides.     Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours  or  fives,  rarely  in  sixes ;  pedicels  destllutu  of  bracts ; 
nuUeU  striate,  many-ribbed  on  the  bark  :  leaves  deciduous. 

Calyx-lobes  broadly-triangular  ;  leaves  cuneate,  oblong-spatulate,  or  lanceohite-obuvate    . 
Calyx-lobes  acute ;  loaves  ovate  or  la'  .ceolate-oblong 


1.  I.  OP.\lA 

2.  I.  C.VSSIN-K. 

'A.    I.  VOMITUKIA. 


4.    I.   DF.l  IDUA. 
b.   I.  MONTICOLA. 


H 


ILinSEA 


SILVA   OF  NOliTU  AMElilL'A. 


107 


ILEX  OPAOA. 
Holly. 
Parts  of  the  flower  in  4's;   calyx-lobes  acute;   leaves  spinosc-tlentate. 


Ilax  opaca.  Aiton.  Hurt.  Kfii:  i.  1G9 WillUenow,  Sjuc.  i. 

"OH;  Kniim.  17-;  lierl.  Baiimz.  189.  —  Souveuu  Ditha- 
mil,  i.  8.-  itlii'lmux.  /■'/.  Jlor.-Aiii.  ii.  "-H. —  IVnooii, 
6'y«.  i.  151.  —  Poiret.  Liim.  Did.  Siippl.  iii.  ()."i.  —  Mi- 
clmux,  f.  Jlint.  Arb.  Am.  ii.  H»l,  t.  11.  —  I'ursli.  Fl.  Am. 
Sipl.  i.  IIV.  —  Itafinestiue.  F'..  Liului-ic.  Ill ;  Mnl.  But. 
ii.  7,  t.  03.  —  lioemer  &,  Sclmites,  Syst.  iii.  487.  —  Link, 
Kniim.  147.  —  llayiie,  Dcinli:  /','  10.  — Tmrey.  F/.  U.  S. 
I'.M  ;  /7.  A'.  1'.  ii.  2.  —  Klliutt.  Sic.  ii.  Cn'.).  —  \)o  Ciiii- 
(loUe,  Prodr.  ii.  14.  —  Sprengel,  iS'/^.v  .  49.\  —  Watson, 
Dendr.  Brit.  i.  3,  t.  3.  —  Loudon.  Arli.  Brit.  ii.  ."ilO,  t.  — 
Hooker.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  \.  IL'l.  —  Uigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  41.  — 
Don,  Gfn.  Si/st.  ii.  17.  —  Spacli.  Hi.st.  I'eij.  ii.  4'_'7. — 
Dietricli,  Si/ii.  i.  ."154.-01111101.  Jlleil.  But.  4:i2.-Km- 
enoii,  Trees  Huss.  ed.  1'.  ii.  3.S"i,  t.  —  Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestr.  L'll.  3,  17.5.  —  CUaptnan,  Fl.  269.  —  Curtis,  Bep. 


timluij,  Sure.  X.  Cur.  1.SGU,  iii.  .58.  —  Maxiiiiowic/..  Mini, 

Aritd.  St.  I'etersloii rij.  ser.  7,  xxix.  -9.  —  .Sargent.  Fun-nt 

Trres  N.  Am,  \\)th  Census  (\  .S.  \\,  .'i4.  —  Trulcase.  Trims. 

St.  Lunis  Acad.  v.  345.  —  Watson  iSc  Coulter.  Gr'iijs  Jinn. 

nl.  f,.  10,S. 
I.  Aqulfolium.  Linnieu.s,  Sjier.  l'J5  (in  parti.  —  Marshall. 

Ar/.iisl.  Am.  03.  —  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  ■J41. 
I.  laxiflora,   Laniarck.  /)/<■'.  iii.  147  ;   HI.  i.  .!.".").  —  Pursli. 

/■".  Am.  .Sfjit.  i.  117.  —  Uoemer  ik  Scliultes.  Syst.  iii.  4'.I4  ; 

Miint,  iii.  334.  —  Ue  CaiuloUe,  Prodr.  ii.  14.  — Sprenjjel. 

Si/st.  i.  495.  —  Don,  (jen,  Syst.  ii.  17.  —  Spacli,  JIl.it.  I'ly. 

ii.  4'_'7.  —  Dietrich,  Syn.  i.  555.  —  Loudun.  Arb.  Brit.  ii. 

517. 
"I.  quercifolia.  Mecrburgli,  L-on.  t.  5." 
Ageria  opaca.  Kafinesiiue.  Sylvu  TiUnr.  47. 


A  tree,  forty  to  fifty  feet  in  hei<i;ht,  with  a  trunk  two  or  three,  or  exceptionally  four  feet  in  diam- 
eter, with  sliort  slentler  liranelies  forming  a  narrow  jiyramidal  head,  and  thick  Hcshy  roots.  The  liark 
of  the  trunk  is  lialf  an  inch  thick,  with  a  light  gray  surface  rougliened  by  wart-like  excrescences.  Tiie 
stout  branclilets  are  covered,  when  chey  first  appear,  witli  fine  rufous  pidjescence  which  disa|)pears  l)y 
the  end  of  the  season,  when  tliey  are  glabrous  and  pale  brown.  Tlie  winter-buds  are  sliort.  obtuse  or 
acuminate,  with  narrow  acuminate  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins.  The  leaves  are  elliptical  or  obovate- 
oblong,  pungently  acute,  with  thickened  wavy  margins  and  a  few  stout  spinose  teeth,  or  sometimes  (juite 
entire,  especially  on  the  ujiper  brandies ; '  tiiey  are  two  to  four  incites  long,  witli  a  prominent  midril) 
and  conspicuotis  veins,  and  are  borne  on  short  stout  petioles  thickened  at  the  base,  grooved  above,  and, 
like  the  midrib,  sliglitly  pul)erulent.  They  are  thick,  coriaceoits,  dull  yellow-green,  paler  and  often 
quite  yellow  on  the  lower  surface,  and  remain  on  the  branches  for  three  years,  falling  when  the  growth 
begins  in  the  spring.  The  stipules  are  minute,  broadly  acute  or  nearly  ileltoid  and  persistent.  The 
sterile  and  fertile  lloweis  are  produced  on  dill'erent  plants  in  short  peduncidate  cynics  from  the  axils  of 
the  young  leaves,  or  are  scattered  along  the  base  of  the  young  shoots.  The  iiiHore.scence  is  tliieo  to 
nine-flowered  on  the  .sterile  plant,  and  one  or  rarely  two  or  three-flowered  on  tlie  fertile.  The  sit'iulcr 
pe<luncles  and  pedicels  are  puberulous  with  minute  acute  bracts  near  their  base.  The  flowers  open  in 
spring ;  tliey  are  citaracterized  by  acute  calyx-lobes  with  ciliate  margins,  and  by  the  broad  sessile  stigma. 
The  fruit,  which  ripens  late  in  the  autumn,  remains  on  the  branches  until  the  early  spring  of  the  follow- 
ing year;  it  is  spherical  or  ovoid,  a  ipiarter  of  an  inch  across,  dull  red  or  rarely  yellow.  The  nutlets  are 
prominently  few-ribbeil  on  the  back  anil  sides,  nearly  triangular,  and  rather  narrower  towards  the  apex 
than  at  the  ba.se. 

The  most  northern  station  of  TItx  opnra  is  near  the  coast  of  Massaciuisetts  Bay  in  the  city  of 
Quincy.  It  is  rare  on  the  coast  of  New  Englanil  and  New  York  where  it  never  grows  to  a  large  size, 
becomes  larger  and  more  common  south  of  the  Hudson  Kiver,  and  extends  south,  generally  near  the 
coast,  to  the  shores  of  Mosquito   Inlet  and  Charlotte  Harbor,  Florida.     It  is  exceedhigly  rare  in  the 

'  McUiclianip,  Hull.  Turreij  Hut.  Club,  viii.  \V1. 


T 


! 


f 
ii  > 


'I    I  / 

(Pi 


|i|h 


loe 


siLVA  OF  xonrii  ameiuca. 


lUCINEiE. 


Allojjlmny-moimtain  region  and  in  the  cou'itry  iininedi.'itely  west  of  it,  liut  reappears  in  the  valley  of 
thi-  Mississippi  River,  extending  frum  southern  Indiana  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  through  Missouri, 
^^  rkansas,  and  Louisiana  to  eastern  i.'Xi's. 

//( .1-  <)/i(Hii  generally  grows  at  •iie  north  in  dry,  rather  gravelly  soil,  and  often  on  the  margins  of 
Oak  woods;  at  the  south  it  is  four.d  on  the  borders  of  swampy  river-bottoms  in  rich,  rather  humid  soil, 
often  growi?ig  under  the  sluule  uf  Water  t)aks,  Gums,  and  Bay-trees.  It  reaches  its  greatest  size  on  the 
fertile  bottom-'  inds  of  the  >!treams  of  southern  Arkansas  and  'Xiu,  where  it  is  more  abundant 

than  in  otiier  parts  of  the  eountry. 

Th  v.ood  of  //(,(•  ojiiKii  is  light,  tough,  although  not  strong,  and  very  close-grained.  It  contains 
nunienMia  thin  and  inconspicuous  medullary  rays,  and  is  nearly  white  when  Hrst  cut,  turning  brown  with 
age  and  exposure,  the  thick  sapwood  being  rather  lighter  colored  than  the  hcartwood.  It  can  be  easily 
worked,  and  will  receive  a  beautiful  polish,  and  is  valued  and  now  much  employed  in  cabinet-making,  in 
the  interior  Knish  of  buildings,  and  in  turnery.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is 
0.5818,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  !{G.2()  pounds.  1  Heine  has  been  obtained  from  the  fruit  of  Ilcv  ojnica,^ 
whicii  furnishes  the  principal  supply  of  the  Holly  branches  which  are  now  used  in  this  country  in  large 
(piantities  for  decoration  at  Christmas  festivals. 

The  American  Holly,  owing  to  its  resemblance  to  the  familiar  Holly  of  European  gardens,  naturally 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  early  voyagers  to  America,  and  it  was  notice<l  as  early  as  15G-t  by  the 
party  of  French  Protestants  who  landed  near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John's  River  in  Florida  under  the 
leadership  of  Laudonniere."  It  was  first  described  by  Clayton  in  the  Flora  Virijinica,^  and,  according 
to  Alton,  was  first  cultivated  in  Europe  in  1744  i>y  the  Duke  of  Argyll.*  It  may  still  be  occasionally 
seen  in  European  gardens,  and  is  sometimes  cultivated  in  the  United  States.'  The  number  of  insects 
known  to  injure  the  American  Hollies  is  not  large,  and  the  damage  they  inflict  is  not  serious." 


i? 


*  Am.  Jtmr.  Pharm.  xxviii.  .'tl  t.  —  U.  S.  Dujmis.  ed.  H,  1070. 

^  "  Freqiieiitt-s  cedri,  I'lipressi,  Imiri,  palinie,  aquifoliip  &  vitus 
sylvestri."     (Ac  Moyne  lie  Morijne,  De  Ury  Voyagi'itt  I'lirt  II.  3.) 

*  llfT  foliiif  ovatU  afti/u  dentatis^  18. 

*  Archibalil  Campbell,  third  Duke  of  ArRvli  (l«8O-I701)  ;  'ho 
most  asfiduouH  I'ullector  aud  planter  of  exotic  trees  of  his  time  in 
Kngland,  and  Horace  Walpole's  "Tree-Monger."  Many  of  the 
trees  wliioh  were  planted  in  the  grounds  of  his  villa  of  Whitttm, 
near  lluunslow,  were  after  his  death  removed  to  tlie  Koyal  (iardens 
at  Kew,  where  tbej  formed  the  basis  of  the  present  Arboretum. 


'  The  thii'k  lleshy  roots  of  this  tree  make  it  difficult  to  transplant 
successfully.  The  seeds,  like  those  of  many  species  of  Holly,  do 
not  germinate  until  the  second  year  after  planting. 

'  The  Fall  Web-womi  (Uijphantria  cunen,  Krury)  is  sometimes 
(juito  injurious  to  the  foliage  uf  species  of  Ilex  (Hull.  No.  10,  Div. 
Entomnl.  Itept.  Ayr.  U.  S.  10).  Larvro  of  a  small  nioth,  Crt/ptole^ 
chia  crifptotechiella^  Cbamb.,  fasten  leaves  of  llrx  ojkwh  together 
and  feed  upon  them  (Dull,  llayden'a  U.  S.  Geulog.  Surv.  1878,  iv. 
pp.  »t,  UC). 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE   PLATE. 

PlAIK   XLV.       IlKX   Ill'ACA. 

1.  A  branch  with  staminate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  brancli  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

3.  I)ia(^am  of  a  flower. 

4.  A  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5    Vertical  section  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

I.  Vertical  section  of  a  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Cross  section  of  nn  ovary,  enlarged. 

9.  An  ovule,  much  magnified. 

10.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

12.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

13.  A  nutlet,  enlarged. 

14.  An  embryo,  much  magnified. 

li'i.  Part  uf  a  leaf  with  a  stipule,  enlarged. 


'  (1 


ILK'INEA 

;ho  valley  <>f 
rh  Missouri, 

e  margins  of 
r  humid  soil, 
it  size  on  the 
ire  abundant 


It  contains 
T  brown  Vrith 
can  be  easily 
et-making,  in 
r  dry  wood  is 

Ili.e  optica,^ 
intry  in  large 

lens,  naturally 
9  ir)U4  by  the 
rida  under  the 
md,  according 
le  occasionally 
ber  of  insects 

0U8.° 

ifficiilt  to  tmnsplant 
pccies  of  Holly,  do 
iig. 

Irurj)  is  sometimes 
(Hull.  So.  10,  /)iii. 
imll  moth,  Crijplule- 
llei  ojnca  together 
tolog.  Sun.  1878,  iv. 


llfF/. ,       1 


^n 


It 

;  i 

'• » 

if 

ft 

■ 

B*^.- — :i.« 

.1" 


^   *:. 


■>~*i' 


,00 


m 


I  I  .i.t,-n  ./W 


\^^r 


^J 


<    , 


ILEX     OPACA 


■/  fiw  tfu.i      ■''•■-1 


'-,/■   ,'     .-//..  f.v 


^!1 


li 


L     i 


lUCJNE.K. 


SILVA   OF  NOUTII  AMERICA. 


ILEX  CASSINE. 


Dahoon. 


109 


Pakts  of  the  flower  in  4'.s ;  calyx-lobes  acuminate.     Leaves  entire  or  sharply  ser- 
rate towards  the  apex. 


Ilex  Caasine.  I-iiinoBiis,  .S/ycr.  125  (excl.  fi.).  —  Marsliall. 
Aibiist.  Am.  (11.  —  Lainarek.  Dirt.  iii.  1 17  ;  ///.  i.  'X<'>. — 
Willdenow.  S/ier.  i.  'm  ;  Eiiiim.  17'.';  H'lrt.  Urml.  I  i. 
yi. — Nonvean  Diilinmel,  i.  'J.  —  I'ersoon.  •%».  l.)l. — 
DestoiiUiiiics,   IlUt.  Arb.  ii.   'Afi'l.  —  Poiret.   Ltim.    Diit. 

Suppl.  iii.  0.").  —  I'ursli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i.  117 Kocnier 

iV  Sehultes.  Sijsf.  iii.  490.  —  Ilnyiie.  Demlr.  Fl.  10.  —  De 
C'andnlle.  Prmlr.  ii.  14.  —  Spreiifji'l.  Si/.tt.  i.  4',t5.  —  Don, 
Ci-ii.  Sij.it.  ii.  17.  —  Simcli,  lFi.it.  (V;/.  ii.  4i;S. —  Diftrich, 
Sijn.  i.  5">4. —  LiMulun,  Arb.  Jiril.  ii.  ")17,  f.  1X4. — C 
Koch,  Vnii/r.  ii.  L".'.'i  (excl.  syii.).  —  Goeppert,  Del,  Sem. 
I'nitisL  IS'iL'  [Linim-a.  xxvi.  74()).  —  Sargent,  Garden 
iiiifl  Forest,  ii.  (ilfJ. 

Ilex  Dahoon,  Walter,  Fl.  r,,/-.  :'41.  —  Michaiix.  Fl.  linr.. 
Am.  ii.  228.  —  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Se/,f.  i.  1 17.  —  Nuttall, 
(Jen.  i.  lOi).  — Roeiner  &  Schultes.  Si).if.  iii.  48'J  ;  M'liif.  iii. 
332.  —  Ue  CaniloUe,  Froilr.  ii.  14.  —  Elliott,  Sk.  ii.  ti80.  — 


Watson,  Dewlr.  lirit.  ii.  114.  t.  114.  —  Sprengel,  Sijxt.  i. 
4115.  —  Auduljon.  />'i;v/,«.  t.  IS.  —  Don.  Gen.  Si/st.  ii.  I'.l.  — 
Spacli.  Hint.  I'l'i/.  ii.  428 Dietrich.  ,Si/n.  i.  i^A.  —  Lon- 
don. Arb.  Jlrit.  ii.  ."illl.  —  Gridilh.  Meil.  But.  433.— 
Chapman.  Fl.  2li'J.  —  CnrtLs,  Heii.  Geolug.  Siirr.  X.  Car. 
1800,  iii.  .")8.  —  Maxiniowicz.  Mini.  Arml.  St.  Peter.ibounj, 
ser.  7,  xxix.  2!).  —  Sargent,  Fore.it  Trees  X.  Ant.  lOt/i 
Crnsn-  o.  S.  ix.  3"i.  —  Trele.asc,  Tran.i.  St.  Lmili  Arait. 
V.  ,'i4.").  —  Watson  ik  Coulter,  Gray's  Jfan.  ed.  <>,  108. 

I.  Cossine,  vac.  latifolia,  Aiton,  J/orf.  AVic.  i.  170. 

I.  cassinoides.  Link,  Enum.  i.  148.  —  Roeiner  &  Schultes, 

Mant.  iii.  ;;:i2. 

I.  laurifolia,  Nnttall,  Am.  Jour.  Sri.  v.  289.  —Eaton,  Man. 

ed.  (>.  ISli.  —  Katon  &  Wright,  Hot.  282. 
Ageria  palustris,  Itafinesque,  Si/lra  Telliir.  47. 
Ageria  obovatn.  Katiiiesque,  Siilea  TelUir.  48. 
Ageria  heterophylla.  Hatine.s(pic,  Si/U-a  Tellur.  48. 


A  small  tree,  twenty-tive  to  tiiirty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  twelve  to  eighteen  inehes  in  iliaineter  ; 
or,  in  some  forms,  a  low  tree-like  slmih.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  hardly  more  than  one  sixteenth  of  an 
inch  thick,  with  a  dark  gray  snrface  thickly  covered  and  ri'i">hcned  with  lenticels.  The  young  branches 
are  coated  with  dense  silky  imbescence  which  does  not  disa|HH'.>r  until  the  end  of  the  second  or  third 
year,  when  they  are  dark  brown  and  marked  with  occasional  lenticular  sjiots.  The  winter-buds  are 
acute  with  lanceolate  scales  thickly  covered  >vith  palo  silky  pubescence.  The  leaves  are  oblanceolate  or 
obovate-oblong,  acuminate  at  the  base,  acute,  miu-ronate  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  ajiex,  with  revolute 
margins  entire  or  sometimes  serrate  above  the  mitUUe  with  sharp  niucrimate  teeth;  tliey  are  imborulous 
above  and  densely  covered  with  pubescence  below  when  they  first  un*'old  vhibrous  at  nuiiurity  with  the 
exception  of  occasional  iiairs  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  broad  tnidrib,  which  is  con.spicuously  grooved 
on  the  uj)per  surface,  and  on  the  short  thick  petiole  which  is  thickened  at  the  base.  They  are  dark 
green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  and  pale  on  the  lower.  The  miiuite  caducous  stipules  are 
filitorm.  The  intloresence  is  sometimes  nearly  an  inch  long,  generally  much  shorter,  peduncuLite,  and 
produced  from  tlie  young  shoots  or  occasionally  from  the  braiiclics  of  the  previous  year.  It  is  three  to 
nine-tlowereil  on  tlie  sterile  i)lant,  and  usually  tliree-flowcred  on  the  fertile.  The  pedicels  are  covere<l 
with  iuiirs,  and  furnished  at  their  base  with  acute  scarious  l)racts.  The  calyx-lobes  are  acute,  with  ciliate 
margins.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  late  in  the  autumn  and  remains  on  the  branches  until  the  following 
spring,  is  globose,  sometimes  a  ipiarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  bright  or  occasionally  dull  red  or  nearly 
yellow,  with  stiuit  densel\  pubescent  pedicels,  solitary  or  often  in  clusters  of  threes.  The  nutlets  are 
prominently  few-ribbed  on  the  back  and  sides, 

Ih.r  CiDtxiin  grows  from  .southern  Virginia  scuithward  in  the  iinincdiate  neighborhood  of  the  coast 
to  tlie  shores  of  IJay  Biscayne  and  Tampa  Hay,  Florida,  and  westward  along  the  Iridf  coast  to  western 
Louisiana.  It  is  f<uind  in  colil  swamps,  or  more  often  along  their  borders  in  rich  hinnid  soil,  and  occa- 
sionally near  the  Gulf  coast  on  the  high  sandy  banks  of  pine-i)arren  streams.      I'he  Dahoon  is  nowhcie 


1  I 


11 


110 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ILICINEiE. 


common  on  the  AJantic  seaboard.  It  occurs  more  frequently  in  Florida  and  in  southern  Alabama, 
gi-aihially  disaiipoariuji  towards  the  western  limits  of  its  raufife. 

The  wood  of  llix  Vnxxinn  is  lij^ht,  soft,  and  close-<rrained,  but  not  strong;  it  contains  many  thin 
medullary  rays,  and  is  pale  brown  with  tiiiok  nearly  white  sapwood.  The  sj)ecitie  gravity  of  the  abso- 
lutely dry  wood  is  0.4800,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  lJi>.95  pounds. 

The  Dahoon  Holly '  was  first  described  in  the  JS'iiliira/  JJistori/  of  Corolina ''  by  Mark  Catesby, 
who  sent  seeds  to  Europe  which  produced  plants  in  the  Physic  Garden  at  Chelsea.^ 

I/i£  Cii,<,'<iiii'  varies  remarkably  in  the  size  anil  shape  of  its  leaves,  passuig  through  forms  with 
elongated  narrow  leaves^  into  the  variety //(///'/;/'o//'(.'''  This  is  a  low  shrub,  or  occasionally  a  slender 
wide-branching  tree  with  pale  nearly  white  bark,  pui)erulous  branchlets,  and  crowded,  generally  entire 
niucronate  leaves  which  are  half  an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in  length  and  an  eighth  of  an  inch  broad, 
with  rcHexed  margins,  very  short  petioles,  and  broad  prominent  midribs.  The  fruit  is  short-stalked  and 
much  smaller  than  that  of  I/i  r  Cas.iiin',  This  plant,  which  is  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast 
fro)n  North  Carolina  to  Louisiana,  always  inhabits  cyjjress-swamps  and  pine-barren  ponds  or  their 
margins,  and  is  much  more  common  than  the  Dahoon,  from  which  many  careful  observers  are  inclined, 
perha[)s  with  reason,  to  consider  it  specifically  distinct.  The  wood  is  heavier  and  lighter  colored  than 
that  of  the  Dahoon,  with  a  specific  gravity,  wiien  absolutely  dry,  of  0.5873,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  3G.G0 
pounds. 


'  The  confusion  in  the  names  of  the  two  arborescent  Hollies 
of  the  soutllern  states  eontlnenced  in  the  Unrtun  Clijfortiatius,  in 
wliieh  Linnitnis  united  them  uniier  his  Ilex  /'tliiit  m-ato-laurt'tiluti!', 
etc.  It  Vfos  inerejused  in  the  S/m-ies  Phintarwii,  in  whieh  the  Da- 
hoon of  the  .Vnierioan  Indians  was  made  the  type  of  the  Ilex  Cas- 
sine,  and  the  nlHtri^inal  Cassina  a  variety  of  it ;  so  that  tlie  nlilest 
Liinuean  speeilie  name  of  the  Dahoon  IIi>Ily  is  the  well  establislied 
and  familiar  vernacular  name  of  a  diiTercnt  tree  of  tne  same  region. 

*^  Aijri/Dlium  Cariutineuse  fuliU  ilenttUin  Imrdu  rnbritt  i.  31,  t.  111. 

JtexfoUis  ovato-lam'tohtU  gerrntin,  I.innieus.  Jhrl.  Cliff.  40  (exel. 
syn.  riukenet).  —  Kuyon,  Ft.  Leyil.  I'rojr.  100. 

Ilex  nitirilima  ramttmi  f'tliin  nbltintjis  tton  sinuatUf  glandibus  esculeri' 
tU,  Clayton.  /•"/.  Viri/iti.  18. 

•  .Miller,  IHri. 

*  Ilex  C(i.tHiiu\  var.  anqustifnlm,  Willdenow,  Spec.  i.  700.  —  .\iton, 
Hort.  Keir.  i.  170.  ~  .V(;ucf(i(j  Ihiliiimel,  i.  9,  t.  3.  —  Sary:ent, '.r(jr</(?fi 
ami  Forest,  ii.  tllO. 

I.  tintjmtifolin,  Willdeiiow.  Enum.  17'J.  —  Pursh,  Fl,  A>i\.  Sept. 
i.  118.  —  Nuttall.  6p>i.  i.  109.  —  Koenier  &  Schultes,  Si/st.  iii.  489.  — 
l>e  CandoUe,  I'mlr.  ii.  14.  —  Watson,  Demtr.  Ilrit.  i.  4,  t.  4. — 
.'"prengel.  .Syxt.  i.  40.">.  —  Don,  Gen.  Sytt.  ii.  17.  —  .Spaeh,  llift.  i'eij.  ii. 
4'J8.  —  Dietrich,  Syn.  i.  ,J54.  —  Loudon,  Arli.  lirit.  ii.  .in,  f.  183. 


/.  ligualrina,  Elliott,  Sk.  ii.  708  (not  Jacquiu).  —  Spocb,  Hist.  Veg. 
ii.  4-J9.  —  Darby,  liol.  S.  States,  V13. 

?  /.  Walsunia,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii.  429. 

/.  Diihoon,  var.  anguslifoUa,  Watson,  luiUx,  l.'jS.  —  Sargent,  For- 
e.it  Trees  S.  Am.  \\)th  Census  U.  S.  ix.  'do.  —  Treleose,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  .icail.  V.  ;U.j. 

This  is  the  common  form  in  southern  Alabama,  where  it  is  abun- 
dant. 

^  Ilex  Crtssine,  var.  myrli/otia,  Sargent,  Garden  and  Forest,  ii.  016. 

/.  myrti/olia,  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  '^41.  —  A'oui'eau  Ihihamel,  i.  10,  t. 
4. —  Michaux,  Fl.  lior.-Am.  ii.  2'J9.  —  Poiret,  Lam.  Din.  Suppl.  iii. 
0.").  —  Willdenow,  Fnum.  Suppl.  8.  —  Koemer  &  Schultes,  Sysl.  iii. 
489.  -  Link,  Fmim.  118.  —  Spacli,  llisl.  Veg.  ii.  4l'9.  —  dniy,  .1/an. 
ed.  o,  :''H3. ^Maximowicz,  M^'m.  .iead.  St.  l\tershourg,  xxix.  ser. 
7,  L'O. 

/.  rnsmarifolia,  Lamarck,  ///.  i.  3."jC.  —  I'ersoou,  Syn.  i.  151.  — 
I'oiret.  Lam.  Diet.  Suppl.  iii.  05. 

/.  lignstrifolia,  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  ii.  19. 

/.  iJahuon,  var.  myrti/olia.  Chapman,  Fl.  '_'C9.  —  Sargent,  Forest 
Trees  X.  Am.  lOlli  Census  V.  S.  ii.  30.  —  rrelea.se.  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  V.  340.  — Watson  &  Coulter,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  0,  108. 


EXPLANATION   OK  THE   I'LATES. 


1'i.ATi:  XLVI.     li.E.x  Ca,<.<ixe. 
A  llowerini;  branch  of  tlie  staniinutc  planl,  natural  si/.e. 
A  tluwering  branch  of  the  pistillutc  plant,  natural  size. 
A  staniinate  tlower.  enlar(,'e(l. 

A  staininatc  tlowir.  tlie  condla  removed  and  laid  oiieii,  en- 
larged. 
A  pistillate  Hiiwer,  eiilar;;cd. 
Vertionl  section  of  a  pistillate  Howcr,  enlai'(,'ed. 
A  fruiting  bnincli,  natural  size. 
A  fruiting  branch  (var.  angiislifolia),  natural  size. 
Cross  sect  ion  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 


10.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

11.  A  nutlet,  enlarged. 

Pi..\TK  XIA'II.     Ii.K.x  Cassi.vk,  var.  mvktifolia. 
1.  A  branch  of  a  sterile  plant,  natural  size. 
'.'.  A  branch  of  a  fertile  plant,  natural  size. 

3.  A  stcrili'  tlower,  enlarged. 

4.  A  fertile  lluwor,  cnlargetL 

5.  A  fniiling  branch,  natural  size. 
C.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 


ILICINE*. 

rn  Alabama, 

s  many  thin 
of  the  abso- 

urk  Catesby, 

1  forms  -n-ith 
Uy  a  slender 
lerally  entire 
inch  broad, 
t-stalked  and 
of  the  coast 
nds  or  their 
are  inclined, 
colored  than 
ighing  3G.G0 

Spach,  Hisl.  Veg. 


i.  —  Sargent,  For- 
olease,   Tram.  St. 

t  where  it  is  abuu- 

aii'l  Forest,  ii.  CIO. 
IMiamel,  i.  10,  t. 
m.  Dirt.  Huppl.  iii. 
Scliiiltt'S,  Si/st.  iii. 
129.  —  <lm.v,  Man. 
enbourg,  xxix.  »er. 

on,  Sijn.  \.  151.  — 


.  —  Sargent,  Fnresl 
w,  Tniim.  .St.  Louii 
.  ei.  0,  108. 


.MYKTIFOLIA. 


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m  1 1 


imiiilfl  tfT  liiesr 


.......  ^   t~  ^ 


'ir;-A 


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U.KX     CAStMNK 


'rar     fif'Vf  ' 


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il^'  1 . 


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ILKX   r.ASSlNE,        MYKTIFOI.IA 


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ILlCINXa. 


SILVA   OF  NOltTIl  AMEIiJCA. 


Ill 


ILEX  VOMITORIA. 


Oassena.    Yaupon. 


Parts  of  the  flower  in  4's ;  calvx-lobes  obtuse.     Leaves  crcnulate-serrato. 


Ilex  vomitoria,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  i.  170.  —  SalUhury, 
I'rvilr.  70.  —  Wilklcnow.  Sfiee.  i.  "OU;  JCnum.  Suppl. 
S.  —  Nouueaii  Duhamel,  i.  10.  —  Peraoon,  iSy".  i.  1.51. — 
DesfontaineH.  Illsf.  A  rb.  ii.  .3CL'.  —  Titf ord,  Hurt,  lint, 
^l«i.41.—  I'lirsh,  Fl.  Am.  S-'pt.  i.  118.  —  Nuttall.  a,'ii.  i. 
109.—  Roenier&  Spliultes.  .^>^  iii.  491 :  Mint.  iii.  ;!.i.(  — 
De  CanduUe,  Frmlr.  ii.  14.  —  Sprengel,  Sijst.  i.  4'.l."). — 
Don.  Gen.  Syat.  ii.  17.  — Spach,  UUt.  Veg.  ii.  430. — 
Lindlcy,  Fl.  Mril.  ;5'.(3.  —  Dietrich.  .S'^n.  i..'>5.'>.  —  Loudon, 
Arh.  llrit.  ii.  .".18,  f.  180.  — Griffith,  Med.  Hot.  \M.~ 
Sargent,  Gnrilrn  ami  Furi:it,  ii.  016. 

I.  Cassine,  (3.  Linnicu.s,  S/ier.  IL'.I. 

Cassine  Peragua,  LUmieua,  Maut.  220  (in  part).  —  Mar- 
shall. Arhu.1t.  Am.  20. 

Cassine  Caroliniana.  Laniarrk,  Dirt.  i.  652. 

I.  ligustrina,  Jacquin,  Icon.  PL  liar.  ii.  9.  t.  310;  CoU.  iv. 
105. 


I.  Cassine.  Walter,  Fl.  tar.  241.  —  Alton.  Ilort.  Kfii:  i.  170 
(in  part).  —  Chapman,  ^Y.  209.  —  Curtis,  liep.  Geoloij. 
Sun'.  A'.  Car.  1800,  iii.  ,")9.  —  Maximowicz,  Mem.  Arad, 

St.  I'eterxlimirij,  ser.  7,  xxix.  22 Sargent,  Forest  Trees 

N.Am.  \Uth  C-'nuii.i  V.  S.  ix.  30.  —  Tfeleiise.  Tran.i.  St. 
L'jiii.i  AraJ.  V.  340.  —  Watson  ib  Coulter,  Grai/'n  Man. 
ed.  0.  KW. 

I.  Floridana.  Lamarck.  ///.  I.  3.".t'). 

I.  Cttsaena,  Michaux.  Fl.  Bnr.-Am.  ii.  229.  —  Poiret.  Lam. 
l)i:t.  Suppl.  Iii.  0,">.  —  Kocnier  iV  Schultes.  Syat.  iii.  490.  ^ 
Elliott.  Sk.  ii.  081.  —  Darbv,  Hot.  S.  States.  420. 

I.  religiosa.  Barton.  /".  Vinjin.  00. 

Cassine  ramulosa.  R.ifinesque,  Fl.  Lmloeic.  110. 

Hierophyllus  Cassine.  liafinesique,  Med.  Hot.  ii.  8. 

Emetila  ramulosa.  I;  ifinesque.  Sylca  Tellur.  45. 

Ageria  Cassena.  Italintsiiue,  Syli-a  Trllur.  47. 


A  small  ramulose  tree,  twenty  to  twenty-five  feet  in  iiei^Iit,  with  a  slender  often  inclining  trunk 
rarely  more  than  six  inches  in  diameter  ;  or  generally  a  UiU  shrub  sending  up  many  stems  from  the  ground, 
and  forming  dense  thickets.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  from  a  sixteenth  to  an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick, 
with  a  light  red-brown  surface  broken  into  minute  thin  scales.  The  Iiranchlets  are  stout  and  placed 
nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  stems ;  they  are  slightly  angled  and  pul)eriilous  during  the  first  season, 
and  become  glabrous  or  nearly  so  the  second  year,  when  they  are  terete  and  covered  with  pale  gray 
rugose  bark.  The  winter-buds  are  minute  and  obtuse,  with  narrow  dark  brown,  or  often  nearly  black 
scales.  The  leaves  are  elliptical  or  elliptical-oblong,  obtuse,  coarsely  anil  ri'motely  crcnulate-serrate ; 
they  are  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  opaque  below,  an  inch  to 
sometimes  two  inches  long,  a  (juarter  jf  an  inch  to  an  inch  broad,  and  contracted  at  the  base  into  short 
broad  grooved  petioles.  They  remain  on  the  branches  during  two  or  three  years,  generally  falling  just 
before  the  appearance  of  the  new  growth  of  the  third  sctison.  The  Howcr*  ai'i-  prodncei',  in  short 
glabrous  cymes  from  the  wooil  of  the  previous  year;  on  the  sterile  plant  they  are  short-stemmed  and 
many-tlowered,  and  on  the  fertile  i)lant  sessile  and  one  or  two-flowered.  The  slender  club-shaped  pedi- 
cels are  glabrous  and  furnished  at  the  base  with  minute  bracts.  Rounded  obtuse  calyx-lobes  with  slightly 
ciliate  or  entire  margins,  and  an  ovary  contracted  below  the  broad  Hat  stigma  characterize  the  flowers. 
The  fruit,  which  is  borne  on  short  stems  not  more  than  a  ipiarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  is  produced  in 
the  greatest  abundaiu'e ;  it  ripens  late  in  the  autumn  or  in  the  early  winter,  and  falls  during  winter,  or 
sometimes  remains  on  the  branches  until  the  new  growth  begins.  It  is  scarlet,  nearly  spherical,  and  a 
(piarter  of  an  inch  across  or  rather  less.     The  nutlets  are  prominently  few-ribbed  on  the  back  and  sides. 

Ilex  vomiUir'xt  is  found  near  tiie  coast  from  southern  Virginia  to  the  St,  .Tolin's  River  and  Cedar 
Keys,  Florida  ;  it  extends  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  shores  of  Matagorda  Bay.  and  west  of  tiie  Missis- 
sippi River  penetrates  the  interior  to  southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  ujjper  Rio  Blanco  in 
western  Texas,  the  extreme  western  stition  at  which  it  has  been  noticed.  In  the  Atlantic  and  west 
Gulf  states  the  Yaupon  is  rarely  found  very  far  from  salt  water,  or  growing  to  a  greater  height  than 


I 

i 


112 


siL\'.\  OF  xoirni  .\Mi:i{i<.\. 


ILiriNKiK. 


tell  or  tifteen  fuut ;  and  it  is  only  on  tiic  ricli  liottoni-lantlH  of  ensterii  Ti'X.in,  where  it  attaiuH  itN  largest 
size,  tliat  it  a.ssunies  a  rually  trce-liki'  lialiit. 

Till'  wood  of  //'.'•  niDuliii-iii  is  lii-avy,  hard,  and  (losi'-jrraincd.  It  is  nearly  white,  tuiiiin;;  yellow 
with  e\)iosure,  with  thiek  li<;hter-eiilored  Ha))woo<l,  and  contains  niimennis  eonspieiions  nii'dnllaiy  rayx. 
The  sjn'C'iKe  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.7270,  a  euhie  foot  id'  the  dry  wood  weighing  4').'>\\ 

|IOIUIlls. 

Hranelies  of  this  ])hmt  t'overed  with  fruit  are  sold  during  the  winter  months  in  the  northern  lities 
for  deeorative  imrjioses. 

The  Indians  of  the  southern  part  of  the  country  formerly  visited  the  coast  in  large  nundiers  evorv 
spring  for  the  imrpose  of  drinking  an  infusion  of  the  leaves  of  the  Vau[>on, which  are  emetic  ami  jmrga- 
tive.'  These  medicinal  properties  attracted  the  attention  of  early  travelers  in  America,  and  tlu'  [ilant, 
according  to  I'lukenet,  was  conunoii  in  the  gardens  ahout  London  in  1700,  the  date  of  the  pulilicatioii 
of  his  Miiiilissii,  in  which  it  was  lirst  descrihed."  The  Yaupon  was  early  introduced  into  liermudu, 
where  it  has  become  naturalized.' 


*  Nuui'Z  C'ala'Vii  tie  \*aca  saw  the  I'utali'liirlics  drinking;  a  tea 
made  friiin  the  U'aren  uf  tliii*  tree.  "  Hehen  tambien  utm  cona,  <|ue 
sat-aii  (le  lafl  hojajt  de  )<is  .Vrhulex,  oonii>  de  Kiit-ina,  i  tiicstanhi  eu 
Ulio!}  btites  al  fllffro,  i  despiies  que  hi  tieneii  ttmtada,  hilu-heli  el  hitte 
dL-  u^ua,  i  asf  lo  tieiieii  sulire  cl  fite^if.  i  i|iiaiidt)  ha  herviilo  doA 
vt-i-fi,  ccliauli)  en  una  Vunija,  i  estitn  eufi-iaudola  eon  nu'ilia  Cahi- 
ba^a  ;  i  quandn  osta  eon  lliuiln'  i-s|iuuia,  betanla  tan  ealiente,  ({uauto 
pucilen  i4ufrir  ;  i  dende  que  la  sacan  del  Bote,  hiista  ipiu  la  Ih'Ih-u, 
est.in  daudo  voees,  diciendo  ;  (jue  quien  i)uiere  Ik'Ikt.  .  .  .  i  estan 
bebieudola  tre»  dixi,  Hn  comer,  i  emlailia  bebeeaila  uno  arroba  i  me- 
dia de  ella."  {Saufraijtiiit^  ea]).  'Jt'i,  littrnit,  litM.  Prim.  luit.  On:  ii.) 
.Vnd  the  followers  uf  I.audunuiere  fouutl  the  Indians  iu  I'li'A  fre- 
quenting the  shure  uf  Florida  near  the  mouth  uf  tho  .St.  .John's 
Uiver  for  a  similar  purpose.  "They  drinke  this  C'assine  very 
butte  ;  .  .  .  they  make  so  ^reat  aeeount  of  tbi.s  drinke  that  no  man 
may  taste  thereof  in  this  assembly  unlesse  bee  hatb  made  priM,fe  of 
his  valure  iu  the  warre.     Moreuuer.  this  drinke  hatb  such  a  vertue 


that  assiKjne  as  they  bane  drunke  it.  they  become  all  in  a  sweato 
which  sweate  Ihmu);  passed,  it  taketh  away  hunger  anil  thirst  for 
foun>  and  twenty  hours  after."  (Hakluyt,  Voi/'iife.^t  eil.  Kvans,  iii. 
IITC  )  There  is  a  pielun'  representing  the  Indians  of  Kloriila  drink- 
ing "('asinam'*  in  the  narrative  of  the  French  artist,  l.e  Moyuo 
de  .Morgue,  who  acciuiipanicd  Laudonnit'Tc  lo  Florida  {l>e  Itry, 
Vmiwjff,  I'art  II.  t.  'J'.l).  .\ccounts  of  tlu'  ••  Black  Urink"  of  thu 
southern  Indians  are  fouiul  also  in  Charlevoix's  Hi.^lntir  tie  hi  .Vuii- 
vAU  Fnini'e,  vi.  li'JI,  and  in  .lolin  l.awson's  UtMnrii  n/  Caniliini.  IM). 
.See  also  U.  S.  Barton.  l\ilt.  i.  :W,  ,">!).  —  U.  S.  Itupeim.  ed.  H,  11170  ; 
\ftu  Itiytftti.  ed.  -,  ".M. 

'  Cwtsirie  vent  I'lorulanorum  Arhtisrula  haccifern  AUilerui  Jenne 
facie,  /oliit  ntleruatim  titii,  lelrapyrem,  40.  —  Catesby,  Nat.  Hut. 
Car.  ii.  57,  t.  57. 

O1.M1W,  Clayton,  Fl.  Virgin.  33  (excl.  syn.). 

'  Lefroy,  /lot.  Iknnuda,  Bull.  U.  S.  .\al.  Mua.  No.  'Ju,  59. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE   PLATE. 


Plate  XLVIIL     Ilk.x  vomitoria. 

1.  A  Howering  brand)  of  the  sterile  plant,  iiktaral  the. 

2.  A  Huwering  branch  u(  the  fertile  plant,  natural  size. 

3.  A  sterile  tlower,  enlarged. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  sterile  (lower,  enlarged. 

r>.  Posterior  and  anterior  views  uf  a  stamen,  enlarged. 

6.  A  fertile  Hower.  enlarged. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  a  fertile  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  A  fertile  flower,  the  jietals  removed, 
it.  Cross  section  of  an  ovary,  enlarged 

10.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  si/e. 

1\,  Vertical  section  of  n  fruit,  enlarged. 

12.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

13.  A  nutlet,  enlarged. 


f    ' 


SjSi 


«^ 


inl^ 


ILEX    VGMITORIA  ,  Ai 


..( ,'.(.,'  ..if  .1.- 


w^ 


^tci'S 


'^i^WKfcafe^vttt 


si    • 

i 

1 

1  : 
4' 

ILlCINli.E. 


i^ILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


113 


ILEX   DECIDUA. 

Parts  of  the  flower  usually  in  4's ;  calyx-lobes  broadly  triangular, 
spatulatc,  or  lanccolato-obovate. 


Leaves  oblong- 


Ilex  decidua,  Walter,  /V.  Car.  'J41.  —  INiiixt.  Lam.  Diet. 
Suppl.  ill.  C5.  —  Cka|)iuan,  Fl.  L'OO.  —  Curtis,  A'c/'.  Oeolmj. 
Siirv.  N.  Car.  1860.  iii.  59.  —  Kocli,  Deiidr.  ii.  '.'•-■7.  — 
Maximowicz,  Mem.  Amd.  St.  Vrtvrslnirtry,  ser.  7,  xxix. 
30.  —  Sargent, /■bn.s^  Trees  N.  Am.  \Oth  Census  U.  S. 
ix.  37.  —  Treleasc.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Amil.  v.  3 IC.  —  Wat- 
son &  Coulter,  Gray  .   "  .i.  eil.  G,  108. 

I.  prinoides.  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  i.  Uiit.  —  Lani.irek.  ///.  i. 
355.  —  Willdenow.  Sjier.  i.  70'.).  —  ynuremi  Diili'iiinl.  i. 
11.  —  Mlclmux.   Fl.  liur.-Am.  ii. 'J29.  —  I'crsoon,  .S'^//,  i. 


151.  —  Destonlaincs,  Wsl.  Arh.  ii.  .^02.  —  Pursli,  Fl.  Am. 

Sept.  i.  1 18.  —  N'uttall.  den.  i.  1(19.  —  Hocnier  &  Scliiiltes, 

5//sMii. -188  ;  Maiit.  iii.  .'IS'.'.  —  Wiitson.  Demlr.  JSrlt.i. 

115,  t.  115.  —  Sprengel,  S'/st.  i.  495.  —  Audubun.  Birds, 

t.  89. 
I.  ffistivalis.  Laiuiirok.  Dirt.  iii.  147  :  ///.  i.  35G. 
I.  Prionitis.  WilMenow,  Fmnii.  .Snppl.  8. 
Prinos  deciduus.  I)c  Candulle,  I'rwir.  ii.  IC.  —  Don,  Gen. 

Sijsf.  ii.  'JO.  —  Lou.lon,  Arh.  llrir.  ii.  5'.'0. 
I.  ambiguua.  Elliott.  .S7.-.  ii.  705. 


A  small  rainiilose  tree,  twenty  to  tliirty  fot't  in  height,  witli  a  slenilef  trunk  six  tt>  ten  inches  in 
diameter,  stout  spreading  braneiies,  and  thin  Hhroiis  roots  ;  or  more  often,  a  tall  straggling  shrub.  The 
bark  of  the  trunk  is  rarely  more  than  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  thick,  with  a  light  brown  surface  rough- 
ened with  wart-like  excrescences.  The  brandies  are  terete  and  covered  with  glabrous  pale  silver-gray 
bark.  The  winter-buds  are  minute  and  ol)tuse,  with  ovate  light  gray  scales.  The  leaves  are  deciduous, 
and,  except  on  vigorous  shoots,  are  fascicled  on  the  ends  of  short  spur-like  lateral  branches,  which  in 
winter  are  conspicuously  marked  by  tiie  scars  left  by  the  falling  of  the  petioles.  They  are  oblong- 
spatidate  or  spattdate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  obtuse  or  einarginate  at  tiie  apex,  gradually  contracted 
into  slender  grooved  pubescent  petioles,  and  remotely  cremilate-serrate,  the  lower  teeth  tip])ed  witli 
minute  glands.  They  are  two  to  three  inches  long,  and  a  tiiird  of  an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in  l)readth, 
membranaceous,  becoming  thick  and  firm  at  maturity,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  with  a  few  scattered 
hairs  .ilong  the  narrow  midrib,  light  green  and  grooved  along  the  midrib  above.  Tlie  stipides  are 
filiform,  membranaceous  and  deciduous.  The  ilowers  are  jiroduced  in  one  or  two-tlowered  glabrous 
cymes  aggregated  at  the  ends  of  the  lateral  brandies  of  tlie  [irevious  season,  or  rarely  solitary  on  tiie 
shoots  of  the  year ;  they  appear  with  the  leaves,  the  sterile  ilowers  on  .slender  pedicels  half  an  inch  long 
anil  longer  than  those  of  the  fertile  ilowers.  The  calyx-lobes  are  triangular,  the  acute  apex  often  dark 
colored,  the  margins  smooth  or  sometimes  slightly  ciliate.  The  fruit  is  globose  or  depressed-globose, 
orange  or  orange-scarlet,  and  a  iiuarter  of  an  inch  across ;  it  is  borne  on  sjiort  stout  stems,  and  ripens  in 
the  early  autumn,  often  remaining  on  tiie  brandies  until  the  a[)pearance  of  the  leaves  in  the  following 
spring.     The  nutlets  are  many-ril)bed  on  the  Iiack. 

Hex  ihrlilidt  grows  from  southern  Virginia  to  western  Florida  in  the  high  country  whidi  lies 
between  the  eastern  base  of  the  .\])palaciiiaii  .Mountains  and  the  immediate  neighboriiood  of  tlie  coast. 
It  occurs  in  southern  Illinois,  and  extends  southward  to  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico  and  through  southwestern 
Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  Kiver. 

I/fx  (hc'ulun '  inhabits  the  borders  of  .streams  and  swamps  in  low  wet  soil.  It  is  usually  a  strag- 
gling shrub  in  the  states  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  only  in  some  parts  of  .Missouri  and  in  soutli- 
eru  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas  does  it  assume  the  habit  of  a  tree. 

The  wood  of  Ih.r  (Icc'iilud  is  heavy,  hard,  and  close-grained.     It  is  creamy  white  with  rather  lighter 


^  This  plant  in  not  suflleiiMitly  coniniun  or  RufliL'icntly  wi'll  kuuwn,  apiiarcntly,  in  any  part  i>f  the  country,  to  have  ucipiirod  funiitiar 
popular  nanioH. 


IV-  f 


lU 


SUVA   OF  XORTII  AMERICA. 


ILICINEJE. 


colored  sapwood,  and  contains  nuineious  tliiu  medullary  rays.     The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely 
dry  wood  is  0.7420,  a  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  wei<;hin<^  4().'25  pounds. 

//( ,-■  ih  vidua,  accordin-r  to  Aitou,'  was  cultivated  in  Enj^land  by  the  Duke  of  Argyll  before  17G0. 
It  is  rarely  found  in  gardens,  and  is  only  doubtfully  hardy  in  New  England. 


>  llorl.  Keic.  i.  1G9. 


\    '! 


t         ii 


^    I 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 


iij 


Plate  XLIX.     Ilex  DErinuA. 

1.  A  flowering  brancli  of  a  sterile  plant,  natural  size. 

2.  A  flowering  branch  of  a  fertile  plant,  natural  size. 
.1  A  sterile  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  A  fertile  flower,  enlarged. 

,'i.  X  branch  showing  the  mature  leaves,  natural  size. 

6.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size,  the  leaves  just  expanding. 

7.  A  fruit  with  iwrlions  of  the  nutlets  exposed,  enlarged. 

8.  A  nutlet,  enlarged. 


Ii.ICINEjE. 

I  absolutely 
sfore  17G0. 


I 


liiri 


II 


[f| 


f^M: 


w 


11  !■  X    i'F,rinnA 


'■^■'4^;} 


nMtkmt. 


At\£iiiimimiiH:acj...,. 


Il.lCI.Ni:,K. 


;sn.VA    OF  ^OltTH  AMElilLA. 


Ho 


ILEX  MONTICOLA. 

1'auts  of  the  flower  usually  in  4's  or  j's  ;  calyx-lobes  acute,  ciliate.  Leaves  ovate 
or  lanceolate-oblony. 

Ilex  monticola,  Oay,  Mnn.  ed.  2,  '.'61.  —  Kucli.  Pi'in/r.  ii.  n/i'l  t'orest,  ii.  35'.'.  —  Watsun  A;  Coulter,  (jniy's  Mmi.  nl. 

'■i'M.  —  Miixiiiiowic/..   Mr  III.   Ai'uil.   Scl.  St.   I'l'ti-rnlwiiiy,  (i.  lllH. 

ser.  7,  xxix.  .'iO.  —  C'liaiJiuan,  /■'/.  eil. '.',  Suppl.  I'l'M.  —  Tic-  I.  ambiguus,  Tiirrey.  f'l.  .V.  )'.  ii.  2  (i-xcl.  syn.). 

lease.   Trans.  St.  Luiiis  Aiad.  v.  347.  —  Sargent,  Gunlin  I.  montana.  Gray.  .)/((;/.  270  (nut  J'riiKis  munlaim.  Sn-.i 

A  tree,  thirty  to  forty  feet  in  height,  witii  a  short  trunk  sometimes  ten  to  twelve  iiiclies  in  diam- 
eter, slender  branches  forming  i\  narrow  pyramiihil  head,  and  fibrous  roots ;  or  more  often,  a  hiw  shrub 
with  s|)rea(Hng  stems.  The  l)ariv  of  tiie  trunii  is  usually  less  than  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  thick,  with 
a  light  brown  surface  covered  with  lenticels.  The  branchlets  are  more  or  less  zigzag,  glabrous,  and  cov- 
ered when  they  first  appear  with  pale  red-brown  bark,  which  becomes  dark  gray  by  the  end  of  the  first 
season.  The  winter-buds  are  obtuse,  with  ovate  keeled  apicidate  light  Itrown  scales.  The  leaves  are 
ovate  or  lanceolate-oblong,  wedge-shaped  or  ioundc<l  at  the  base,  and  acute  at  the  apex;  they  are  decid- 
uous, mendjranaceous,  long-petioled,  sharply  and  rather  remotely  serrate  with  minutely  glanduLir  teeth, 
glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy  along  the  veins  on  both  surfaces.  They  are  four  or  live  inches  long  and  a 
half  to  two  inches  broad,  or  at  the  north  often  much  smaller,  light  green  above,  pale  on  the  lower 
surface,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  primary  veins.  The  flowers  appear  in  .lune  when  the  leaves  are 
more  than  half  grown,  and  are  produced  in  one  to  two-How ered  cymes  aggregated  at  the  ends  of  the 
lateral  .spur-like  branches  of  the  [)recediiig  year,  or  solitary  on  the  .shoots  of  the  season.  The  pedicels 
of  t'.ie  sterile  flowers  are  half  an  inch  long,  and  much  longer  than  tli().se  of  the  fertile  flowers.  These 
are  characterized  by  acute  calyx-lobes  with  ciliate  margins  and  by  an  ovary  contracted  below  the  broad 
flat  stigma.  The  fruit  is  globuhir.  nearly  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  bright  .scarlev,  and  crowned  with  the 
remnants  of  the  large  .stigma.     The  nutlets  are  deeply  ribbed  on  the  back  and  sides. 

The  most  northern  stations  where  Ilix  inniilico/d  is  known  to  grow  naturally  aic  the  Catskill 
Mountains  and  Catfciraugus  Comity,  New  Yorlc ;  it  extends  through  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania, 
its  eastern  station  in  that  state  being  in  Northampton  County,  and  southward  along  the  mountains  to 
northern  Alal)ama.  It  is  only  on  the  lower  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  in  North  and  South 
Carolina  that  /A  .i;  )iioiitii  ■iln  attains  the  habit  and  size  of  a  tree,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on 
the  banks  of  streams  flowing  from  the  Blue  Ridge,  where  it  is  often  found  growing  in  peaty  soil  in 
thickets  of  the  Great  Rhododendron,  and  accompanied  liy  the  Mountain  Magnolia,  the  Yellow  Poplar, 
the  Hlack  Birch,  the  Yellow  Birch,  the  Red  Maple,  and  tiie  Mountain  A.sb. 

The  wood  of  //(.):  montlrnlii  is  hard,  heavy,  and  close-grained.  It  is  creamy  white,  and  contains 
numerous  thin  medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.G503,  a  cubic  foot 
weighing  40. iH)  pounds.' 

//( .1-  manticula  was  apparently  overlooked  by  the  early  botanists  who  explored  the  forests  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains ;  and  it  was  not  distinguished  until  about  1(S40,  when  Mr.  John  Carey"  discovered 
it  on  the  Catskill  Mountains. 

1  This  tree  apprtrcntly  grows  very  slowly.    The  specimen  in  tlie  rotiiriied  to  Kiiglaiid  and  engaged  in  eonimercial  pursuits.     On  his 

.leanp  eoUeetinn  of  North  .-Vineriran  woods  in  the  .Xnierii'iin  .Mti-  arrival  in  AniuriL.'  Mr.  Carey  tiOttled    tirst    at    Touawanda,  Xew 

scum  of  Natui-al  History.  New  York,  is  tive  inulies  in  ilianieter,  and  York,  tlien  in  Vermont,  and  finally  in  the  eity  of  New  Y'ork.     I'e 

shows  Olio  liundreil  and  seven  layers  of  annual  growth.,  of  whioh  had  aeipiired  a  taste  for  the  study  of  botany  before  leaving  Kng- 

Bovonty-nine  are  sapwood.  land,  and  on  his  arrival  in  Ameriea  began  at  once  to  devote  liimseli' 

^  .lohn  Carey  (17i*8-lH80)  ;  a  native  of  London,  w  lo  removed  nssiduonsly  tt>  tlie  study  of  the  flora  of  the  northern  states,  form- 

iu  1830  to  the  United  States  where  he  resided  until  I'.*")-',  when  he  ing  intimate  relations  with  l)rs.  Torrey  and  (iray.     With  the  last 


^.^■i:>ff^^ 


116  -S/y,  r.l    OF  yoUTU    AMKIUVA.  ilkink.k 

Tlie  large  brilliant  fniit  and  ample  foliai,'e  of  this  speeies  make  it  the  most  ornamental  of  the 
deeiduous-leaveil  Hollies  of  North  America,  and  ii  desirable  garden  plant.  It  was  introduced  into  cidti- 
vation  in  1S88  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

he  niiule  in  1841  u  long  journey  tlirouKh  tin-  mountains  of  tl.o  ami  on  Salix  to  the  lirat  edition  of  Ciray'ji  Manunl  nf  Ihf  llolany 
southern  8t-..es.  Mr.  Carey  occupied  himself  specially  with  the  of  Ihe  Sorlhem  Umled  Slalts.  IIi»  herbarium  of  Aniericnn  plantJ 
stuu.,  oi  the  genus  Carex,  and  contributed  the  articles  on  that  genus       was  presented  several  years  ago  to  the  Royal  Gardens  at  Kew. 


'    l:i 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE   PLATE. 

Plate   L.     Ilex  mostiiola. 
A  flowering  branch  of  a  staminate  plant,  natural  fhe. 
A  Howerini;  liranch  of  a  pistillate  plant,  natural  size. 
A  Rtaniinate  floner.  enlarged. 
A  pistillate  flower,  enlarge<l. 
A  iiistillate  tlowr,  i)etals  removed,  enlarged. 
A  fruiting  bninch,  natural  size. 
Cross  .-section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 
Rear  view  jf  a  nutlet,  enlarged. 
Side  view  tf  a  nutlet,  enlarged.  ' 


Pi 


i 


■ 


.^#^. 

'-—^4^ 


ILKX   MONTICOLA 


INDEX  TO  VOL.  I. 


N«mes  of  Orders  are  iu  SMAIX  CAHTAL,  ;   of  ,uln„.to,l  (U-.era  »n..  Species  and  other  proper  ,„uues.  i„  ro,„.u,  type, 

of  svimnyius,  in  ilaltcs. 


Ageria,  103. 
Ageria  Cassma,  111. 
Aijeria  helirophyllti,  109. 
Agfria  obovata,  109. 
Ageriii  afaca,  107. 
Ageria  paliistrLt,  109. 
Anivris,  83. 

Anivris  balsaniifcra,  83. 
Amyris  dgalripa,  S3. 
Amiirii  Etemifera,  85. 
Amgris  Ftori'laiiaf  85. 

Amyris  iniiritinia,  83,  85. 

Amgns  mariliiim,  vnr.  an jusd/oiia,  85. 

Amyris  parvifulia.  83. 

Amyris  sylviitieii,  83. 

/I  »j//r(^  sgtvatica^  85. 

Amgri^  toxifera,  83. 

Annoiia,  -8. 

Anonii,  -7. 

.4r(i)na,  -1. 

A.N(INACK.t:,  21. 

Anoiia  C'lieriniolia,  28. 
Anoiiii  fjlalirn,  20. 
Aimmt  laiiri/olui,  29. 
.\noiiil  murieuta,  28. 
.1  iimm  /mluflrii,  23. 

Allonil  flfllilulit,  23. 

.\noim  reticulata,  28. 
.Vnimii  siiimnuisii,  27. 
Aimmt  Inhihit,  23. 
Aitlh-iafltiiiiti,  39. 
Aipiifoliuni,  103. 
A'iMlnlnuii,  103,  10.5. 
Argyll,  Duke  of,  108. 
Asiiuiiia,  21. 
Asiniina  anpistifolin,  2L. 
Asimimi  t'ttiiipaiiitdirfit  23. 
Aainiinil  eiuieiltil,  22. 
A>iiniim  ^'raiidillorii,  21,  22. 
Asiniiiia  piirvitlora,  21,  22. 
Asiniiua  pyt;""ett,  21,  22. 
Asiuiina  triloliu,  21,  22,  23. 
Asiniine,  24. 
Asiminier,  2'.2. 

Uaiiister,  ,Iohn,  0. 
liari'lta,  81. 
Ilarlrani,  .lolin,  8. 
Hartriiui,  William,  10. 
HaMs\vo(Hl,  .")2. 
Hay,  H. 
l!eaviT-tree,  li. 
Ilee-tree,  .">3,  57. 
Iklluom,  75. 
Derlwrlnn,  (it). 


lierlaudicr,  .lean  l.ouis,  82. 
liewiek,  Henjaniin,  42. 
llij;ilow,  .lolni  Milton,  88. 
rAiH-kfiurntii,  G.>. 
HIixlRelt,  .lolin  LoomiB,  33. 
lllollv,  12. 
Hall  Hay,  3. 
Bullock's  heart,  28. 
Hursi'r,  .Joachim,  95. 
Hursera,  95. 
Ihiraera  gutnnit/''ra,  97. 
Hurseru  Simaruba,  97. 

BlIlSKHACK.I-.,  95. 

Camellid  ariUnm,  39. 
t'amplH'll,  Archibald,  108. 
Cauel,  3(i. 
CancUa,  ^C). 

C'ANF.LLAlK.F.,  35. 

Canella  alba,  37. 
Vn\iilln  Inuri/iitiii,  37. 
C'iinella  obtusifolia,  3.5. 
Canella  W'mU  rana,  37. 
Canotia,  87. 
C'aiiotia  holacantha,  88. 
Caitauiiiacf..!-;,  31. 
Capparis,  31. 
Capiiaris  apliylla,  .32. 
Capparis  lUeyiiia,  32. 
Capparis  cyuophallophora,  31. 

Capparis  Pabi,  32. 

C'(i/i;wiri.«  emargiiMla,  33. 

Capparis  froiulosa,  32. 

Capparis  .lamaii'cnsis,  32,  33. 

( ■ni'/iam  Jtimaieetmii,  var.  emargitmta,  33. 

Capparis  Mithridatioa,  32. 

Capi>aris  pulcherrima,  32. 

Capparis  sepiaria,  32. 

Ca])paris  spinoaa,  31. 

Capparis  Yco,  32. 

Carev,  ,lohii,  115. 

Cama.  39. 

Cass,  ua.  111. 
Cii.«i"i  Cari'lhiiana,  111. 
('il.<,«irif  Peragnii,  111. 
Cas.^ltie  rantnlt'sa,  111. 
Cecidomyia  liricHleiuIri,  18. 
Ccilrclla  odorala,  101. 
Colrus  Miilin.iMii,  UK). 

CllKlllAMIlOPKXlMlK.K,    17. 

Cheiraiillioilrmlnm.  17. 
Cheiranlliodiiiilru't  Culihiriueum.  17. 
Cheiranlboilendron  plutauimlcs,  17. 
Cherimoia,  28. 
fhiimllia,  193. 


Clirysoniela  sialaris,  51. 
Ciniianaidenilron  corlicosum,  37. 
Cinuanionium  Zcylanicum,  30. 
Cinnaniiai  Hark,  37. 
Clayton,  .lobn.  8. 
Clisiocampa  .sylvatica,  51. 
Colden,  Caclwallader,  00. 
CoUillson.  IVter.  8. 
Conipton,  Henry,  G. 
Cooper,  .1.  (i..  :io. 
Cortex  Canella'  aline,  3."). 
Cossus  li<;niperda,  50. 
Cryi)toleebia  cryptolccbiella,  108. 
Cucnmbi'r-tree,  7. 
Cucumber-tree,  Large-leaved,  11. 
Cncnniber-tree,  Long-leaved,  15. 
Cnpania  (,'labra,  12. 
Citrti^ia,  05. 
Cnstard  apple,  28. 

Dahoon,  109. 

Dliileri'sivrmim,  39. 

Kchenopa  binotata,  77. 

Elaiihriiim,  95. 

Elaiihrliim  inlegrrrinwm,  97. 

FUk-wood,  13. 

Kllis,  .lohn,  10. 

Einttila  rani'ilo^a.  111. 

Kui;ordouia.  39. 

Fagara,  05. 

Eagarn  I'mtinil'iilia,  07. 
I'ligani  Itiili.vifiliii,  73. 
I'agiira  I'tirnia,  73. 
Ea'iam  tragtnle^t  73. 
Kninklinia,  39, 13. 
Franklmul,  39. 
Friinkliiilfi  Ailamalia,  lo. 
Kraser,  ,lohn,  8. 
Fremont  ia,  17. 
Fremonlia  t'alifornicn,  17 

Oarber,  Abraham  Pascal,  05. 
(iarden,  Alexander.  10. 
Gordon,  .lanu's,  10. 
(Minloniii,  39. 
(inrdonia  aeundnata,  .39. 
(iindonia  .\ltamaha,  10,  13. 
(iordonia  aiainnda,  39, 10. 
(lordonia  I'xcelsa,  39. 
Oiinldiiia  Frariklhil,  15. 
(i.irdonia  I.asianthns,  39,41. 
(iorilonia  obtnsa,  39. 
(ior:li'tiia  piilicMvits,  15. 


I  f 


118 


INDEX. 


\     ' 


Gordonin  fii/romuinlis,  41. 
(iimiaeiiliuiii,  t\0. 

VrUu'v.WO.  til. 

Guuiac'iiii),  ."»i). 

Iiiiiiiiicuin  an;;iistit'oliuni,  '>9,  GO. 

(luaiiieiiiii  iirlioroutn,  tK). 

(Miaiiu-uni  Coultrri.  i»<>. 

(luaiiU'mn  livj^rinni'trii'iim.  itO. 

(iiiaiac'iiin  oHiciiuilt',  'i*X  (>(l. 

(iiiaiaciuu  parvitliinitn.  -Mt. 

(iiiaiacuni  rosin,  VA). 

(iiiaiai'iini  siiiu'tmn,  TiO,  t>(),  t)^}. 

(juniiintm  sanctittn,  \siT.  parvi/uHum,  G3. 

(iituiacum  verliralt't  03. 

(tiiaiai-iim  wuchI,  GO. 

(iiiaiiabanua,  28. 

(tuayai'uii,  Gl. 

Gumlu)  Limbo,  97. 

IlaiHHi.  L*H. 

Havanl,  Val.'ry,  81. 

Jit  lit'.  Louis  Tln5tMlor*',  79. 

IL-Iii-tta.  7!». 

Hi-lii'tia  apii'iilala.  79. 

IK-lii-tta  nmltitlora,  79. 

lii-Ii.'tta  parvifolia,  79,  HI. 

H.Iiftta  I'b'aiia,  79. 

Hihcrnia  liliaria,  .M. 

Hitritf.hi/ltiis  (.'assinr.  111. 

llulh,  107. 

Hop-tree,  7'j. 

Hfjpt  ricuin  Lasidfithw,  11. 

Hyphaiitria  euuen,  t'll,  108. 

lU'K,  103. 

JUr  (istit'dlis.  113. 

Ilrr  nmhiijuHS,  113,  115. 

lUx  anguMijolia,  110. 

Ilex  A'luif'olium,  107- 

Ilex  Citsiitta,  111. 

Hex  Cassine,  109. 

IlfX  Ctissitif,  111. 

Ilex  Ca^sitif,  /9.  HI. 

Ilex  CiiAsiiie,  var.  an^iistifolia,  110, 

Ilex  Cimsiue,  var.  lufi/olio,  109 

llfx  Ciissiiie,  var.  niyrtifnlia,  llo. 

Ilex  ra.tsinoiiit'S,  109. 

Ilex  Ihihonn,  10i>. 

Ilex  Dnhoim,  var.  wirfustifhlia,  110. 

Ilex  Ihihoitn,  var.  myrtijolia,  110. 

Ilex  (ItM'iiiiia.  113. 

Ilex  h'lorMnn,  HI. 

Ilex  hunjnlin,  liHI. 

Ilex  iiinjlora,  107. 

//rj-  litjuMrifnlii},  110. 

//("X  liifuslnnti,  110.  HI. 

//^/  muNMnd,  11. "i. 

Ilex  inonticula,  1 1'k 

//'J-  tut/rti/olin.  110. 

Ilex  iipaea,  107. 

Ilex  I'arn^iiarieiisis,  104. 

Ilex  priuniiies,  1 13. 

Ilex  prioiiili.s,  1 13. 

//ex  tjuerfi/olht  107. 

y/fij  rfli(/i(isii,  HI. 

//#z  rnsmnn/oliit,  1 10. 

Ilex  ppineseens,  KKl. 

Ilex  Rtenopliylla.  104. 

Ilex  votiiitoria.  111. 

Ihx  Wadoiwi,  H(>. 

h.K-iNK.i-:,  103. 

luim/'m'tnia  /niTiui/itlia,  07. 
KArwitisky,  Willu'hn  l-'reilierr,  m. 


Khaya  Sonepilcnsi.s,  101. 
Koeberliii,  C.  L.,  93. 
Koelierlinia,  93. 
Koeliirliuia,  iiH. 
KoelH-rliiiia  spinosa,  03. 

Lacathea,  39. 

Litcathca  jtoritln,  4.">. 

Lnufpdnrjia^  (w. 

Laplacea  ILematoxylon,  42. 

La r|.(e- leaved  (.'ueumber-tree,  11. 

Lasiaiitliii^t,  4'J. 

Lotiru,->  U'i'fi/f  niMii,  37. 

Leeaiiiuiii  tulipil'eiw,  18. 

Li'inuii-wuml,  H3. 

Lij;imiii-vita»,  GO,  03. 

I<iiue-tree,  .>3. 

Lin,  Xi. 

Linden,  .^-'J,  .V),  .~i7. 

Liiitlt  11-hast.  •'•0, 

LiiiillieinuT,  Ferdinaml,  74. 

LiriiKleMilron,  17. 

I^iriodi'udnm  IVoeaeeinii.  17. 

Lirioilt'mlniu  fin»'eniin,  11*. 

Lirimlendron  I'ulipifera,  19. 

Li.liloUy,  12. 

LohluUy  Buy.  11. 

L.)blolly-vvoo.l,   12. 

Lini^-leaved  t'ueunibcr-tree,  15. 

Mni'oun.un,  103. 

Magrutl,  I'ierre,  2. 

Ma^MM.lia,  1. 

Magnolia  aeiiniinata,  7. 

Mapfnolia  aeiiminata,  var.  curdato,  8. 

Mitffuulin  nui'iruhirls,  I'l. 

M'ttjuiiliii   luriruldfii,  l."i. 

Magnolia  C  ,unplM>llii,  2. 

Magnolia  eonspieua,  2. 

Maijtuiiii}  conltita,  S. 

Mmjunlin,  Ik  ('tjtuliillii,  7. 

Majjnolia  t\i*tida,  3. 

Magnolia  ftetitla,  var.  angUj^tifoUa,  4. 

Magnolia  ftetida,  var.  Kxunieiisis.  4. 

Magniplia  fietida,  var  pr:eeux.  4. 

Miii/t.iiliii    frittjriiiis.  ."». 

Magnolia  Kra-sei-i.  1-"). 

MiilfHulin  froHiluMi,  13. 

Mnymilai  ftmriita,  2. 

Magnolia  glanea,  .*>. 

Mmjiiiilin  ijlttunt,  var.  latlfolia,  5. 

Magnolia  glanea  longifolia,  G. 

Mnijtiolin  (jliiurn,  viir.  lunijifoUay  5. 

M(i<jniilitt  ijlaucti,  var.  puiinUi,  5. 

MikjudHii  (frati'lljloni,  3. 

Mit'/nnlia  ffnunlijlora,  var.  tlliiilirn,  3. 

Mtiijuoliii  ifnin'lijinnt.  var.  liimntliUiit  3. 

Mnijnolia  fjrnudijiurn,  var.  ubovatay  3. 

Magnolia  Ilartwegns,  \. 

Magrioliii  hypoleiiea,  2. 

Magnolia  Inglflieldi.  3. 

Mtiijtutlin  tnr,ffif'oli(t,  .">. 

Magnolia  iinu'rt>pliylla,  11. 
Magnolia,  Mountain,  7,  15. 
Magnolia  otiovuta,  2. 
Mnijiinlia  pf/riimiihitu,  \!\. 
Magnolia  'riioinp'iDniaua,  G. 
Magnolia  trip4-tala,  13. 
Mmjiiolut  Vmhrrllii,  13. 
Mu'fholid  I'lrf/iniVimi.  a.  tjld'trn,  5. 
Moijfiitlid  Virtjinidtto,  Q./nttiiti,  3. 
MiKjunlid  Vinjiuiann,  *,  urumimila,  7. 
SfiifjuiiltH  Virifinmun,  i.  tripetith,  13. 
^L\ONl)UACl■:.K,  1. 


Mahagoniy  99. 
Mahogany,  100. 
Maliogiiny.  At'riean,  101. 
Maliogany,  llastard,  101. 
Maliugany,  Madeira,  101. 
Marshall,  Moses,  40. 
Mki.iack.k,  im. 
Mirliaux,  Andn?,  58. 
Mirhatixin  scssilis,  45. 
Miohelia,  2. 
Miller,  Thilip,  33. 
Mountain  Magnulin,  7,  15. 

Xepticula  ptelesella,  77. 

Ochroxi/lum,  G.">. 
Oeneria  dispar,  51. 
Orrhiiiiicarpum,  21. 
Orrhidoitirpum  arutinnm,  23. 
Orgyia  leucostigmu,  51. 

Paltnria,  103. 

Tapaw,  23. 

Taradise-tree,  91. 

IVrsea  Indiea,  101. 

IVtre,  Uoliert  tlames.  Lord,  8. 

Phylloenisti.s  liriodendrella,  18. 

I'hylloenistis,  inugiijIia>eUa,  2. 

Pllivstti/in,  lo;j. 

Pinus  Cubensis,  42. 

risiMiia  obtusftta,  42. 

Pisonia  sui..  nrdatn,  42. 

Pi.'itfiriii  Simuruba,  90,  97. 

Piililandy  (m. 

P'lh/spora,  39. 

P'ilif,*pom  itxillariA,  39. 

Pond  Apple,  29. 

Porceliit,  21. 

Pnrrcliit  jmrviflordy  29. 

Ponrliit  Iril'thii,  23. 

Porlieriit,  59. 

Porlurui  hi/(frometrica,  59,  GO. 

Priekly  Asli,  G7. 

Prinoides,  lt)3. 

Priiios.  103. 

Pniios,  103. 

Prlims  tieriiiutm,  113. 

Prino.*  moHtatuj,  115. 

Paeiulehrftiii,  103. 

Psfwlnpt'ttilon,  G5. 

Pseutiopetulon  t/liintiuhftum,  G7. 

Pseiiilofyetiilon  tricarpumy  07. 

I'telea,  75. 

I*telea  anguatifolia,  75. 

Pti'lea  aptera,  75. 

Plilift  littlilwiuiiy  75. 

Pttlfd  mollis^  77. 

Pitied  pdrrifhlid,  81. 

Ptrid  prnUiphylUi,  70. 

I'teh'a  tril'oliata,  75,  70. 

Pteleu  trifoliata,  var.  luuUiS}  77. 

Ptrl^d  ritirif'olidt  7G. 

Pttrold,  0."). 

Pteriitd  suhspitiosa,  73. 

guadrella,  XS. 

Ki'T.\rK.*.,  (i5 

Saperda  vestita,  jjO. 
Satiii\M)(id,  71. 
Sl•flil^ti.^  Piii/nrd,  73. 
S('iado|thyllitn)  Jaci|uinii,  42. 
iSliorard,  Jainett,  77, 


INDEX. 


119 


Siinaroiiba,  90. 
Siiimrulm,  89. 
Siinuruba  aiiiara,  89. 
Shnaniba  glaiiea,  »9,  91. 
Simaruha  medicmalU,  91. 
Simiwihu  qlfiriiialu,  91. 
Siiiiarulia  Tulic,  89. 
Siiiiaruba  versicolor,  89. 

SlMAIllUK.K,  89. 

Si|ihi>iiophi)ra  lirioilendri,  18. 

Sbppery  Elm,  47. 

Suursop,  27. 

Soyiuida  febrifiiga,  101. 

Sugar  Apple,  27. 

Swamp  Hay,  5. 

Sweet  liay,  5. 

Sweetsop,  27. 

Swiotcn,  Gerard  von,  99. 

Swioteiiia,  1*9. 

Swietenia  Aiigolcnsis,  99. 

Swictciiia  bimiilis,  99. 

Swietenia  macrnphylla,  99,  100. 

Swieteiiia  Mahagoni,  99, 100. 

Tilia,  49. 

Tilia  alha,  50,  37. 

Tilia  .\merieaiia,  52. 

Tiliu  A  mericana,  55. 

Tihii  Americana,  var.  helernphylla,  ill- 

Tilia  Americana  Moltke,  ."ill. 

Tilia  Americana,  var.  puhescrns,  53. 

7"i/iVi  .1  mcricana,  var.  Walleri,  55. 
Tiliu  prgentea,  iV). 

Tilia  Canwlensis,  52. 

Tilia  Varolii. iana,  52. 
Tiliailasysty.a,  50. 

Tilia  euchlora,  SO. 

Tilia  (jlabra,  52. 

Tilia  grata,  ."kj. 

Tilia  hcterophylla,  50,  57. 


Tilia  heterophijlla,  var.  aiha,  57. 
Tilia  helrroph>)llani(jra,  57. 
Tilia  bybrida  .supcrba,  53. 
7'i7ia  lutifolia,  .V.i. 

7'i/m  laiijiora,  .")5. 
Tilia  Malingrciii,  49. 
Tilia  Mcxiiaiia,  49. 

Tilia  nef/lecta,  it'd. 

Tilia  niijra,  .52. 

7'i7iii  purci/olia,  .50. 

Tilia  paucifolia,  50. 

Tilia  petiolaris,  .50. 

Tilia  platy])liyllos,  .lO. 

Tilia  piibcscciis,  .55. 

7'iVia  pube.icens,  52. 

Tilia  pubesceiis,  var.  leptopbylla,  56. 

7'i7i(l  alenopelala,  52. 

7'(7i'i  truncata,  iV>. 

Tilia  ullliiloliii,  50. 

Tilia  vulgaris,  .50. 

Tll.IACK.K,  49. 

Tohinia,  05. 
Tootluiclie-tree,  G7. 
Torcb-wood,  8.5. 
Tradoscaut,  .lolin,  20. 
Tulip-tree,  19. 
Tulip-tree,  Chinese,  17. 

Tulipo.ilrum  Americanum,  7. 

Tutipaslrmn  Americanum,   var.   subcorda- 
turn,  8. 

TulipiJ'era,  17. 

Umbrella-tree,  13. 
Uvaria,  21. 
Umria  trilolm,  23. 

Ventenat,  Eticnne  Pierre,  58. 

Wafer  .\sb,  7fi. 

Ware,  Nathaniel  A.,  80. 


West  India  Birch,  97. 
Whitewond,  37,  53. 
Wild  Cinnamon,  37. 
Wild  hinie,  73. 

Wiiit^rania,  35. 

Wintt:fania  Canrlla,  37. 
Wright,  Charles,  U4. 

Xanthopicrite,  66. 
Xanthoxyluni,  0.5. 
Xanthoxylum  .\nicrieanum,  Go. 
Xanthoxiftitni  aromalicum,  *)7. 
Xanthoxylum  brachyacanthum,  60. 
Xanthoxijlnm  Carihteum,  ti8,  71. 
Xantliox;ihm  Carnlininnnm.  I>7. 
Xtinthuxylnm  Calesliiamim.  1)7. 
Xanthoxylum  Clava-lliTiulis,  07. 
Xanthoxyhiui  Clava-Herculi.s,  var.  frutico- 
sum,  08. 

Xanthoxylum  cribrosum,  71. 

Xanthoxylum  elatuni,  00. 

Xanthoxvluiu  eniurgiuatura,  03. 

Xanthoxylum  Fagara,  73. 

Xanlhoxi/lum  F/oriilamm,  71. 

Xanthoii/lnm  fraxinifolium,  07. 

Xanthoxylum  hir/uliim,  08. 

Xanthoxylum  nitidum,  00. 

Xiinthoxylum  piperituni,  00. 

Xanlhoxylnm  I'Icrola,  73. 

Xanthoxyluni  Khetsa,  71. 

Xanlhoxylnm  Iricarpum,  07. 

Yaupon.  111. 
Yellow  Poplar,  19. 

Zanthoxylum,  66. 

Zeuzcra  lesculi,  50. 
y.iiiiophyllnm  arlmreum,  CO. 

ZvOOl'llYLLACE-t,  59. 


w 


